湿地植物燕子花(Iris laevigata)对模拟施氮的响应研究
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摘要
选取吉林龙湾自然保护区一种常见的湿地植物——燕子花(Iris laevigata Fisch.)为研究对象,通过模拟控制实验研究了其在不同氮素添加处理下形态、生理和繁殖三方面特征的响应规律.研究共设置3个氮素处理梯度,即对照(0)、低氮(5g/m2)和高氮(15g/m2).结果表明:随着氮素添加量的增加,燕子花株高、生物量呈现下降的趋势,对照组的株高和生物量均显著高于其他处理下的株高和生物量;而叶片数各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05).随着氮素添加量的增加,净光合作用速率和叶绿素含量也逐渐下降;而丙二醛、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等呈现增加的趋势.各处理间,植株的开花物候和花部综合特征有所差异,但开花持续时间、花粉数、胚珠数、花粉活力、柱头可授性均无显著差异(P>0.05).燕子花在氮元素增加的情况下,其生长表现并不佳,反而可能受到抑制.在今后湿地的保护管理中,应科学控制湿地周围农田耕作等人为活动过程中氮肥的使用,避免氮素通过地下途径进入湿地对燕子花种群更新和生长产生影响.
As an important environmental factor in wetland,nitrogen is an essential element for wetland plant growth.When the quantity of the exogenous nitrogen exceeds the threshold that the plant growth needed,it will not only restrict the growth of the wetland plant,but also affect the regeneration of wetland plant and the stability of wetland ecosystem system.It was important that understanding the response mechanism of wetland plant to nitrogen additions for wetland plant conservation and wetland restoration.Iris laevigata,a common plant in Jinchuan wetland within Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve,was used as the experimental material to explore the response of morphology,physiology and reproduction under different nitrogen addition treatments:control(0),low nitrogen(5 g/m2),high nitrogen(15 g/m2).With the increase of the amount of nitrogen addition,the plant height and biomass showed a decreasing trend.There was no significant difference in leaf number among different nitrogen addition treatments(P>0.05).The net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content also decreased,while the contents of malondialdehyde,soluble sugar,proline increased with the nitrogen additions.There were differences in flowering phenology and floral traits,but there were no significant differences in flowering duration,pollen and ovule number,pollen viability and stigma receptivity between different treatments(P>0.05).The response of the morphological characteristics,physiological characteristics and reproductive characteristics of the I.laevigatato nitrogen additions showed that in the case of increasing the quantity of nitrogen,I.laevigata's growth performance was not promoted,but restricted.The use of nitrogen fertilizer in the farmland surrounding the Jinchuan wetland may have a certain impact on the I.laevigatapopulation in this wetland,so nitrogen fertilizer should be reasonable conducted in farming activity in order to conserve the I.laevigatapopulation and facilitate the growth and stability of this species.
As an important environmental factor in wetland,nitrogen is an essential element for wetland plant growth.When the quantity of the exogenous nitrogen exceeds the threshold that the plant growth needed,it will not only restrict the growth of the wetland plant,but also affect the regeneration of wetland plant and the stability of wetland ecosystem system.It was important that understanding the response mechanism of wetland plant to nitrogen additions for wetland plant conservation and wetland restoration.Iris laevigata,a common plant in Jinchuan wetland within Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve,was used as the experimental material to explore the response of morphology,physiology and reproduction under different nitrogen addition treatments:control(0),low nitrogen(5 g/m2),high nitrogen(15 g/m2).With the increase of the amount of nitrogen addition,the plant height and biomass showed a decreasing trend.There was no significant difference in leaf number among different nitrogen addition treatments(P>0.05).The net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content also decreased,while the contents of malondialdehyde,soluble sugar,proline increased with the nitrogen additions.There were differences in flowering phenology and floral traits,but there were no significant differences in flowering duration,pollen and ovule number,pollen viability and stigma receptivity between different treatments(P>0.05).The response of the morphological characteristics,physiological characteristics and reproductive characteristics of the I.laevigatato nitrogen additions showed that in the case of increasing the quantity of nitrogen,I.laevigata's growth performance was not promoted,but restricted.The use of nitrogen fertilizer in the farmland surrounding the Jinchuan wetland may have a certain impact on the I.laevigatapopulation in this wetland,so nitrogen fertilizer should be reasonable conducted in farming activity in order to conserve the I.laevigatapopulation and facilitate the growth and stability of this species.
