生态型社会契约论——国外生态治理研究的最新进展
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摘要
生态治理是生态经济学与社会学、管理学形成的交叉型研究,也是目前国外生态经济学科重点研究对象,本文首先阐释了研究生态治理的背景及原因,即过度增长的经济模式是地球生态系统不可持续的根源;调节人与自然、人与社会的关系是生态治理的主要途径;构建平等的生态契约制度是实现生态良性治理的保障。其次,从生态治理的理论基础、制度建设、实现条件这三个方面分析国外生态治理的最新理论观点和方法,总结得出新的生态治理社会契约所包含的三个创新观点:(1)人类的社会契约正在从消费型社会契约向生态型社会契约转变;(2)生态型社会契约需要带有批判性的公众参与民主管理制度保障;(3)生态型社会契约制度建设需要进行与生态和谐共生的技术创新。最后,本文指出与气候变化相关的生态型社会契约政策和基于生态型社会契约的民主治理模式将成为生态治理新契约继续深入研究的趋势和热点。
引文
(1)P.G.Brown&G.Garver,Right,Relationship:Building a Whole Earth Economy,San Francisco:BerrettKoehler Publisher,2009,p.1.
(2)J.Schor,Plenitude:The New Economics of True Wealth,New York:Penguin,2010,p.2.
(1)Pope Francis,Laudato Si':On Care for Our Common Home,Huntingdon:Our Sunday Visitor Inc,2015,p.I.
(2)B.McKibben,The Pope and the Planet,New York:New York Review of Books,2015,p.40.
(3)N.Klein,This Changes Everything:Capitalism vs.the Climate,New York:Simon and Schuster,2014,p.21.
(1)Nature as Absence:The Natural,the Cultural,and the Human in Social Contract Theory,in G.Kaebnick,et al.,The Ideal of Nature:The Appeal to Nature in Debates about Biotechnology and the Environment,Baltimore:Johns Hopkin University Press,2011,pp.29-48.
(1)N.O.Keohane,Philosophy and the State in France:The Renaissance to the Enlightenment,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1980,p.164.
(2)J.J.Rousseau,et al.,On the Social Contract with Geneva Manuscript and Political Economy,New York:St.Martin's Press,1978,p.53.
(3)T.Hobbes,Hobbes's Leviathan,Oxford,UK:Basil Blackwell,1946,p.128.
(4)J.Bruce,Ecological Governance-Toward a New Social Contract with the Earth,West Virginia University Press,2016,p.19.
(1)J.Asafu-Adjaye,L.Blomqvist,S.Brand,B.Brook,R.Defries,E.Ellis,et al.,An Ecomodernist Manifesto,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281607422/.[2017-10-07]
(1)T.Piketty,Capital in the Twenty-First Century,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2014,p.Ⅱ.
(2)P.A.Victor,Managing without Growth:Slower by Design,Not Disaster,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2008,pp.27-29,p.32.
(3)W.Steffen,et al.,Planetary Boundaries:Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet,Science,Vol.347,2015.
(4)P.Davies,The Goldilocks Enigma:Why Is the Universe Just Right for Life?New York:Mariner Books,2008,p.ⅢⅤ.
(1)Kenneth E.Boulding,Earth as a Space Ship,Washington State University Committee on Space Science,1965,p.5.
(2)[法]夏尔·阿列克西·德·托克维尔:《论美国的民主》,张晓明编译,商务印书馆,1988年,第7~8页。
(3)P.Anderson,Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism,London:New Left Books,1974.
(4)E.M.Woods,Citizens to Lords:A Social History of Western Political Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages,London:Verso,2008.
(5)E.Ostrom,Governing the Commons,The Future of the Commons:Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation,London:Institute of Economic Analysis,2012.
(6)J.Osterhammel,The Transformation of the World:A Global History of the Nineteenth Century,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2014,pp.637-673.
(7)J.Bruce,Ecological Governance-Toward a New Social Contract with the Earth,West Virginia University Press,2016,p.61.
(1)J.Schor,Plenitude:The New Economics of True Wealth,New York:Penguin,2010,p.2.
(1)G.Hardin,The Tragedy of the Commons,Science,Vol.162,1968,pp.1243-1248;Ostrom Elinor,et al.,Rules,Games,and common-pool Resources,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1994,p.56.
(2)E.Ostrom,Governing the Commons,The Future of the Commons:Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation,London:Institute of Economic Analysis,2012.Y.Benkler,The Wealth of Networks:How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2006.D.Bollier,Think Like a Commoner:A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons,Gabriola Island,BC:New Society Publishers,2014.D.Wall,The Commons in History:Conflict,Culture,and Ecology,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2014.
(3)M.G.Dietz,“The Slow Boring of Hard Boards”:Methodical Thinking and the Work of Politics,American Political Science Review,Vol.88,1994,pp.873-886.
(1)C.B.Macpherson,Democratic Theory:Essays in Retrieval,Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1973,p.18.
(2)P.Pettit,A Theory of Freedom:From the Psychology to the Politics of Agency,New York:Oxford University Press,2001,p.20.
(3)J.A.Schumpeter,Capitalism,Socialism,and Democracy(3rded),New York:Harper and Row,1950,p.68.
