温度单位变革的历程
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摘要
温度,在宏观上体现物理系统的平均能量,微观上反映粒子热运动的剧烈程度,是最为广泛使用的基本物理量之一。从2019年5月20日起,温度单位"开尔文(K)"将采用玻尔兹曼常数重新定义,摆脱原定义对实物性质的依赖。开尔文的重新定义,使得随时、随地、全温区复现热力学温度成为可能,是温度测量科学的革命。本文对温度单位变革的历程进行简要综述,迎接新开尔文的实施。
引文
[1]BIPM 2006 SI Brochure:the International System of Units(SI)8th edn(Paris:BIPM); updated 2014. https://www. bipm. org/en/publications/si-brochure/.
[2]FISCHER J,FELLMUTH B,GAISER C,et al. The Boltzmann project[J]. Metrologia,2018,55(2):R1-R20.
[3]NEWELL D B,CABIATI F,FISCHER J,et al. The CODATA2017 values of h,e,k and NAfor the revision of the SI[J]. Metrologia,2018,55(1):L13-L16.
[4]STOCK M,DAVIS R,de MIRANDéS E,et al. The revision of the SI-the result of three decades of progress in metrology[J]. Metrologia,2019,56(2):022001.
[5]QUINN T J. Temperature[M]. 2nd edition. London:Academic Press,1990.
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[7]WHITE D R,FISCHER J. The Boltzmann constant and the new kelvin[J]. Metrologia,2015,52(5):S213-S216.
[8]MOLDOVER M R,TRUSLER J P M,EDWARDS T J,et al. Measurement of the universal gas constant R using a spherical acoustic resonator[J]. J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 1988,93(2):85-144.
[9]BENZ S P,POLLAROLO A,QU J F,et al. An electronic measurement of the Boltzmann constant[J]. Metrologia,2011,48(3):142-53.
[10]QU J F,BENZ S P,COAKLEY K,et al. An improved electronic determination of the Boltzmann constant by Johnson noise thermometry[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(4):549-558.
[11]LIN H,FENG X J,GILLIS K A,et al. Improved determination of the Boltzmann constant using a single,fixed—length cylindrical cavity[J]. Metrologia,2013,50(5):417-432.
[12]FENG X J,ZHANG J T,LIN H,et al. Determination of the Boltzmann constant with cylindrical acoustic gas thermometry:new and previous results combined[J]. Metrologia, 2017, 54(5):748-762.
[13]DE PODESTA M,UNDERWOOD R,SUTTON G,et al. A lowuncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant[J]. Metrologia,2013,50(4):354-376.
[14]DE PODESTA M,MARK D F,DYMOCK R C,et al. Re-estimation of argon isotope ratios leading to a revised estimate of the Boltzmann constant[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(5):683-692.
[15]PITRE L,RISEGARI L,SPARASCI F,et al. Determination of the Boltzmann constant k from the speed of sound in helium gas at the triple point of water[J]. Metrologia,2015,52(5):S263-S273.
[16]PITRE L,SPARASCI F,RISEGARI L,et al. New measurement of the Boltzmann constant k by acoustic thermometry of helium-4gas[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(6):856-873.
[17]GAVIOSO R M,MADONNA RIPA D,STEUR P P M,et al. A determination of the molar gas constant R by acoustic thermometry in helium[J]. Metrologia,2015,52(5):S274-S304.
[18]GAISER C,ZANDT T,FELLMUTH B,et al. Improved determination of the Boltzmann constant by dielectric-constant gas thermometry[J]. Metrologia,2013,50(6):L7-L11.
[19]GAISER C,FELLMUTH B,HAFT N,et al. Final determination of the Boltzmann constant by dielectric constant gas thermometry[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(3):280-289.
[20]SEGOVIA J J,LOZANO-MARTíN D,MARTíN M C,et al. Updated determination of the molar gas constant R by acoustic measurements in argon at UVa-CEM[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(5):663-673.
