塔里木盆地玉北地区中-下奥陶统储层发育特征及控制因素
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摘要
塔里木盆地玉北地区中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩具有良好油气勘探潜力,但储层发育的控制因素及分布规律不明制约了勘探进程。通过岩石学、物性测试与地化分析等手段,总结出玉北地区中-下奥陶统主要发育溶洞型、溶孔型、裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型、溶蚀孔洞-裂缝型与裂缝型等5种储层类型。溶蚀作用、白云岩化作用以及裂缝活动为储层发育的主要控制因素。早-中奥陶世相对较低的海平面,导致微古地貌高部位在准同生期反复暴露地表遭受溶蚀,形成不受单一统一暴露界面控制的小尺度溶蚀孔洞、顺层溶蚀与示顶底充填等现象。总体来看蓬莱坝组溶蚀作用强度大于鹰山组。主要发育于准同生阶段和浅埋藏阶段的白云岩化作用增强了岩石的抗压实压溶能力,有利于早期溶蚀孔洞的保存,对储层具有间接贡献。裂缝具有多期活动特征,海西晚期之前的裂缝多被方解石、白云石和硅质等流体充填,对储层贡献较少,海西晚期及喜马拉雅期裂缝经历的成岩改造较弱而成为有效裂缝。
The Lower-Middle Ordovician carbonates in the Yubei Area,Tarim Basin,are considered promising exploration targets. However,the complexity of the controlling factors and distribution patterns of the reservoirs hindered the exploration process in the area. By using petrologic,physical and geochemical methods,we classified the reservoirs into five types: cavern type,dissolution pore type,fracture-vug type,vug-fracture type and fracture type. The main controlling factors of the reservoirs were determined to be dissolution,dolomitization and fracturing. It is suggested that the relative low stand sea level during the Early-Middle Ordovician caused the relative paleogeomorphic highs being repeatedly exposed to penecontemporaneous dissolution,which resulted in the formation of centimeter-scale caves,millimeter-scale mold pores,along-bedding dissolution and geopetal cements that are not cotrolled by single uniform exposure surface. The dissolution degree in the Penglaiba Formation was overly stronger than that in the Yingshan Formation. The dolomitization processes that mainly occurred in penecontemporaneous and shallow burial stages strengthened the resistance of carbonates to compaction and pressure dissolution,thus provided favorable condition for the preservation of early dissolution pores and caves and contributed indirectly to the forming of reservoirs in the area. The fractures formed through multiple tectonic stages. The fractures formed before the Late Hercynian epoch were filled up by calcite,dolomite and silica and made less contribution to the formation of reservoirs. However,the fractures formed during the Late Hercynian and Himalayan epochwere effective in contributing to the formation of reservoirs due to weak diagenetic processes.
The Lower-Middle Ordovician carbonates in the Yubei Area,Tarim Basin,are considered promising exploration targets. However,the complexity of the controlling factors and distribution patterns of the reservoirs hindered the exploration process in the area. By using petrologic,physical and geochemical methods,we classified the reservoirs into five types: cavern type,dissolution pore type,fracture-vug type,vug-fracture type and fracture type. The main controlling factors of the reservoirs were determined to be dissolution,dolomitization and fracturing. It is suggested that the relative low stand sea level during the Early-Middle Ordovician caused the relative paleogeomorphic highs being repeatedly exposed to penecontemporaneous dissolution,which resulted in the formation of centimeter-scale caves,millimeter-scale mold pores,along-bedding dissolution and geopetal cements that are not cotrolled by single uniform exposure surface. The dissolution degree in the Penglaiba Formation was overly stronger than that in the Yingshan Formation. The dolomitization processes that mainly occurred in penecontemporaneous and shallow burial stages strengthened the resistance of carbonates to compaction and pressure dissolution,thus provided favorable condition for the preservation of early dissolution pores and caves and contributed indirectly to the forming of reservoirs in the area. The fractures formed through multiple tectonic stages. The fractures formed before the Late Hercynian epoch were filled up by calcite,dolomite and silica and made less contribution to the formation of reservoirs. However,the fractures formed during the Late Hercynian and Himalayan epochwere effective in contributing to the formation of reservoirs due to weak diagenetic processes.
引文
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[2]郝建龙,余腾孝,曹自成,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区成藏主控因素与油气富集规律[J].新疆地质,2014,32(3):344-350.Hao Jianlong,Yu Tengxiao,Cao Zicheng,et al.Study of the main factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation and the regularity of hydrocarbon enrichment in Yubei area of Tarim Basin[J].Xin Jiang Geology,2014,32(3):344-350.
[3]刘忠宝,吴仕强,刘士林,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系储层类型及主控因素[J].石油学报,2013,34(4):638-646.Liu Zhongbao,Wu Shiqiang,Liu Shilin,et al.Types and main controlling factors of Ordovician reservoirs in Yubei area,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(4):638-646.