(4)C.B.Macpherson,Democratic Theory:Essays in Retrieval,Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1973,pp.18-19.
(5)B.Jennings,Relational Liberty Revisited:Membership,Solidarity,and a Public Health Ethics of Place,Public Health Ethics,Vol.1,2015,pp.7-17.
(6)T.J.Lowi,The End of Liberalism(2nded),New York:Norton,1979,p.IV.
(1)P.A.Victor,Managing Without Growth:Slower by Design,Not Disaster,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2008,p.3.
(2)Pope Francis,Laudato Si':On Care for Our Common Home,Our Sunday Visitor Inc,2015,p.111.
(2)J.Schor,Plenitude:The New Economics of True Wealth,New York:Penguin,2010,p.2.
(1)Pope Francis,Laudato Si':On Care for Our Common Home,Huntingdon:Our Sunday Visitor Inc,2015,p.I.
(2)B.McKibben,The Pope and the Planet,New York:New York Review of Books,2015,p.40.
(3)N.Klein,This Changes Everything:Capitalism vs.the Climate,New York:Simon and Schuster,2014,p.21.
(1)Nature as Absence:The Natural,the Cultural,and the Human in Social Contract Theory,in G.Kaebnick,et al.,The Ideal of Nature:The Appeal to Nature in Debates about Biotechnology and the Environment,Baltimore:Johns Hopkin University Press,2011,pp.29-48.
(1)N.O.Keohane,Philosophy and the State in France:The Renaissance to the Enlightenment,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1980,p.164.
(2)J.J.Rousseau,et al.,On the Social Contract with Geneva Manuscript and Political Economy,New York:St.Martin's Press,1978,p.53.
(3)T.Hobbes,Hobbes's Leviathan,Oxford,UK:Basil Blackwell,1946,p.128.
(4)J.Bruce,Ecological Governance-Toward a New Social Contract with the Earth,West Virginia University Press,2016,p.19.
(1)J.Asafu-Adjaye,L.Blomqvist,S.Brand,B.Brook,R.Defries,E.Ellis,et al.,An Ecomodernist Manifesto,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281607422/.[2017-10-07]
(1)T.Piketty,Capital in the Twenty-First Century,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2014,p.Ⅱ.
(2)P.A.Victor,Managing without Growth:Slower by Design,Not Disaster,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2008,pp.27-29,p.32.
(3)W.Steffen,et al.,Planetary Boundaries:Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet,Science,Vol.347,2015.
(4)P.Davies,The Goldilocks Enigma:Why Is the Universe Just Right for Life?New York:Mariner Books,2008,p.ⅢⅤ.
(1)Kenneth E.Boulding,Earth as a Space Ship,Washington State University Committee on Space Science,1965,p.5.
(2)[法]夏尔·阿列克西·德·托克维尔:《论美国的民主》,张晓明编译,商务印书馆,1988年,第7~8页。
(3)P.Anderson,Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism,London:New Left Books,1974.
(4)E.M.Woods,Citizens to Lords:A Social History of Western Political Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages,London:Verso,2008.
(5)E.Ostrom,Governing the Commons,The Future of the Commons:Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation,London:Institute of Economic Analysis,2012.
(6)J.Osterhammel,The Transformation of the World:A Global History of the Nineteenth Century,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2014,pp.637-673.
(7)J.Bruce,Ecological Governance-Toward a New Social Contract with the Earth,West Virginia University Press,2016,p.61.
(1)J.Schor,Plenitude:The New Economics of True Wealth,New York:Penguin,2010,p.2.
(1)G.Hardin,The Tragedy of the Commons,Science,Vol.162,1968,pp.1243-1248;Ostrom Elinor,et al.,Rules,Games,and common-pool Resources,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1994,p.56.
(2)E.Ostrom,Governing the Commons,The Future of the Commons:Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation,London:Institute of Economic Analysis,2012.Y.Benkler,The Wealth of Networks:How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2006.D.Bollier,Think Like a Commoner:A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons,Gabriola Island,BC:New Society Publishers,2014.D.Wall,The Commons in History:Conflict,Culture,and Ecology,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2014.
(3)M.G.Dietz,“The Slow Boring of Hard Boards”:Methodical Thinking and the Work of Politics,American Political Science Review,Vol.88,1994,pp.873-886.
(1)C.B.Macpherson,Democratic Theory:Essays in Retrieval,Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1973,p.18.
(2)P.Pettit,A Theory of Freedom:From the Psychology to the Politics of Agency,New York:Oxford University Press,2001,p.20.
(3)J.A.Schumpeter,Capitalism,Socialism,and Democracy(3rded),New York:Harper and Row,1950,p.68.
(4)C.B.Macpherson,Democratic Theory:Essays in Retrieval,Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1973,pp.18-19.
(5)B.Jennings,Relational Liberty Revisited:Membership,Solidarity,and a Public Health Ethics of Place,Public Health Ethics,Vol.1,2015,pp.7-17.
(6)T.J.Lowi,The End of Liberalism(2nded),New York:Norton,1979,p.IV.
(1)P.A.Victor,Managing Without Growth:Slower by Design,Not Disaster,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar,2008,p.3.
(2)Pope Francis,Laudato Si':On Care for Our Common Home,Our Sunday Visitor Inc,2015,p.111.
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