深圳不同类型农民工聚居区的社会融合及影响因素
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摘要
选取深圳罗芳村、共乐村、清湖村分别作为无依托缘聚型农民工聚居区(增长型)、半依托混居型(稳定型)、完全依托混居型(减少型)代表,对其社会融合的现状及影响因素进行了探讨,得出以下研究发现:①整体而言,社会融合度由高至低分别为无依托缘聚型、半依托混居型、完全依托混居型聚居区。②不同维度社会融合方面,无依托缘聚型在社区融合、社交融合及心理融合维度上最高;半依托混居型在社区融合、文化融合及经济融合维度上较高;完全依托混居型在社区融合和经济融合维度上最低。③社会融合的影响因素主要有社区支持度、职业技能、在深家庭规模、在深居住时间和年龄。就不同维度而言,社区融合、经济融合、社交融合、文化融合和心理融合最重要的影响因素分别是社区支持度、职业技能、职业技能、性别、社区支持度。④从不同类型聚居区的影响因素来看,无依托缘聚型主要受到婚姻、社区支持度、社区功能和年龄(负)的影响;半依托混居型主要受到职业技能、社区支持度和性别的影响;完全依托混居型则主要受到社区支持度和在深居住时间的影响。
Since the reform and opening up, China's urbanization process has significantly accelerated its pace, with the national resident population urbanization rate increasing from 17.92% in 1978 to 56.1% in 2015. However, in late 2015, the national registered population urbanization rate is only 39.9%, which means that more than 200 million migrant workers are in the semi-urbanization state. For a long time, the separate administration of urban and rural areas has driven the migrant workers away from the urban system, making it difficult for them to enjoy the urban social security and social services like the urban citizens, which has brought about the institutional or non-institutional exclusion when they move into the urban areas. As a result, in the current process of urbanization in China, how to promote the social integration of migrant workers in the urban areas has become an important research topic. This paper selects Shenzhen, a metropolis with many migrant workers, as the research case. It focuses on the social integration of the three evolution types of rural migrant enclaves from the perspective of spatial differences. Based on the 1990, 2000 and 2010 census data in Shenzhen, this paper divides the evolution process of rural migrant enclaves into three types by using the location quotient, including the growing type, the stable type and the decaying type, and analyzes the differences of migrant worker social integration in Luofang village, Qinghu village and Gongle village respectively. It also carries out a questionnaire survey in the three types of rural migrant enclaves in Shenzhen in 2016, and explores the status and the influencing factors of migrant worker social integration in Shenzhen. The research findings are as follows:(1) Social integration of migrant workers in Shenzhen includes community integration, economic integration, social integration, cultural integration and psychological integration.(2) Luofang village has the highest level of social integration, followed by Gongle village and Qinghu village. Luofang village ranks first in terms of community integration, social integration and psychological integration. Gongle village has the highest economic integration. And Qinghu village enjoys the highest cultural integration.(3) Social integration of migrant workers is jointly influenced by community support, vocational skills, family size, length of residence in Shenzhen, and the age. Social integration in Luofang village is mainly influenced by community support, community function, the age and marital status, while social integration in Gongle village is mainly influenced by vocational skills, marital status and the age, and Qinghu village mainly by community support and length of residence in Shenzhen.(4) The most crucial factor contributing to the improvement of economic integration of migrant workers is not the rise of education level, but the improvement of vocational skills and the obtainment of vocational qualification certificates. Additionally, gender and community involvement have positive impact on community integration and negative impact on social integration, meaning that the more community activities one female participates in, the lower social integration and the higher community integration she will have.
