航天器舱外载荷适配器技术综述
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摘要
航天器舱外载荷适配器是一种轻小型空间对接机构,根据操作方式分为被动式和主动式两大类。文章介绍了日本设备调换装置(EEU)、美国飞行可释放连接机械装置(FRAM)等国内外舱外载荷适配器,总结了其引导定位、机械锁紧和电连接的功能实现方式。针对空间机械臂操作、人机工效学存在的无法精确定位和驱动力不足的问题,分析了舱外载荷适配器的工作模式、关键部件、地面试验等关键技术和解决措施。针对未来我国先进载荷任务需求,提出了开展功能强大、承载能力强的主动式适配器研究建议;针对大型高轨航天器,提出了开展被动式适配器技术研究建议。
The spacecraft exposed payload adapter is a small and light space docking mechanism.According to the mode of operation,the adapters are divided into passive and active types.The adapters of China and abroad,such as Japanese EEU(equipment exchange unit),American FRAM(flight releasable attachment mechanism)and so on,are introduced.Aiming at the problems of inaccurate positioning and insufficient driving force of manipulator operating and astronaut ergonomics,the key technologies and solutions of work mode,critical parts and ground experiment are analyzed.To meet the requirements of Chinese advanced payload tasks in the future,the active adapter with powerful functions and strong payload-carrying capacity should be studied.Aiming at the large high orbit spacecraft,the passive adapter technology should be studied.
The spacecraft exposed payload adapter is a small and light space docking mechanism.According to the mode of operation,the adapters are divided into passive and active types.The adapters of China and abroad,such as Japanese EEU(equipment exchange unit),American FRAM(flight releasable attachment mechanism)and so on,are introduced.Aiming at the problems of inaccurate positioning and insufficient driving force of manipulator operating and astronaut ergonomics,the key technologies and solutions of work mode,critical parts and ground experiment are analyzed.To meet the requirements of Chinese advanced payload tasks in the future,the active adapter with powerful functions and strong payload-carrying capacity should be studied.Aiming at the large high orbit spacecraft,the passive adapter technology should be studied.
引文
[1]张崇峰,刘志.空间对接机构技术综述[J]上海航天,2016,33(5):1-11Zhang Chongfeng,Liu Zhi.Review of space docking mechanism and its technology[J].Aerospace Shanghai,2016,33(5):1-11(in Chinese)
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[25]康永,马少君,周晖,等.实现应急解锁及锁紧指示的空间用载荷对接锁紧接口装置:CN107492749A[P].2017-12-19Kang Yong,Ma Shaojun,Zhou Hui,et al.Space load butt locking interface device capable emergency unlocking and locking instruction:CN107492749A[P].2017-12-19(in Chinese)
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[2]Whitaker A F.LDEF materials results for spacecraft applications,NASA CP-3257[R].Washington D.C.:NASA,1994
[3]Hofmann P,Kessler C.Material tests in space environment at the orbital space station Mir[C]//Proceedings of the 44th International Astronautical Congress.Paris:IAF,1993:16-22
[4]Giuseppe Borghi.The European technology exposure facility development and commercialization program,AIAA 2001-5069[R].Washington D.C.:AIAA,2001
[5]Kazuhiko Yoneyama,Kuniaki Shirako.Japanese Experiment Module(JEM)program overview,AIAA92-1309[R].Washington D.C.:AIAA,1992
[6]Takata Masaharu.JEM exposed facility system and operation[J].IHI Engineering Review,2010,43(1):1-5
[7]Ogilvie A,Allport J,Hannah M,et al.Autonomous robotic operations for on-orbit satellite servicing[J].Proc of SPIE,2008,6958:695809
[8]中国科学院光电研究院.中国科学院圆满完成神舟七号各项科学试验任务[J]中国科学院院刊,2008,23(6):538-541Academy of Opto-electronics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The Chinese Academy of Sciences has successfully completed various scientific experiment on Shenzhou VII[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(6):538-541(in Chinese)
[9]Kazuyoshi Kawasaki.Overview of JEM-EF on ISS[C]//Proceedings of the 56th International Astronautical Congress.Paris:IAF,2005:1-3
