南海北部深海潮汐的季节性变化特征
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摘要
深海潮汐是深海混合过程的主要能量来源,对深海环流变异和沉积物搬运具有重要的调控作用.文章利用深水锚系观测系统在南海北部2100m水深处开展了近两年的高分辨率海流剖面观测,用于研究深海潮汐的季节性变化特征.通过谱分析显示,南海北部深海潮汐以全日潮为主,且在观测区域的深海中,全日潮和半日潮以垂向第一模态结构为主.斜压全日潮具有显著的季节性变化特征,夏季最强,深度平均的最大动能达86.7cm2s-2,分别是冬季的1.5倍、春秋季的2倍;而斜压半日潮没有明显的季节性变化.通过对比发现斜压全日潮的季节性变化受控于吕宋海峡附近的正压潮.另外,观测期间有三个强中尺度涡经过锚系站位,其中一个气旋式中尺度涡对深海海流影响较小,而另外两个反气旋式中尺度涡经过研究海域时可影响全水深海流,激发强亚惯性流,对深海潮汐产生边缘强化效应,并使深海斜压全日潮冬季的异相成分增强,占全日潮的85%.同时,中尺度涡对深海海水混合的增强弱化了海水层结,导致冬季的斜压全日潮流速减弱,低于夏季.南海北部深海潮汐季节性变化为研究深海盆沉积物在不同时间尺度上的分布及搬运过程提供了重要的动力机制.
引文
张效谦,梁鑫峰,田纪伟.2005.南海北部450m以浅水层内潮和近惯性运动研究.科学通报,50:2027-2031
Alford M H,MacKinnon J A,Nash J D,Simmons H,Pickering A,Klymak J M,Pinkel R,Sun O,Rainville L,Musgrave R,Beitzel T,Fu K H,Lu C W.2011.Energy flux and dissipation in Luzon Strait:Two tales of two ridges.J Phys Oceanogr,41:2211-2222
Alford M H,Peacock T,MacKinnon J A,Nash J D,Buijsman M C,Centurioni L R,Centuroni L R,Chao S Y,Chang M H,Farmer DM,Fringer O B,Fu K H,Gallacher P C,Graber H C,Helfrich K R,Jachec S M,Jackson C R,Klymak J M,Ko D S,Jan S,Johnston TM S,Legg S,Lee I H,Lien R C,Mercier M J,Moum J N,Musgrave R,Park J H,Pickering A I,Pinkel R,Rainville L,Ramp S R,Rudnick D L,Sarkar S,Scotti A,Simmons H L,St Laurent L C,Venayagamoorthy S K,Wang Y H,Wang J,Yang Y J,Paluszkiewicz T,Tang T Y D.2015.The formation and fate of internal waves in the South China Sea.Nature,521:65-69
Beardsley R C,Duda T F,Lynch J F,Irish J D,Ramp S R,Chiu C S,Tang T Y,Yang Y J,Fang G.2004.Barotropic tide in the northeast South China Sea.IEEE J Ocean Eng,29:1075-1086
Cao A,Guo Z,Lv X,Song J,Zhang J.2017.Coherent and incoherent features,seasonal behaviors and spatial variations of internal tides in the northern South China Sea.J Mar Syst,172:75-83
Chavanne C,Flament P,Luther D,Gurgel K W.2010.The surface expression of semidiurnal internal tides near a strong source at Hawaii.Part II:Interactions with mesoscale currents.J Phys Oceanogr,40:1180-1200
Ducet N,Le Traon P Y,Reverdin G.2000.Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1and-2.J Geophys Res,105:19477-19498
Egbert G D,Bennett A F,Foreman M G G.1994.TOPEX/POSEIDONtides estimated using a global inverse model.J Geophys Res,99:24821
Egbert G D,Erofeeva S Y.2002.Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides.J Atmos Ocean Technol,19:183-204
Egbert G D,Ray R D.2000.Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data.Nature,405:775-778
Fang G,Kwok Y K,Yu K,Zhu Y.1999.Numerical simulation of principal tidal constituents in the South China Sea,Gulf of Tonkin and Gulf of Thailand.Cont Shelf Res,19:845-869
Ferrari R,Wunsch C.2009.Ocean circulation kinetic energy:Reservoirs,sources,and sinks.Annu Rev Fluid Mech,41:253-282
Friedrichs C T,Wright L D.1995.Resonant internal waves and their role in transport and accumulation of fine sediment in Eckernf?rde Bay,Baltic Sea.Cont Shelf Res,15:1697-1721
Grinsted A,Moore J C,Jevrejeva S.2004.Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series.Nonlin Processes Geophys,11:561-566
Guo P,Fang W,Liu C,Qiu F.2012.Seasonal characteristics of internal tides on the continental shelf in the northern South China Sea.JGeophys Res,117:C04023
Gustafsson K E.2001.Computations of the energy flux to mixing processes via baroclinic wave drag on barotropic tides.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,48:2283-2295
Hu J Y,Kawamura H,Hong H S,Kobashi F.2001.Tidal features in the China Seas and their adjacent sea areas as derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data.Chin J Ocean Limnol,19:293-305
