陕北子洲“7·26”暴雨后坡耕地细沟侵蚀及其影响因素分析
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摘要
细沟侵蚀研究多数基于模拟降雨条件,野外自然状态下的研究相对较少,而极端暴雨条件下的细沟侵蚀研究更为鲜见。该文对陕西子洲2017年"7?26"特大暴雨条件下坡耕地发育的细沟开展调查,研究坡位(距分水岭距离)、坡度和坡形对坡耕地细沟侵蚀特征的影响。结果表明:通过对35个样方的143条细沟统计,细沟宽度和细沟深度分别为0.5～60 cm和0.5～35 cm;细沟侵蚀强度、细沟密度和细沟割裂度分别为2 289～110 976 t/km~2、0.3～3.95 m/m2和0.002～0.441。随距分水岭距离(17～58 m)的增加,细沟先快速发育,坡面破碎程度加剧,距分水岭58m后,细沟发育减慢,坡面破碎程度减弱。坡度在不同的坡位对细沟侵蚀的影响程度不同:随坡度增大,上坡位(距分水岭20～40m),细沟侵蚀强度陡升,坡面破碎程度加剧;下坡位(距分水岭60～80m),细沟侵蚀强度增加较缓慢,坡面破碎程度减弱。凸形坡中部为细沟侵蚀(10 292t/km~2)最为严重区域,下部(8 141t/km~2)次之,上部无细沟发生;细沟密度、细沟割裂度和细沟平均宽度先增大后减小,细沟平均深度递增。浅沟地形细沟侵蚀随距分水岭距离的增加而增加,但退耕地的存在减缓了细沟侵蚀发育程度。直形坡因坡度最大其细沟侵蚀最严重,细沟形态同其他坡形基本相同,但最大沟宽和沟深均大于其他坡形。研究结果可为黄土高原坡耕地的水土流失防治提供参考。
Most studies on rills are conducted under simulated rainfall condition.However,the study under natural rainfall condition is rare,especially under extreme storm condition.In this study,we investigated rill erosion under the rainstorm that occurred on 26 July,in Zizhou County,Shaanxi Province.The 16 investigation sites were in Qingshuigou small watershed involving 5 slope surfaces of slope farmland,including 3 straight slopes,1 convex slope,and 1 shallow ditch terrain slope.For each investigation point,the size of the quadrats was set as 2 m×2 m,and 2-3 duplicates were set.Rill intensity,rill density and degree of rill dissection of each sample plot were measured to discuss the influence of slope position(distance from watershed)slope gradient and slope type on rill characteristics of slope farmland.The results showed that:rill erosion intensity,rill density and degree of rill dissection were 2 289-110 976 t/km2,0.3-3.95 m/m2 and 0.002-0.441,respectively.The width of rills varied from 0.5 to 60 cm,with 51% rills ranging from 10 to 15 cm in width,and 93% rills was less than 20 cm.The depth of the rill varied from 0.5 to 35 cm,with 69% of rills ranging from 0 to 5 cm,and 97% of the rill depth was less than 15 cm.As the increase of distance from the watershed,rill erosion intensity increased,and rill erosion developed rapidly firstly and then slowed down.Between 17-58 m from the watershed,with the increase of distance,rills developed rapidly and the degree of fragmentation of the slope increased.After 58 m from the watershed,the development of rills slowed down and the degree of fragmentation of the slope weakened.The effect of slope gradient on the rill erosion varied among different slope positions.With the increase of slope gradient,in the upper part of the slope(20-40 m from the watershed),rill erosion intensity raised sharply,and slope fragmentation degree increased.With the increase of slope gradient,in the lower part of the slope(60-80 m from the watershed),rill erosion intensity increased slowly,and slope fragmentation degree weakened.In convex slope,the middle slope had the largest rill erosion intensity(10 292 t/km2),followed by the lower slope(8 141 t/km2) and the upper slope(no rill erosion but have surface erosion).With increase of the distance from watershed,rill density,degree of rill dissection and rill depth increased firstly and then decreased,while rill erosion intensity and rill depth increased.In the slope with shallow gully,the rill erosion of sloping farmland and abandoned farmland increased with the increase of the distance.However,the existence of abandoned farmland weakened the development of rill.In the straight slope,rill developed rapidly due to the larger slope gradient.Therefore,the straight slope had the largest rill erosion intensity,rill density and degree of rill dissection in the three slope types.This paper analyzes the erosion status and regularity of rills in slope farmland during this rainstorm,and discusses the influence of slope position,slope gradient and slope shape on rill erosion of slope surface,aim to provide reference for soil erosion control of sloping farmland on the Loess Plateau.