[21]URANO C,YAMAZAWA K and KANEKO N-H. Measurement of the Boltzmann constant by Johnson noise thermometry using a superconducting integrated circuit[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(6):847-855.
[22]CCT. Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin in the SI.2019,Version 2. 0.
[2]FISCHER J,FELLMUTH B,GAISER C,et al. The Boltzmann project[J]. Metrologia,2018,55(2):R1-R20.
[3]NEWELL D B,CABIATI F,FISCHER J,et al. The CODATA2017 values of h,e,k and NAfor the revision of the SI[J]. Metrologia,2018,55(1):L13-L16.
[4]STOCK M,DAVIS R,de MIRANDéS E,et al. The revision of the SI-the result of three decades of progress in metrology[J]. Metrologia,2019,56(2):022001.
[5]QUINN T J. Temperature[M]. 2nd edition. London:Academic Press,1990.
[6]凌善康,赵琪,李訏謨,等译.温度测量[M].北京:中国计量出版社,1986.
[7]WHITE D R,FISCHER J. The Boltzmann constant and the new kelvin[J]. Metrologia,2015,52(5):S213-S216.
[8]MOLDOVER M R,TRUSLER J P M,EDWARDS T J,et al. Measurement of the universal gas constant R using a spherical acoustic resonator[J]. J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 1988,93(2):85-144.
[9]BENZ S P,POLLAROLO A,QU J F,et al. An electronic measurement of the Boltzmann constant[J]. Metrologia,2011,48(3):142-53.
[10]QU J F,BENZ S P,COAKLEY K,et al. An improved electronic determination of the Boltzmann constant by Johnson noise thermometry[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(4):549-558.
[11]LIN H,FENG X J,GILLIS K A,et al. Improved determination of the Boltzmann constant using a single,fixed—length cylindrical cavity[J]. Metrologia,2013,50(5):417-432.
[12]FENG X J,ZHANG J T,LIN H,et al. Determination of the Boltzmann constant with cylindrical acoustic gas thermometry:new and previous results combined[J]. Metrologia, 2017, 54(5):748-762.
[13]DE PODESTA M,UNDERWOOD R,SUTTON G,et al. A lowuncertainty measurement of the Boltzmann constant[J]. Metrologia,2013,50(4):354-376.
[14]DE PODESTA M,MARK D F,DYMOCK R C,et al. Re-estimation of argon isotope ratios leading to a revised estimate of the Boltzmann constant[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(5):683-692.
[15]PITRE L,RISEGARI L,SPARASCI F,et al. Determination of the Boltzmann constant k from the speed of sound in helium gas at the triple point of water[J]. Metrologia,2015,52(5):S263-S273.
[16]PITRE L,SPARASCI F,RISEGARI L,et al. New measurement of the Boltzmann constant k by acoustic thermometry of helium-4gas[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(6):856-873.
[17]GAVIOSO R M,MADONNA RIPA D,STEUR P P M,et al. A determination of the molar gas constant R by acoustic thermometry in helium[J]. Metrologia,2015,52(5):S274-S304.
[18]GAISER C,ZANDT T,FELLMUTH B,et al. Improved determination of the Boltzmann constant by dielectric-constant gas thermometry[J]. Metrologia,2013,50(6):L7-L11.
[19]GAISER C,FELLMUTH B,HAFT N,et al. Final determination of the Boltzmann constant by dielectric constant gas thermometry[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(3):280-289.
[20]SEGOVIA J J,LOZANO-MARTíN D,MARTíN M C,et al. Updated determination of the molar gas constant R by acoustic measurements in argon at UVa-CEM[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(5):663-673.
[21]URANO C,YAMAZAWA K and KANEKO N-H. Measurement of the Boltzmann constant by Johnson noise thermometry using a superconducting integrated circuit[J]. Metrologia,2017,54(6):847-855.
[22]CCT. Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin in the SI.2019,Version 2. 0.