Since the reform and opening up, China's urbanization process has significantly accelerated its pace, with the national resident population urbanization rate increasing from 17.92% in 1978 to 56.1% in 2015. However, in late 2015, the national registered population urbanization rate is only 39.9%, which means that more than 200 million migrant workers are in the semi-urbanization state. For a long time, the separate administration of urban and rural areas has driven the migrant workers away from the urban system, making it difficult for them to enjoy the urban social security and social services like the urban citizens, which has brought about the institutional or non-institutional exclusion when they move into the urban areas. As a result, in the current process of urbanization in China, how to promote the social integration of migrant workers in the urban areas has become an important research topic. This paper selects Shenzhen, a metropolis with many migrant workers, as the research case. It focuses on the social integration of the three evolution types of rural migrant enclaves from the perspective of spatial differences. Based on the 1990, 2000 and 2010 census data in Shenzhen, this paper divides the evolution process of rural migrant enclaves into three types by using the location quotient, including the growing type, the stable type and the decaying type, and analyzes the differences of migrant worker social integration in Luofang village, Qinghu village and Gongle village respectively. It also carries out a questionnaire survey in the three types of rural migrant enclaves in Shenzhen in 2016, and explores the status and the influencing factors of migrant worker social integration in Shenzhen. The research findings are as follows:(1) Social integration of migrant workers in Shenzhen includes community integration, economic integration, social integration, cultural integration and psychological integration.(2) Luofang village has the highest level of social integration, followed by Gongle village and Qinghu village. Luofang village ranks first in terms of community integration, social integration and psychological integration. Gongle village has the highest economic integration. And Qinghu village enjoys the highest cultural integration.(3) Social integration of migrant workers is jointly influenced by community support, vocational skills, family size, length of residence in Shenzhen, and the age. Social integration in Luofang village is mainly influenced by community support, community function, the age and marital status, while social integration in Gongle village is mainly influenced by vocational skills, marital status and the age, and Qinghu village mainly by community support and length of residence in Shenzhen.(4) The most crucial factor contributing to the improvement of economic integration of migrant workers is not the rise of education level, but the improvement of vocational skills and the obtainment of vocational qualification certificates. Additionally, gender and community involvement have positive impact on community integration and negative impact on social integration, meaning that the more community activities one female participates in, the lower social integration and the higher community integration she will have.
引文
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[4]Park R E.Assimilation,social.In:Seligman E,Johnson A.In encyclopedia of the social sciences.New York:Macmillan.1930:281-283.
[5]Zhou M.Segmented assimilation:Issues,controversies,and recent research on the new second generation.International Migration Review,1997,31(4):957-1008.
[6]Gordon M M.Assimilation in American Life:The Role of Race,Religion,and National Origins.NewYork:Oxford University Press,1964.
[7]Remennick L.Language acquisition,ethnicity and social integration among former Soviet immigrants of the 1990s in Israel.Ethnic and Racial Studies,2004,27(3):431-454.
[8]Klaff V Z.Pluralism as an alternative model for the human ecologist.Ethnicity,1980,7(1):102-118.
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[11]Hardwick S W.Nodal heterolocalism and transnationalism at the United States-Canadian border.The Geographical Review,2006,96(2):212-228.
[12]Goldlust J,Richmond A H.A multivariate model of immigrant adaptation.International Migration Review,1974,8(2):193-225.
[13]Portes A,Parer R N,Cobas J A.Assimilation or consciousness:Perceptions of U.S.society among recent Latin American immigrants to the United States.Social Forces,1980,59(1):200-244.
[14]Portes A.Social capital:The origins and application in modern sociology.Annual Review of Sociology,1988,24(1):1-24.
[15]Kibreab G.Revisiting the debate on people,place,identity,and displacement.Journal of Refugee Studies,1999,12(4):384-410.
[16]Hume S E,Hardwick S W.African,Russian,and Ukrainian refugee resettlement in Portland,Oregon.Geographical Review,2005,95(2):189-209.
[17]张文宏,雷开春.城市新移民社会融合的结构、现状与影响因素分析.社会学研究,2008,(5):117-141.[Zhang Wenhong,Lei Kaichun.The urban new immigrants'social inclusion:Internal structure,present situation and influential factors.Sociological Studies,2008,(5):117-141.]
[18]任远,乔楠.城市流动人口社会融合的过程、测量及影响因素.人口研究,2010,34(2):11-20.[Ren Yuan,Qiao Nan.Social integration for migrants:Process,measurement and determinants.Population Research,2010,34(2):11-20.]
[19]周皓.流动人口社会融合的测量及理论思考.人口研究,2012,36(3):27-37.[Zhou Hao.Measurement and theoretical perspectives of immigrant assimilation in China.Population Research,2012,36(3):27-37.]
[20]薛艳.基于分层线性模型的流动人口社会融合影响因素研究.人口与经济,2016,(3):62-72.[Xue Yan.A research on the factors affecting social integration of floating population based on hierarchical linear model.Population&Economics,2016,(3):62-72.]