引文
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[3]GALLOWAY J N,TOWNSEND A R,ERISMAN J W,et al.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends,questions,and potential solutions[J].Science,2008,320(5878):889-892.
[4]MCDOWELL W H,MAGILL A H,AITKENHEADPETERSON J A,et al.Effects of chronic nitrogen amendment on dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in soil solution[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2004,196(1):29-41.
[5]刘德燕,宋长春,王丽,等.外源氮输入对湿地土壤有机碳矿化及可溶性有机碳的影响[J].环境科学,2008,29(12):3525-3530.
[6]TYLER A C,LAMBRINOS J G,GROSHOLZ E D.Nitrogen inputs promote the spread of an invasive marsh grass[J].Ecological Applications A Publication of the Ecological Society of America,2007,17(7),1886-1898.
[7]ZHANG L,SONG C,ZHENG X,et al.Effects of nitrogen on the ecosystem respiration,CH4,and N2O emissions to the atmosphere from the freshwater marshes in northeast China[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52(3):529-539.
[8]马晓菲,谢文霞,赵全升.外源氮输入对土壤N2O释放的影响研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2010,33:453-457.
[9]LIU P,HUANG J,HAN X,et al.Differential responses of litter decomposition to increased soil nutrients and water between two contrasting grassland plant species of Inner Mongolia,China[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2006,34(2/3):266-275.
[10]ZHOU S X,XIAO Y X,XIANGY B,et al.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on the substrate quality of foliar litter in a natural evergreen broad-leaved forest in the rainy area of Western China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(22):7428-7435.
[11]CHEN L Y,SONG C C,HOU C C,et al.Effects of exogenous nitrogen availability on carbon mineralization of different wetland soil types in northeast China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(12):1480-1486.
[12]何池全.湿地植物生态过程理论及其应用——三江平原典型湿地研究[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003.
[13]DORGE J.Modelling nitrogen transformations in freshwater wetlands.Estimating nitrogen retention and removal in natural wetlands in relation to their hydrology and nutrient loadings[J].Ecological Modelling,1994,75(37):409-420.
[14]SUN Z G,LIU J S,WANG J D,et al.Advance in the study of the nitrogen input process of wetland ecology system[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2006,22(1):97-102.
[15]GUSEWELL S,BLOOENS U.Composition of plant species mixtures grown at various N:P ratios and levels of nutrient supply[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2003,4(5):453-466.
[16]WSTEN J H M,CLYMANS E,PAGE S E,et al.Peat-water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia[J].Catena,2008,73(2):212-224.
[17]WARWICK N W M,BROCK M A.Plant reproduction in temporary wetlands:the effects of seasonal timing,depth,and duration of flooding[J].Aquatic Botany,2003,77(2):153-167.
[18]ZHANG L,SONG C,WANG D,et al.Effects of exogenous nitrogen on freshwater marsh plant growth and N2O math container loading mathjax,fluxes in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China[J].Atmospheric,2007,41(5):1080-1090.
[19]MAGILL A H,ABER J D,BERNTSON G M,et al.Long-term nitrogen additions and nitrogen saturation in two temperate forests[J].Ecosystems,2000,3(3):238-253.
[20]SUN D C,GUO X L,XIE C J,et al.Effects of nitrogen input on marsh wetland plant growth and nitrogen uptake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(8):1317-1321.