[10]Gene Cook.ISS unpressurized payload accommodations[C]//Proceedings of Small Explorer(SMEX)Missions of Opportunity solicitation Technical Interchange Meeting.Houston,Texas:Johnson Space Center,2007:1-92
[11]NASA.Research in space 2013and beyond[EB/OL].[2018-11-20].http://www.nasa.gov.NP-2012-10-027-JSC
[12]Morimoto H,Wakabayashi Y,Hayashi M.Confirmation procedure of manipulator positioning on Japanese Experiment Module of International Space Station[C]//Proceedings of the 2006IEICE General Conference.Tokyo:The Institue of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineers,2006:22-26
[13]Ueno H,Takata M,Wakabayashi Y.Challenges of mechanical fastening by manipulator on ISS assembly[C]//Proceedings of the Robotics-Mechatoronics Conference 2006.Tokyo:The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,2006:1-4
[14]Ueno H.Force fighting of mechanical fastening by manipulator on ISS assembly[C]//Proceedings of the Japanese Robotics Conference,2006.Tokyo:The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,2006:5-8
[15]Ueno H.Force fighting analysis between space manipulator and berthing mechanism during on-orbit assembly operation[C]//Proceedings of the ICRA Space Robotics Workshop,2007.New York:IEEE,2007:22-24
[16]Vidyasagar S,Bhatia S,Fogt V,et al.Accurate determination of the impact of interface deadband nonlinearities on component transient environments[C]//Proceedings of the 2010 AIAA Symposium.Washington D.C.:AIAA,2010:12-16
[17]Gene Cook.Capabilities and accommodations on the ISS Express pallet[C]//Proceedings of the 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.Washington D.C.:AIAA,2004:439
[18]NASA.The Columbus External Payload Facility(CEPF)and the ESA observation payloads(SOLARand ASIM)[EB/OL].[2018-11-20].http://www.nasa.gov.esamultimedia.esa.int.HSF-UF/118.2009/RN
[19]Persson J,Dettmann J.Columbus external payload facility architecture and utilisation[C]//Proceedings of the Conference and Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization,2001.Cape Canaveral:American Institute of Aeronautics&Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s)and/or Author(s)’Sponsoring Organization,2001:15-18
[20]Gianfiglio G,Dettmann J,Montrone L,et al.The Columbus External Payload Adapter(CEPA)Project:Asuccessful ESA/NASA cooperation within the ISS utilization programme[C]//Proceedings of the 55th International Astronautical Congress.Paris:IAF,2004:7471-7481
[21]NASA.Annex 1:additional technical information on ISS capabilities and background information[EB/OL].[2018-11-20].http://www.nasa.gov/saa/domestic/27968_27968_Annex_1_Fully_Executed.pdf
[22]NASA.Development of the ISS Russian segment in2010-2020[EB/OL].[2018-11-20].http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/iss_utilization_2017btagged.pdf
[23]NASA.STS129[EB/OL].[2018-11-20].http://www.nasa.gov.middion_pages/shuttlemissions/sts129/mian/index.html
[24]The Boeing Company.Orbital Express:a new chapter in space[EB/OL].[2018-11-20]http://www.boeing.com/ids/advanced_systems/orbital/pdf/arcss_briefing_2006-02-04.pdf
[25]康永,马少君,周晖,等.实现应急解锁及锁紧指示的空间用载荷对接锁紧接口装置:CN107492749A[P].2017-12-19Kang Yong,Ma Shaojun,Zhou Hui,et al.Space load butt locking interface device capable emergency unlocking and locking instruction:CN107492749A[P].2017-12-19(in Chinese)
[26]康永,马少君,高波,等.一种空间用载荷对接锁紧及锁紧指示接口装置:CN107416234A[P].2017-12-01Kang Yong,Ma Shaojun,Gao Bo,et al.Load docking locking and locking indication interface device for space application:CN107416234A[P].2017-12-01(in Chinese)
[27]康永,马少君,高波,等.一种空间用载荷对接锁紧及应急解锁接口装置:CN106945852A[P].2017-07-14Kang Yong,Ma Shaojun,Gao Bo,et al.Space load butting joint locking and emergency unlocking connector device:CN106945852A[P].2017-07-14(in Chinese)