[21]杨菊华.从隔离、选择融入到融合:流动人口社会融入问题的理论思考.人口研究,2009,33(1):17-29.[Yang Juhua.From the segregation,selection to the assimilation:Theoretical perspectives of immigrant assimilation.Population Research,2009,33(1):17-29.]
[22]杨菊华.中国流动人口的社会融入研究.中国社会科学,2015,(2):61-79.[Yang Juhua.Research on the assimilation of the floating population in China.Social Sciences in China,2015,(2):61-79.]
[23]汪明峰,程红,宁越敏.上海城中村外来人口的社会融合及其影响因素.地理学报,2015,70(8):1243-1255.[Wang Mingfeng,Cheng Hong,Ning Yuemin.Social integration of migrants in Shanghai's urban villages.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(8):1243-1255.]
[24]卢小君,陈慧敏.流动人口社会融合现状与测度:基于大连市的调查数据.城市问题,2012,(9):69-73.[Lu Xiaojun,Chen Huimin.Current status and measurement of social integration of migrants:The case of Dalian city.Urban Problems,2012,(9):69-73.]
[25]任远,陶力.本地化的社会资本与促进流动人口的社会融合.人口研究,2012,36(5):47-57.[Ren Yuan,Tao Li.Localized social capital and social integration of migrants in urban China.Population Research,2012,36(5):47-57.]
[26]余运江,高向东,郭庆.新生代乡-城流动人口社会融合研究:基于上海的调查分析.人口与经济,2012,(1):57-64.[Yu Yunjiang,Gao Xiangdong,Guo Qing.Research on social integration for new generation of rural-urban migrants:Based on the survey in Shanghai.Population&Economics,2012,(1):57-64.]
[27]谢桂华.中国流动人口的人力资本回报与社会融合.中国社会科学,2012,(4):103-124.[Xie Guihua.Returns to human capital and social integration of migrants in China.Social Sciences in China,2012,(4):103-124.]
[28]冯长春,李天娇,曹广忠,等.家庭式迁移的流动人口住房状况.地理研究,2017,36(4):633-646.[Feng Changchun,Li Tianjiao,Cao Guangzhong,et al.Housing outcomes of family migrants at the place of destination.Geographical Research,2017,36(4):633-646.]
[29]田明,博俊丽.东部地区流动人口城市融入的比较研究.人文地理,2014,29(1):43-48.[Tian Ming,Bo Junli.A comparative study of migrant urban integration with principal component analysis.Human Geography,2014,29(1):43-48.]
[30]Defilippis J,Faust B.Immigration and community development in New York City.Urban Geography,2014,35(8):1196-1214.
[31]Darko J L.Through the Lenses of the Ghanaian Immigrant Community in the Washington D.C.Metropolitan Area.Cambridge:Howard University,2014.
[32]李志刚,刘晔,陈宏胜.中国城市新移民的“乡缘社区”:特征、机制与空间性:以广州“湖北村”为例.地理研究,2011,30(10):1910-1920.[Li Zhigang,Liu Ye,Chen Hongsheng.Characteristics,mechanism,and spatiality of neo-migrants'homeplace-based communities in China:A case study of Hubei village,Guangzhou.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1910-1920.]
[33]李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究.地理研究,2014,33(11):2056-2068.[Li Zhigang,Wu Fulong,Xiao Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census.Geographical Research,2014,33(11):2056-2068.]
[34]吴晓.“边缘社区”探察:我国流动人口聚居区的现状特征透析.城市规划,2003,27(7):40-45.[Wu Xiao.An investigation into marginal community.City Planning Review,2003,27(7):40-45.]
[35]翟振武,侯佳伟.北京市外来人口聚集区:模式和发展趋势.人口研究,2010,34(1):30-42.[Zhai Zhenwu,Hou Jiawei.Migrant population concentrated communities in Beijing:Patterns and trends.Population Research,2010,34(1):30-42.]
[36]周春山,杨高,王少剑.深圳农民工集聚空间的演变特征及影响机制.地理科学,2016,36(11):1643-1653.[Zhou Chunshan,Yang Gao,Wang Shaojian.The characters and influencing mechanism of spatial-temporal variations of migrant workers in Shenzhen.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(11):1643-1653.]
[37]章文,王佳璆.基于PCA-SOM的深圳产业空间结构.地理研究,2014,33(9):1736-1746.[Zhang Wen,Wang Jiaqiu.Aresearch on Shenzhen's industrial spatial structure based on PCA-SOM.Geographical Research,2014,33(9):1736-1746.]