[21]YE C,ZHAO K.Effects of adaptation to elevated salinity on some enzymes salt-tolerance in vitro and physiological changes of eelgrass[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2002,44(7):788-793.
[22]EVANS J R.Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C3plants[J].Oecologia,1989,78(1):9-19.
[23]郭卫东,桑丹,郑建树,等.缺氮对佛手气体交换、叶绿素荧光及叶绿体超微结构的影响[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,35(3):307-314.
[24]吴楚,王政权,孙海龙,等.氮磷供给对长白落叶松叶绿素合成、叶绿素荧光和光合速率的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):31-36.
[25]范燕萍,余让才.供氮水平对绿巨人保护酶活性的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2002,23(4):91-92.
[26]YANG Y H,ZHAO Z X,LI C J,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on carbohydrate content and related metabolic enzymes of flue-cured tobacco in paddy field and highland[J].Plant Nutrition&Fertilizer Science,2009,15(6):1386-1394.
[27]MILLER-RUSHING A J,PRIMACK R B.Global warming and flowering times in Thoeau's concord:a community perspective[J].Ecology,2008,89(2):332-341.
[28]NAGY L,KREYLING J,GELLESCH E,et al.Recurring weather extremes alter the flowering phenology of two common temperate shrubs[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2013,57(4):579-588.
[29]VITOUSEK P M,TILMAN D G.Technical report:human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:sources and consequences[J].Ecological Applications,1997,7(3):737-750.
[30]CLELAND E E,CHIARIELLO N R,LOARIE S R,et al.Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2006,103(37):13740-13744.
[31]OBESO J R.Costs of reproduction in Ilex aquifolium:effects at tree,branch and leaf levels[J].Journal of Ecology,1997,85(2):159-166.
[32]NIU K,LUO Y,CHOLER P,et al.The role of biomass allocation strategy in diversity loss due to fertilization[J].Basic&Applied Ecology,2008,9(5):485-493.
[33]韩潇源,宋志文,李培英.高效净化氮磷污水的湿地水生植物筛选与组合[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(6):741-747.
[34]BRAGAZZA L,FREEMAN C,JONES T,et al.Atmospheric nitrogen deposition promotes carbon loss from peat bogs[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(51):19386-19389.
[35]胡敏杰,仝川.氮输入对天然湿地温室气体通量的影响及机制[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(7):1969-1976.
[36]WANG L Y,WANG H X,HE C G,et al.An irreversible division of labor through a sexually dependent system in the clonal plant Iris laevigata(Iridaceae)[J].Ecosphere,2017,8:e01757.10.1002/ecs2.1757.
[37]于振洲,赵毓棠.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1985,16(1):149-151.
[38]张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导(第3版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003:88-92.
[39]叶要妹,张俊卫,齐迎春,等.百日草柱头可授性和花粉生活力的研究[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(10):2376-2381.
[40]KEARNS C A,INOUYE D W.Techniques for pollination biologists[M].Colorado:University Press of Colorado,1993:77-151.
[41]TIAN Y B,SONG G Y,AI T.Wetland soil and its ecological functions[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2002,21(6):36-39.
[42]吴建国,韩梅,苌伟,等.祁连山中部高寒草甸土壤氮矿化及其影响因素研究[J].草业学报,2007,16(6):39-46.
[43]NEFF J C,TOWNSEND A R,GLEIXNER G,et al.Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon[J].Nature,2002,419(6910):915-917.
[44]NORDIN A,STRENGBOM J,WITZELL J,et al.Nitrogen deposition and the biodiversity of boreal forests:implications for the nitrogen critical load[J].Ambio A Journal of the Human Environment,2009,34(1):20-24.
[45]BAUER G A,BAZZAZ F A,MINOCHA R,et al.Effects of chronic n additions on tissue chemistry,photosynthetic capacity,and carbon sequestration potential of a red pine(pinus resinosa ait.)stand in the ne united states[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2004,196(1):173-186.
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