美国院校市场发展研究
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摘要
院校市场是高等教育市场的重要子类型。当今美国高等教育系统的综合实力居世界领先地位,离不开其高度市场化特征的支持。因此,美国院校市场的发展现状与运行机制值得探究。在明晰院校市场研究意义与概念的基础上,首先考察20世纪70年代以降美国院校市场变革的背景和动因,继而阐释美国院校市场发展现状:院校数量多、类型全,层次分化与融通;营利性院校兴盛,新颖院校形式涌现;开放和竞争共生,院校混合特征凸显;市场中介行业发达,助推市场变革等。最后评价美国院校市场:机制健全、运作成熟,虽伴生问题和风险,但发展充满活力。
Institutional markets is an important type of higher education markets. Nowadays the comprehensive strength of USA's higher education system is in the world's leading position, and it is inseparable from the support of its highly market-oriented characteristics. Therefore, the status quo and operational mechanisms of the USA's institutional market are worth exploring. This paper is based on clarifying the research significances and concept of institutional markets, first examines the backgrounds and motivations of the USA's institutional market change since 1970 s; next analyzed the status quo of the USA's institutional market: a large number of and multiple types of institutions, level-differentiated and connected; the prosperity of for-profit private institutions, the emergence of new category of institutions; the symbiosis of open and competitive, the characteristics of hybrid institutions; developed institutional market intermediary industry, etc.. Finally, evaluated the USA's institutional market, that is, the mechanisms are sound, and the operations are mature, although there are problems and risks, it's development is full of vitality.
Institutional markets is an important type of higher education markets. Nowadays the comprehensive strength of USA's higher education system is in the world's leading position, and it is inseparable from the support of its highly market-oriented characteristics. Therefore, the status quo and operational mechanisms of the USA's institutional market are worth exploring. This paper is based on clarifying the research significances and concept of institutional markets, first examines the backgrounds and motivations of the USA's institutional market change since 1970 s; next analyzed the status quo of the USA's institutional market: a large number of and multiple types of institutions, level-differentiated and connected; the prosperity of for-profit private institutions, the emergence of new category of institutions; the symbiosis of open and competitive, the characteristics of hybrid institutions; developed institutional market intermediary industry, etc.. Finally, evaluated the USA's institutional market, that is, the mechanisms are sound, and the operations are mature, although there are problems and risks, it's development is full of vitality.
引文
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[16]BOWMAN N A,BASTEDO M N.Getting on the front page:organizational reputation,status signals,and the impact of U.S.News and World Report on student decisions[J].Research in Higher Education,2009,50(5):415-436.
[17]TEIXEIRA P,JONGBLOED B W A,Dill D D,et al.Markets in higher education:rhetoric or reality?[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers,2004:103.
[18]王建成.美国高等教育认证制度研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:63,133.
[19]KREIGHBAUM A.DeVos to announce new push for deregulation,innovation[EB/OL].(2018-07-30)[2018-12-10].https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/07/30/trump-administration-official-describes-plan-rethinkhigher-education-through.
[2]CLARK B R.The higher education system:academic organization in cross-national perspective[M].Berkeley&Los Angeles:University of California Press,1983.
[3]刘淑华.俄罗斯院校市场发展述评[J].外国教育研究,2009(2).
[4]GOULD E.The university in a corporate culture[M].Yale University Press,2003:84.
[5]於荣,张斌贤.繁荣与调整:战后美国高等教育发展的历史轨迹[J].清华大学教育研究,2017(4).
[6]BARROW C W,DIDOU-AUPETIT S,MALLEA J.Globalisation,trade liberalisation and higher education in North America[M].Springer Netherlands,2003:55-56.
[7]西蒙·马金森,孙梦格,覃文珍.为什么高等教育市场不遵循经济学教科书[J].北京大学教育评论,2014(1).
[8]LONG B T.The financial crisis and college enrollment:how have students and their families responded?[M]//BROWN JR,HOXBY C M.How the financial crisis and great recession affected higher education.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2014:209-233.
[9]COHEN A M,KISKER C B.The shaping of American higher education[M].2nd ed.Jossey-Bass,2010.
[10]RUCH R.Higher Ed,Inc.:The rise of the for-profit university[M].The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001.
[11]CHRISTENSEN C M,EYRING H J.The innovative university:changing the DNA of higher education from the inside out[M].Jossey-Bass,2011.
[12]National center for education statistics.Digest of education statistics 2017[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/2017menu_tables.asp.
[13]SNYDER T D,DE BREY C,DILLOW S A.Digest of education statistics 2016(NCES 2017-094)[Z].National center for education statistics,Institute of Education Sciences,U.S.Department of Education,2018.
[14]Times higher education.World reputation rankings 2018[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/reputation-ranking.
[15]BREWER D J,GATES S M,GOLDMAN C A.In pursuit of prestige:strategy and competition in U.S.higher education[M].Transaction Publishers,2002:29.
[16]BOWMAN N A,BASTEDO M N.Getting on the front page:organizational reputation,status signals,and the impact of U.S.News and World Report on student decisions[J].Research in Higher Education,2009,50(5):415-436.
[17]TEIXEIRA P,JONGBLOED B W A,Dill D D,et al.Markets in higher education:rhetoric or reality?[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers,2004:103.
[18]王建成.美国高等教育认证制度研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2007:63,133.
[19]KREIGHBAUM A.DeVos to announce new push for deregulation,innovation[EB/OL].(2018-07-30)[2018-12-10].https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/07/30/trump-administration-official-describes-plan-rethinkhigher-education-through.