[38]杨菊华,张娇娇.人力资本与流动人口的社会融入.人口研究,2016,40(4):3-20.[Yang Juhua,Zhang Jiaojiao.Human capital and migrants'assimilation in China.Population Research,2016,40(4):3-20.]
[2]孙九霞,周尚意,王宁,等.跨学科聚焦的新领域:流动的时间、空间与社会.地理研究,2016,35(10):1801-1818.[Sun Jiuxia,Zhou Shangyi,Wang Ning,et al.Mobility in geographical research:Time,space and society.Geographical Research,2016,35(10):1801-1818.]
[3]Hirschman C.America's melting pot reconsidered.Annual Review of Sociology,1983,9(3):397-423.
[4]Park R E.Assimilation,social.In:Seligman E,Johnson A.In encyclopedia of the social sciences.New York:Macmillan.1930:281-283.
[5]Zhou M.Segmented assimilation:Issues,controversies,and recent research on the new second generation.International Migration Review,1997,31(4):957-1008.
[6]Gordon M M.Assimilation in American Life:The Role of Race,Religion,and National Origins.NewYork:Oxford University Press,1964.
[7]Remennick L.Language acquisition,ethnicity and social integration among former Soviet immigrants of the 1990s in Israel.Ethnic and Racial Studies,2004,27(3):431-454.
[8]Klaff V Z.Pluralism as an alternative model for the human ecologist.Ethnicity,1980,7(1):102-118.
[9]Zelinsky W,Lee B A.Heterolocalism:An alternative model of the sociospatial behaviour of immigrant ethnic communities.International Journal of Population Geography,1998,4(4):281-298.
[10]Ellis M,Wright R,Parks V.Work together,live apart?Geographies of racial and ethnic segregation at home and at work.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2004,94(3):620-637.
[11]Hardwick S W.Nodal heterolocalism and transnationalism at the United States-Canadian border.The Geographical Review,2006,96(2):212-228.
[12]Goldlust J,Richmond A H.A multivariate model of immigrant adaptation.International Migration Review,1974,8(2):193-225.
[13]Portes A,Parer R N,Cobas J A.Assimilation or consciousness:Perceptions of U.S.society among recent Latin American immigrants to the United States.Social Forces,1980,59(1):200-244.
[14]Portes A.Social capital:The origins and application in modern sociology.Annual Review of Sociology,1988,24(1):1-24.
[15]Kibreab G.Revisiting the debate on people,place,identity,and displacement.Journal of Refugee Studies,1999,12(4):384-410.
[16]Hume S E,Hardwick S W.African,Russian,and Ukrainian refugee resettlement in Portland,Oregon.Geographical Review,2005,95(2):189-209.
[17]张文宏,雷开春.城市新移民社会融合的结构、现状与影响因素分析.社会学研究,2008,(5):117-141.[Zhang Wenhong,Lei Kaichun.The urban new immigrants'social inclusion:Internal structure,present situation and influential factors.Sociological Studies,2008,(5):117-141.]
[18]任远,乔楠.城市流动人口社会融合的过程、测量及影响因素.人口研究,2010,34(2):11-20.[Ren Yuan,Qiao Nan.Social integration for migrants:Process,measurement and determinants.Population Research,2010,34(2):11-20.]
[19]周皓.流动人口社会融合的测量及理论思考.人口研究,2012,36(3):27-37.[Zhou Hao.Measurement and theoretical perspectives of immigrant assimilation in China.Population Research,2012,36(3):27-37.]
[20]薛艳.基于分层线性模型的流动人口社会融合影响因素研究.人口与经济,2016,(3):62-72.[Xue Yan.A research on the factors affecting social integration of floating population based on hierarchical linear model.Population&Economics,2016,(3):62-72.]
[21]杨菊华.从隔离、选择融入到融合:流动人口社会融入问题的理论思考.人口研究,2009,33(1):17-29.[Yang Juhua.From the segregation,selection to the assimilation:Theoretical perspectives of immigrant assimilation.Population Research,2009,33(1):17-29.]
[22]杨菊华.中国流动人口的社会融入研究.中国社会科学,2015,(2):61-79.[Yang Juhua.Research on the assimilation of the floating population in China.Social Sciences in China,2015,(2):61-79.]
