8 kW车载动力电池直冷系统实验研究
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摘要
电池冷却机组性能的优异对于动力电池在整车上安全、高效、可靠运行至关重要。基于制冷剂直接冷却的方式,本文设计并研制了一套8 kW动力电池冷却机组,并在某纯电动重卡上进行了实验验证及装车验证。结果表明:当电池底部的冷板表面温度在5～10℃时,电池芯体的最高温度能够降到35℃以下;采用双压缩机联合制冷方式,机组制冷性能达7.8 kW;采用分液头加毛细管的分液方式能够保证15块电池冷板进出口温差维持在5℃以内;通过循环充放电实验,在0.8C倍率充电、1C倍率放电的条件下,电芯温度皆可在40℃以下;在外界高温环境下,该机组能够在20 min内将电池芯体的平均温度降至28℃左右;此外,分析了制冷剂充注量、H型热力膨胀阀开度等因素对机组性能的影响,制定了机组的控制策略并加以评估。
The performance of the battery cooling unit is critical to the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of the power battery in a vehicle. Based on the process of refrigerant direct cooling, an 8 kW power battery cooling unit for use in a pure electric truck was designed and developed. The performance of this unit was tested in both a lab and the truck itself. The results showed that if the temperature of the cooling plate located at the bottom of the battery was between 5 and 10 ℃, the highest temperature in the battery core could be reduced to 35 ℃. In addition, the refrigeration capacity could reach 7.8 kW with dual compressor cooling system. The temperature difference between the inlets and outlets of 15 cooling plates was less than 5 ℃ when the distributor and capillary were combined. In a high-temperature environment, the vehicle battery cooling unit used in the truck could maintain an average battery-core temperature of less than 28 ℃. Different inlet temperatures of cooling plates could be controlled within a range of 7-10 ℃, whereas the outlet temperature could be controlled within 9-13 ℃, which is very effective for the cooling of battery. In addition, the influence of refrigerant charge and the opening degree of the H-type thermal expansion valve on the performance of the unit were analyzed, and the control strategy of the unit was formulated and evaluated.
The performance of the battery cooling unit is critical to the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of the power battery in a vehicle. Based on the process of refrigerant direct cooling, an 8 kW power battery cooling unit for use in a pure electric truck was designed and developed. The performance of this unit was tested in both a lab and the truck itself. The results showed that if the temperature of the cooling plate located at the bottom of the battery was between 5 and 10 ℃, the highest temperature in the battery core could be reduced to 35 ℃. In addition, the refrigeration capacity could reach 7.8 kW with dual compressor cooling system. The temperature difference between the inlets and outlets of 15 cooling plates was less than 5 ℃ when the distributor and capillary were combined. In a high-temperature environment, the vehicle battery cooling unit used in the truck could maintain an average battery-core temperature of less than 28 ℃. Different inlet temperatures of cooling plates could be controlled within a range of 7-10 ℃, whereas the outlet temperature could be controlled within 9-13 ℃, which is very effective for the cooling of battery. In addition, the influence of refrigerant charge and the opening degree of the H-type thermal expansion valve on the performance of the unit were analyzed, and the control strategy of the unit was formulated and evaluated.
引文
[1] 谢强,陈思忠.电动汽车开发的关键技术及前景[J].北京汽车, 2002(2):35-46. (XIE Qiang, CHEN Sizhong. Key technologies and prospects for electric vehicle development[J]. Beijing Automotive Engineering, 2002(2):35-46.)
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[3] 雷治国,张承宁.电动汽车电池组热管理系统的研究进展[J].电源技术, 2011, 35(12): 1609-1612. (LEI Zhiguo, ZHANG Chengning. Research development on thermal management system of EVs battery package[J]. Power Technology, 2011, 35(12): 1609-1612.)
[4] EHSANI M, GAO Yimin, EMADI A. 现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车:基本原理、理论和设计[M]. 倪光正,倪培宏, 熊素铭, 译.北京: 机械工业出版社, 2010: 35-42.(EHSANI M, GAO Yimin, EMADI A. Modern electric hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles[M]. NI Guangzheng,NI Peihong, XIONG Suming, translation. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2010: 35-42.)
[5] 唐志军,朱群志.热管理技术应用于动力电池的研究[J].电源技术,2013,37(1):103-106. (TANG Zhijun, ZHU Qunzhi.Application of thermal management technology in power batteries[J]. Power Technology,2013,37(1):103-106.)
[6] 纪云鹏.纯电动汽车冷却系统方案研究[J]. 电子世界, 2014(6): 85-86.(JI Yunpeng. Research on the cooling system of pure electric vehicles[J]. Electronic World, 2014(6): 85-86.)
[7] SABBAH R, KIZILEL R, SELMAN J R, et al. Active (air-cooled) vs. passive (phase change material) thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs: Limitation of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 182(2):630-638.
[8] 付正阳,林成涛,陈全世.电动汽车电池组热管理系统的关键技术[J].公路交通科技, 2005, 22(3):119-123.(FU Zhengyang, LIN Chengtao, CHEN Quanshi. Key technology of thermal management system of electric car battery pack[J]. Highway Transportation Technology, 2005, 22(3): 119-123.)
[9] 王泰华.动力电池热管理及其系统开发[J].汽车纵横,2011(9):72-76.(WANG Taihua. Thermal management of power battery and system development[J]. Automotive Aspect, 2011(9): 72-76.)
[10] PESARAN A A, KEYSER M, BURCH S D. An approach for designing thermal management systems for electric and hybrid vehicle battery packs[J]. Office of Scientific & Technical Information Technical Reports, 1999(2):72-79.