[4]李映涛,袁晓宇,叶宁,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区鹰山组储层特征及主控因素[J].海相油气地质,2014,19(4):9-18.Li Yingtao,Yuan Xiaoyu,Ye Ning,et al.Reservoir characterization and controlling factors of Lower-Middle Ordovician Yingshan reservoir in Yubei area,Tarim Basin[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2014,19(4):9-18.
[5]钱一雄,余腾孝,周凌方,等.麦盖提斜坡东部构造带奥陶系岩相、成岩作用带与储层成因[J].石油与天然气地质,2014,35(6):870-882.Qian Yixiong,Yu Tengxiao,Zhou Lingfang,et al.Lithofacies,diagenesis zone and reservoir origin of the Ordovician in eastern tectonic belt of the Maigaiti slope[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2014,35(6):870-882.
[6]杜永明,余腾孝,郝建龙,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区断裂特征及控制作用[J].断块油气田,2013(2):170-174.Du Yongming,Yu Tengxiao,Hao Jianlong,et al.Fracture characteristics and control action on hydrocarbon accumulation in Yubei Area of Tarim Basin[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2013(2):170-174.
[7]崔军文.南阿尔金断裂的韧性剪切作用时代及其构造意义[J].岩石学报,2011,27(11):3422-3434.Cui Junwen.Ductile shearing age of the south Altun fault and its tectonic implications[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(11):3422-3434.
[8]游声刚.塔里木盆地玉北地区古构造演化对奥陶系岩溶储层的控制作用[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013.You Shenggang.Controlling effect of Paleotectonic evolution on Ordovician karst reservoir in Yubei area of Tarim Basin[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2013.
[9]陈刚,汤良杰,余腾孝,等.塔里木盆地玉北冲断带分期活动特征及其控油气作用[J].中国矿业大学学报,2014,43(5):870-879.Chen Gang,Tang Liangjie,Yu Tengxiao,et al.Poly-phase fault activities and the control on hydrocarbon accumulation of Yubei thrust belt,Tarim basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2014,43(5):870-879.
[10]刘红光.塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩成岩期流体活动及控储机理[D].北京:北京大学,2017.Liu Hongguang.Fluid activities in diagenetic process and the control mechanisms on Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Yubei Area,Tarim Basin[D].Beijing:Peking University,2017.
[11]乔桂林,钱一雄,曹自成,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系鹰山组储层特征及岩溶模式[J].石油实验地质,2014,36(4):416-421.Qiao Guilin,Qian Yixiong,Cao Zicheng,et al.Reservoir characteristics and karst model of Ordovician Yingshan Formation in Yubei area,Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2014,36(4):416-421.
[12]吴礼明,蒋海军,林新,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系岩溶作用[J].新疆地质,2015,33(4):504-509.Wu Liming,Jiang Haijun,Lin Xin,et al.Karstification of the ordovician in Yu Bei area,Tarim Basin[J].Xin Jiang Geology,2015,33(4):504-509.
[13]赵宗举,潘文庆,张丽娟,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系层序地层格架[J].大地构造与成矿学,2009,33(1):175-188.Zhao Zongju,Pan Wenqing,Zhang Lijuan,et al.Sequence stratigraphy in the Ordovician in the Tarim Basin[J].Geotectonica Et Metallogenia,2009,33(1):175-188.
[14]郭颖,汤良杰,岳勇,等.旋回分析法在地层剥蚀量估算中的应用—以塔里木盆地玉北地区东部中下奥陶统鹰山组为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(004):664-672.Guo Ying,Tang Liangjie,Yue Yong,et al.Application of cycle analysis method to estimate the denuded strata thickness:a case study of Middle-Lower Ordovician Yingshan formation of the eastern Yubei area,Tarim basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2015,44(4):664-672.
[15]韩银学,李忠,刘嘉庆,等.塔河地区鹰山组灰岩白云石化成因及其对储层的影响[J].地质科学,2013,48(2):721-731.Han Yinxue,Li Zhong,Liu Jiaqing,et al.Genesis of dolomites in limestone of Yingshan Formation and their effects on poroperm characteristics of carbonate reservoir in Tahe area[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,2013,48(3):721-731.
[16]焦健,李映涛,张哨楠,等.塔里木盆地玉北地区蓬莱坝组鞍形白云石地球化学特征[J].石油实验地质,2016,38(1):99-107.Jiao Jian,Li Yingtao,Zhang Shaonan,et al.Geochemical features of saddle dolomites in the Penglaiba Formation,Yubei area,Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2016,38(1):99-107.
[17]陈永权,周新源.塔里木盆地中寒武统—下奥陶统泥晶灰岩地球化学与古海洋学[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(1):47-52.Chen Yongquan,Zhou Xinyuan.Geochemical characteristics of middle Cambrian-early Ordovician limestone and paleo-ocean reconstruction based onδ18OSMOW,87Sr/86Sr and rare earth elements,Tarim Basin[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2009,29(1):47-52.
[18]Keith M L,Weber J N.Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1964,28(10):1787–1816.
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