[23]汪明峰,程红,宁越敏.上海城中村外来人口的社会融合及其影响因素.地理学报,2015,70(8):1243-1255.[Wang Mingfeng,Cheng Hong,Ning Yuemin.Social integration of migrants in Shanghai's urban villages.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(8):1243-1255.]
[24]卢小君,陈慧敏.流动人口社会融合现状与测度:基于大连市的调查数据.城市问题,2012,(9):69-73.[Lu Xiaojun,Chen Huimin.Current status and measurement of social integration of migrants:The case of Dalian city.Urban Problems,2012,(9):69-73.]
[25]任远,陶力.本地化的社会资本与促进流动人口的社会融合.人口研究,2012,36(5):47-57.[Ren Yuan,Tao Li.Localized social capital and social integration of migrants in urban China.Population Research,2012,36(5):47-57.]
[26]余运江,高向东,郭庆.新生代乡-城流动人口社会融合研究:基于上海的调查分析.人口与经济,2012,(1):57-64.[Yu Yunjiang,Gao Xiangdong,Guo Qing.Research on social integration for new generation of rural-urban migrants:Based on the survey in Shanghai.Population&Economics,2012,(1):57-64.]
[27]谢桂华.中国流动人口的人力资本回报与社会融合.中国社会科学,2012,(4):103-124.[Xie Guihua.Returns to human capital and social integration of migrants in China.Social Sciences in China,2012,(4):103-124.]
[28]冯长春,李天娇,曹广忠,等.家庭式迁移的流动人口住房状况.地理研究,2017,36(4):633-646.[Feng Changchun,Li Tianjiao,Cao Guangzhong,et al.Housing outcomes of family migrants at the place of destination.Geographical Research,2017,36(4):633-646.]
[29]田明,博俊丽.东部地区流动人口城市融入的比较研究.人文地理,2014,29(1):43-48.[Tian Ming,Bo Junli.A comparative study of migrant urban integration with principal component analysis.Human Geography,2014,29(1):43-48.]
[30]Defilippis J,Faust B.Immigration and community development in New York City.Urban Geography,2014,35(8):1196-1214.
[31]Darko J L.Through the Lenses of the Ghanaian Immigrant Community in the Washington D.C.Metropolitan Area.Cambridge:Howard University,2014.
[32]李志刚,刘晔,陈宏胜.中国城市新移民的“乡缘社区”:特征、机制与空间性:以广州“湖北村”为例.地理研究,2011,30(10):1910-1920.[Li Zhigang,Liu Ye,Chen Hongsheng.Characteristics,mechanism,and spatiality of neo-migrants'homeplace-based communities in China:A case study of Hubei village,Guangzhou.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1910-1920.]
[33]李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究.地理研究,2014,33(11):2056-2068.[Li Zhigang,Wu Fulong,Xiao Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census.Geographical Research,2014,33(11):2056-2068.]
[34]吴晓.“边缘社区”探察:我国流动人口聚居区的现状特征透析.城市规划,2003,27(7):40-45.[Wu Xiao.An investigation into marginal community.City Planning Review,2003,27(7):40-45.]
[35]翟振武,侯佳伟.北京市外来人口聚集区:模式和发展趋势.人口研究,2010,34(1):30-42.[Zhai Zhenwu,Hou Jiawei.Migrant population concentrated communities in Beijing:Patterns and trends.Population Research,2010,34(1):30-42.]
[36]周春山,杨高,王少剑.深圳农民工集聚空间的演变特征及影响机制.地理科学,2016,36(11):1643-1653.[Zhou Chunshan,Yang Gao,Wang Shaojian.The characters and influencing mechanism of spatial-temporal variations of migrant workers in Shenzhen.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(11):1643-1653.]
[37]章文,王佳璆.基于PCA-SOM的深圳产业空间结构.地理研究,2014,33(9):1736-1746.[Zhang Wen,Wang Jiaqiu.Aresearch on Shenzhen's industrial spatial structure based on PCA-SOM.Geographical Research,2014,33(9):1736-1746.]
[38]杨菊华,张娇娇.人力资本与流动人口的社会融入.人口研究,2016,40(4):3-20.[Yang Juhua,Zhang Jiaojiao.Human capital and migrants'assimilation in China.Population Research,2016,40(4):3-20.]