Jan S,Chern C S,Wang J,Chao S Y.2007.Generation of diurnal K1internal tide in the Luzon Strait and its influence on surface tide in the South China Sea.J Geophys Res,112:C06019
Laurent L S,Garrett C.2002.The role of internal tides in mixing the deep ocean.J Phys Oceanogr,32:2882-2899
Lee I H,Wang Y H,Yang Y,Wang D P.2012.Temporal variability of internal tides in the northeast South China Sea.J Geophys Res,117:C02013
Liang X.2014.Semidiurnal tidal currents in the deep ocean near the East Pacific Rise between 9°and 10°N.J Geophys Res-Oceans,119:4264-4277
Liu J,He Y,Wang D,Liu T,Cai S.2015.Observed enhanced internal tides in winter near the Luzon Strait.J Geophys Res-Oceans,120:7237-7252
Munk W,Wunsch C.1998.Abyssal recipes II:Energetics of tidal and wind mixing.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,45:1977-2010
Nan F,Xue H,Yu F.2015.Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea:A review.Prog Oceanogr,137:314-333
Nash J D,Kunze E,Toole J M,Schmitt R W.2004.Internal tide reflection and turbulent mixing on the continental slope.J Phys Oceanogr,34:1117-1134
Park J H,Watts D R.2006.Internal tides in the southwestern Japan/East Sea.J Phys Oceanogr,36:22-34
Pawlowicz R,Beardsley B,Lentz S.2002.Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE.Comput Geosci,28:929-937
Peine F,Turnewitsch R,Mohn C,Reichelt T,Springer B,Kaufmann M.2009.The importance of tides for sediment dynamics in the deep sea-Evidence from the particulate-matter tracer234Th in deep-sea environments with different tidal forcing.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,56:1182-1202
Rainville L,Pinkel R.2006.Propagation of low-mode internal waves through the ocean.J Phys Oceanogr,36:1220-1236
Ribbe J,Holloway P E.2001.A model of suspended sediment transport by internal tides.Cont Shelf Res,21:395-422
Shang X,Liu Q,Xie X,Chen G,Chen R.2015.Characteristics and seasonal variability of internal tides in the southern South China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,98:43-52
Torrence C,Compo G P.1998.A practical guide to wavelet analysis.Bull Amer Meteorol Soc,79:61-78
Turnewitsch R,Reyss J L,Nycander J,Waniek J J,Lampitt R S.2008.Internal tides and sediment dynamics in the deep sea-Evidence from radioactive234Th/238U disequilibria.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,55:1727-1747
Wang G,Su J,Chu P C.2003.Mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea observed with altimeter data.Geophys Res Lett,30:2121
Welch P D.1967.The use of fast fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra:A method based on time averaging over short,modified periodograms.IEEE Transactions Audio Electroacoustics,15:70-73
Xu Z,Yin B,Hou Y,Liu A K.2014.Seasonal variability and northsouth asymmetry of internal tides in the deep basin west of the Luzon Strait.J Mar Syst,134:101-112
Xu Z,Yin B,Hou Y,Xu Y.2013.Variability of internal tides and nearinertial waves on the continental slope of the northwestern South China Sea.J Geophys Res-Oceans,118:197-211
Zhang Y,Liu Z,Zhao Y,Li J,Liang X.2015.Effect of surface mesoscale eddies on deep-sea currents and mixing in the northeastern South China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,122:6-14
Zhang Y,Liu Z,Zhao Y,Wang W,Li J,Xu J.2014.Mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea sediments.Sci Rep,4:5937
Zhao Z,Alford M H.2006.Source and propagation of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea.J Geophys Res,111:C11012
Zheng Q,Susanto R D,Ho C R,Song Y T,Xu Q.2007.Statistical and dynamical analyses of generation mechanisms of solitary internal waves in the northern South China Sea.J Geophys Res,112:C03021