Most studies on rills are conducted under simulated rainfall condition.However,the study under natural rainfall condition is rare,especially under extreme storm condition.In this study,we investigated rill erosion under the rainstorm that occurred on 26 July,in Zizhou County,Shaanxi Province.The 16 investigation sites were in Qingshuigou small watershed involving 5 slope surfaces of slope farmland,including 3 straight slopes,1 convex slope,and 1 shallow ditch terrain slope.For each investigation point,the size of the quadrats was set as 2 m×2 m,and 2-3 duplicates were set.Rill intensity,rill density and degree of rill dissection of each sample plot were measured to discuss the influence of slope position(distance from watershed)slope gradient and slope type on rill characteristics of slope farmland.The results showed that:rill erosion intensity,rill density and degree of rill dissection were 2 289-110 976 t/km2,0.3-3.95 m/m2 and 0.002-0.441,respectively.The width of rills varied from 0.5 to 60 cm,with 51% rills ranging from 10 to 15 cm in width,and 93% rills was less than 20 cm.The depth of the rill varied from 0.5 to 35 cm,with 69% of rills ranging from 0 to 5 cm,and 97% of the rill depth was less than 15 cm.As the increase of distance from the watershed,rill erosion intensity increased,and rill erosion developed rapidly firstly and then slowed down.Between 17-58 m from the watershed,with the increase of distance,rills developed rapidly and the degree of fragmentation of the slope increased.After 58 m from the watershed,the development of rills slowed down and the degree of fragmentation of the slope weakened.The effect of slope gradient on the rill erosion varied among different slope positions.With the increase of slope gradient,in the upper part of the slope(20-40 m from the watershed),rill erosion intensity raised sharply,and slope fragmentation degree increased.With the increase of slope gradient,in the lower part of the slope(60-80 m from the watershed),rill erosion intensity increased slowly,and slope fragmentation degree weakened.In convex slope,the middle slope had the largest rill erosion intensity(10 292 t/km2),followed by the lower slope(8 141 t/km2) and the upper slope(no rill erosion but have surface erosion).With increase of the distance from watershed,rill density,degree of rill dissection and rill depth increased firstly and then decreased,while rill erosion intensity and rill depth increased.In the slope with shallow gully,the rill erosion of sloping farmland and abandoned farmland increased with the increase of the distance.However,the existence of abandoned farmland weakened the development of rill.In the straight slope,rill developed rapidly due to the larger slope gradient.Therefore,the straight slope had the largest rill erosion intensity,rill density and degree of rill dissection in the three slope types.This paper analyzes the erosion status and regularity of rills in slope farmland during this rainstorm,and discusses the influence of slope position,slope gradient and slope shape on rill erosion of slope surface,aim to provide reference for soil erosion control of sloping farmland on the Loess Plateau.
引文
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[4]唐政洪,蔡强国,许峰,等.不同尺度条件下的土壤侵蚀实验监测及模型研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(6):781-787.Tang Zhenghong,Cai Qiangguo,Xu Feng,et al.Study on soil erosion experiment,monitoring and modeling of various scale conditions[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(6):781-787.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]陈俊杰,孙莉英,刘俊体,等.坡度对坡面细沟侵蚀的影响:基于三维激光扫描技术[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(3):1-5.Chen Junjie,Sun Li ying,Liu Junti,et al.Effercts of slope gradients on rill erosion:Study based on three-dimensional laser rechnology[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(3):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]郑粉莉,唐克丽,周佩华.坡耕地细沟侵蚀影响因素的研究[J].土壤学报,1989(2):109-116.Zheng Fenli,Tang Keli,Zhou Peihua.Study on the factors affecting the rift erosion of slope farmland[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1989(2):109-116.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]王秀英,曹文洪,陈东.土壤侵蚀与地表坡度关系研究[J].泥沙研究,1998(2):38-43.Wang Xiuying,Cao Wenhong,Chen Dong.Study on the relationship between soil erosion and surface slope[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1998(2):38-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]He Jijun,Sun Liying,Gong Huili,et al.The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2016,13(3):397-404.
[9]陈俊杰,孙莉英,刘俊体,等.不同坡长与雨强条件下坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):1-5.Effect of slope gradient on rill erosion under different rainfall intensities and slope lengths[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]和继军,吕烨,宫辉力,等.细沟侵蚀特征及其产流产沙过程试验研究[J].水利学报,2013,44(4):398-405.He Jijun,LüYe,Gong Huili,et al.Experimental study on rill erosion characteristics and its runoff and sediment yield process[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2013,44(4):398-405.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Perfect E,Mclaughlin N B,Kay B D,et al.An improved fractal equation for the soil water retention curve[J].Water Resources Research,1996,32(2):281-288.
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