[11] 张风利.电动汽车电池组热管理研究[C]//2013中国汽车工程学会年会论文集.北京:中国汽车工程学会,2013.(ZHANG Fengli. Research on thermal management of electric vehicle battery pack[C]//2013 Annual Conference Proceedings of China Automotive Engineering Society. Beijing: China Automotive Engineering Society, 2013.)
[12] 艾志华. 纯电动车热泵空调与动力系统集成式热管理系统研究[D].长沙: 湖南大学, 2018.(AI Zhihua. Research on integrated thermal management system of heat pump air conditioning and power system for pure electric vehicle[D]. Changsha:Hunan University, 2018.)
[13] PESARAN A A. Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations[J].Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 110(2):377-382.
[14] FUKAI J, KANOU M, KODAMA Y, et al. Thermal conductivity enhancement of energy storage media using carbon fibers[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2000, 41(14): 1543-1556.
[15] 陈杰, 覃峰, 黄国强. 基于“制冷剂直接冷却”方案的独立式电池冷却模块设计与试验研究[J]. 制冷与空调(北京), 2017, 17(6):40-44.(CHEN Jie, QIN Feng, HUANG Guoqiang. Design and experimental study of independent battery cooling module based on “refrigerant direct cooling”[J]. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, 2017, 17(6):40-44.)
[16] 冯永忠, 康永禄. 宝马i3纯电动车空调热泵解析[J].汽车维修与保养, 2016(8): 72-75. (FENG Yongzhong, KANG Yonglu. Analysis on air conditioning heat pump of BMW i3 pure electric vehicle[J]. Motor China, 2016(8): 72-75.)
[2] 陈清泉,孙逢春,祝嘉光.现代电动汽车技术[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2002: 23-34.(CHEN Qingquan, SUN Fengchun, ZHU Jiaguang. Modern electric vehicle technology [M]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press,2002:23-34.)
[3] 雷治国,张承宁.电动汽车电池组热管理系统的研究进展[J].电源技术, 2011, 35(12): 1609-1612. (LEI Zhiguo, ZHANG Chengning. Research development on thermal management system of EVs battery package[J]. Power Technology, 2011, 35(12): 1609-1612.)
[4] EHSANI M, GAO Yimin, EMADI A. 现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车:基本原理、理论和设计[M]. 倪光正,倪培宏, 熊素铭, 译.北京: 机械工业出版社, 2010: 35-42.(EHSANI M, GAO Yimin, EMADI A. Modern electric hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles[M]. NI Guangzheng,NI Peihong, XIONG Suming, translation. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2010: 35-42.)
[5] 唐志军,朱群志.热管理技术应用于动力电池的研究[J].电源技术,2013,37(1):103-106. (TANG Zhijun, ZHU Qunzhi.Application of thermal management technology in power batteries[J]. Power Technology,2013,37(1):103-106.)
[6] 纪云鹏.纯电动汽车冷却系统方案研究[J]. 电子世界, 2014(6): 85-86.(JI Yunpeng. Research on the cooling system of pure electric vehicles[J]. Electronic World, 2014(6): 85-86.)
[7] SABBAH R, KIZILEL R, SELMAN J R, et al. Active (air-cooled) vs. passive (phase change material) thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs: Limitation of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 182(2):630-638.
[8] 付正阳,林成涛,陈全世.电动汽车电池组热管理系统的关键技术[J].公路交通科技, 2005, 22(3):119-123.(FU Zhengyang, LIN Chengtao, CHEN Quanshi. Key technology of thermal management system of electric car battery pack[J]. Highway Transportation Technology, 2005, 22(3): 119-123.)
[9] 王泰华.动力电池热管理及其系统开发[J].汽车纵横,2011(9):72-76.(WANG Taihua. Thermal management of power battery and system development[J]. Automotive Aspect, 2011(9): 72-76.)
[10] PESARAN A A, KEYSER M, BURCH S D. An approach for designing thermal management systems for electric and hybrid vehicle battery packs[J]. Office of Scientific & Technical Information Technical Reports, 1999(2):72-79.
[11] 张风利.电动汽车电池组热管理研究[C]//2013中国汽车工程学会年会论文集.北京:中国汽车工程学会,2013.(ZHANG Fengli. Research on thermal management of electric vehicle battery pack[C]//2013 Annual Conference Proceedings of China Automotive Engineering Society. Beijing: China Automotive Engineering Society, 2013.)
[12] 艾志华. 纯电动车热泵空调与动力系统集成式热管理系统研究[D].长沙: 湖南大学, 2018.(AI Zhihua. Research on integrated thermal management system of heat pump air conditioning and power system for pure electric vehicle[D]. Changsha:Hunan University, 2018.)
[13] PESARAN A A. Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations[J].Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 110(2):377-382.
[14] FUKAI J, KANOU M, KODAMA Y, et al. Thermal conductivity enhancement of energy storage media using carbon fibers[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2000, 41(14): 1543-1556.
[15] 陈杰, 覃峰, 黄国强. 基于“制冷剂直接冷却”方案的独立式电池冷却模块设计与试验研究[J]. 制冷与空调(北京), 2017, 17(6):40-44.(CHEN Jie, QIN Feng, HUANG Guoqiang. Design and experimental study of independent battery cooling module based on “refrigerant direct cooling”[J]. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, 2017, 17(6):40-44.)
[16] 冯永忠, 康永禄. 宝马i3纯电动车空调热泵解析[J].汽车维修与保养, 2016(8): 72-75. (FENG Yongzhong, KANG Yonglu. Analysis on air conditioning heat pump of BMW i3 pure electric vehicle[J]. Motor China, 2016(8): 72-75.)