Zilberman N V,Merrifield M A,Carter G S,Luther D S,Levine M D,Boyd T J.2011.Incoherent Nature of M2Internal Tides at the Hawaiian Ridge.J Phys Oceanogr,41:2021-2036
Zu T,Gan J,Erofeeva S Y.2008.Numerical study of the tide and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,55:137-154
Alford M H,MacKinnon J A,Nash J D,Simmons H,Pickering A,Klymak J M,Pinkel R,Sun O,Rainville L,Musgrave R,Beitzel T,Fu K H,Lu C W.2011.Energy flux and dissipation in Luzon Strait:Two tales of two ridges.J Phys Oceanogr,41:2211-2222
Alford M H,Peacock T,MacKinnon J A,Nash J D,Buijsman M C,Centurioni L R,Centuroni L R,Chao S Y,Chang M H,Farmer DM,Fringer O B,Fu K H,Gallacher P C,Graber H C,Helfrich K R,Jachec S M,Jackson C R,Klymak J M,Ko D S,Jan S,Johnston TM S,Legg S,Lee I H,Lien R C,Mercier M J,Moum J N,Musgrave R,Park J H,Pickering A I,Pinkel R,Rainville L,Ramp S R,Rudnick D L,Sarkar S,Scotti A,Simmons H L,St Laurent L C,Venayagamoorthy S K,Wang Y H,Wang J,Yang Y J,Paluszkiewicz T,Tang T Y D.2015.The formation and fate of internal waves in the South China Sea.Nature,521:65-69
Beardsley R C,Duda T F,Lynch J F,Irish J D,Ramp S R,Chiu C S,Tang T Y,Yang Y J,Fang G.2004.Barotropic tide in the northeast South China Sea.IEEE J Ocean Eng,29:1075-1086
Cao A,Guo Z,Lv X,Song J,Zhang J.2017.Coherent and incoherent features,seasonal behaviors and spatial variations of internal tides in the northern South China Sea.J Mar Syst,172:75-83
Chavanne C,Flament P,Luther D,Gurgel K W.2010.The surface expression of semidiurnal internal tides near a strong source at Hawaii.Part II:Interactions with mesoscale currents.J Phys Oceanogr,40:1180-1200
Ducet N,Le Traon P Y,Reverdin G.2000.Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1and-2.J Geophys Res,105:19477-19498
Egbert G D,Bennett A F,Foreman M G G.1994.TOPEX/POSEIDONtides estimated using a global inverse model.J Geophys Res,99:24821
Egbert G D,Erofeeva S Y.2002.Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides.J Atmos Ocean Technol,19:183-204
Egbert G D,Ray R D.2000.Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data.Nature,405:775-778
Fang G,Kwok Y K,Yu K,Zhu Y.1999.Numerical simulation of principal tidal constituents in the South China Sea,Gulf of Tonkin and Gulf of Thailand.Cont Shelf Res,19:845-869
Ferrari R,Wunsch C.2009.Ocean circulation kinetic energy:Reservoirs,sources,and sinks.Annu Rev Fluid Mech,41:253-282
Friedrichs C T,Wright L D.1995.Resonant internal waves and their role in transport and accumulation of fine sediment in Eckernf?rde Bay,Baltic Sea.Cont Shelf Res,15:1697-1721
Grinsted A,Moore J C,Jevrejeva S.2004.Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series.Nonlin Processes Geophys,11:561-566
Guo P,Fang W,Liu C,Qiu F.2012.Seasonal characteristics of internal tides on the continental shelf in the northern South China Sea.JGeophys Res,117:C04023
Gustafsson K E.2001.Computations of the energy flux to mixing processes via baroclinic wave drag on barotropic tides.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,48:2283-2295
Hu J Y,Kawamura H,Hong H S,Kobashi F.2001.Tidal features in the China Seas and their adjacent sea areas as derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data.Chin J Ocean Limnol,19:293-305
Jan S,Chern C S,Wang J,Chao S Y.2007.Generation of diurnal K1internal tide in the Luzon Strait and its influence on surface tide in the South China Sea.J Geophys Res,112:C06019
Laurent L S,Garrett C.2002.The role of internal tides in mixing the deep ocean.J Phys Oceanogr,32:2882-2899
Lee I H,Wang Y H,Yang Y,Wang D P.2012.Temporal variability of internal tides in the northeast South China Sea.J Geophys Res,117:C02013
Liang X.2014.Semidiurnal tidal currents in the deep ocean near the East Pacific Rise between 9°and 10°N.J Geophys Res-Oceans,119:4264-4277
Liu J,He Y,Wang D,Liu T,Cai S.2015.Observed enhanced internal tides in winter near the Luzon Strait.J Geophys Res-Oceans,120:7237-7252
Munk W,Wunsch C.1998.Abyssal recipes II:Energetics of tidal and wind mixing.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,45:1977-2010
Nan F,Xue H,Yu F.2015.Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea:A review.Prog Oceanogr,137:314-333
Nash J D,Kunze E,Toole J M,Schmitt R W.2004.Internal tide reflection and turbulent mixing on the continental slope.J Phys Oceanogr,34:1117-1134
Park J H,Watts D R.2006.Internal tides in the southwestern Japan/East Sea.J Phys Oceanogr,36:22-34
Pawlowicz R,Beardsley B,Lentz S.2002.Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE.Comput Geosci,28:929-937
Peine F,Turnewitsch R,Mohn C,Reichelt T,Springer B,Kaufmann M.2009.The importance of tides for sediment dynamics in the deep sea-Evidence from the particulate-matter tracer234Th in deep-sea environments with different tidal forcing.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,56:1182-1202
Rainville L,Pinkel R.2006.Propagation of low-mode internal waves through the ocean.J Phys Oceanogr,36:1220-1236
Ribbe J,Holloway P E.2001.A model of suspended sediment transport by internal tides.Cont Shelf Res,21:395-422
Shang X,Liu Q,Xie X,Chen G,Chen R.2015.Characteristics and seasonal variability of internal tides in the southern South China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,98:43-52
Torrence C,Compo G P.1998.A practical guide to wavelet analysis.Bull Amer Meteorol Soc,79:61-78
Turnewitsch R,Reyss J L,Nycander J,Waniek J J,Lampitt R S.2008.Internal tides and sediment dynamics in the deep sea-Evidence from radioactive234Th/238U disequilibria.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,55:1727-1747
Wang G,Su J,Chu P C.2003.Mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea observed with altimeter data.Geophys Res Lett,30:2121
Welch P D.1967.The use of fast fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra:A method based on time averaging over short,modified periodograms.IEEE Transactions Audio Electroacoustics,15:70-73
Xu Z,Yin B,Hou Y,Liu A K.2014.Seasonal variability and northsouth asymmetry of internal tides in the deep basin west of the Luzon Strait.J Mar Syst,134:101-112
Xu Z,Yin B,Hou Y,Xu Y.2013.Variability of internal tides and nearinertial waves on the continental slope of the northwestern South China Sea.J Geophys Res-Oceans,118:197-211
Zhang Y,Liu Z,Zhao Y,Li J,Liang X.2015.Effect of surface mesoscale eddies on deep-sea currents and mixing in the northeastern South China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,122:6-14
Zhang Y,Liu Z,Zhao Y,Wang W,Li J,Xu J.2014.Mesoscale eddies transport deep-sea sediments.Sci Rep,4:5937
Zhao Z,Alford M H.2006.Source and propagation of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea.J Geophys Res,111:C11012
Zheng Q,Susanto R D,Ho C R,Song Y T,Xu Q.2007.Statistical and dynamical analyses of generation mechanisms of solitary internal waves in the northern South China Sea.J Geophys Res,112:C03021
Zilberman N V,Merrifield M A,Carter G S,Luther D S,Levine M D,Boyd T J.2011.Incoherent Nature of M2Internal Tides at the Hawaiian Ridge.J Phys Oceanogr,41:2021-2036
Zu T,Gan J,Erofeeva S Y.2008.Numerical study of the tide and tidal dynamics in the South China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part I-Oceanogr Res Pap,55:137-154