牛粪联合玉米秸秆好氧堆肥理化性状分析
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摘要
好氧堆肥是处理畜禽粪便和作物秸秆等农业废弃物的有效途径。利用好氧堆肥方式对2种堆料(配比1(C/N=30)和配比2(C/N=25))发酵过程中理化性状进行对比分析,以探讨不同C/N对堆料降解的影响。结果表明,配比不同对堆肥过程中物料的理化性状有一定影响。配比1堆体升温至50℃的时间较配比2提前6 h,配比1堆体55℃以上高温持续时间较配比2多10 d,说明配比1更适合微生物生长活动,有利于无害化处理;2种堆料的pH值在好氧堆肥过程中均偏碱性,pH值大小存在上下波动的现象;配比1和配比2的C/N发酵末期分别比建堆初期下降了37.83%和34.64%;配比1的水溶性有机碳氮比,除第20天和第34天较配比2稍低外,其余时间均高于配比2;配比1的有机质含量呈下降趋势,而配比2有机质含量呈上升趋势。整个发酵期间,配比1的E4/E6值与配比2相差不大,说明堆料的腐殖化水平差异不大。2种配比的EC值在初期差异较大,5次翻堆时的EC值大小差异不明显,EC值均在2.29～3.38 m S/cm。除第1次翻堆时,配比1在其他发酵时间的种子发芽指数均较配比2高,说明秸秆和牛粪二者所占的比例对种子发芽指数有影响。分析得出,配比1的堆肥效果优于配比2。
Aerobic composting is an effective way to treat agricultural wastes such as cattle manure and crop straw. To explore the effects of different C/N ratios on the degradation of compost, comparative analysis of the physicochemical characters was carried out during fermentation with two kinds of composts(1. C/N=30 and 2. C/N=25)by aerobic composting in this study. The results showed that different ratios had certain effects on the physical and chemical properties of materials in the composting process. The time of heating up to 50 ℃ in the ratio 1 reactor was 6 h earlier than that in the ratio 2, and the duration of high temperature above 55 ℃ in the ratio 1 reactor was 10 d longer than that in the ratio 2, which indicated that the ratio 1 was more suitable for the growth of microorganisms and was beneficial to harmless treatment. The pH values of the two composts were alkaline in the aerobic composting process and fluctuated up and down. The C/N values of ratio 1 and ratio 2 decreased by 37.83% and 34.64%, respectively, at the end of fermentation compared with the initial stage of reactor construction. The water-soluble organic carbon-nitrogen ratio of the ratio 1 was higher than that of the ratio2 for the rest of the time except that the ratio 20 d and 34 d were slightly lower than that of the ratio 2. The content of organic matter in ratio 1 decreased while that in ratio 2 increased. During the whole fermentation period, the E4/E6 value of ratio 1 was not significantly different from that of ratio 2, indicating that the humification level of the compost was not significantly different. The EC values of the two ratios were different in the initial stage, but there was no significant difference in the EC values of the five heaps. The EC values of the two ratios were 2.29-3.38 m S/cm. The seed germination index of ratio 1 was higher than that of ratio 2 at other fermentation time except for the first turning over, which indicated that the proportion of straw and cow dung had an effect on seed germination index. The results showed that the composting effect of ratio 1 was better than that of ratio 2.
Aerobic composting is an effective way to treat agricultural wastes such as cattle manure and crop straw. To explore the effects of different C/N ratios on the degradation of compost, comparative analysis of the physicochemical characters was carried out during fermentation with two kinds of composts(1. C/N=30 and 2. C/N=25)by aerobic composting in this study. The results showed that different ratios had certain effects on the physical and chemical properties of materials in the composting process. The time of heating up to 50 ℃ in the ratio 1 reactor was 6 h earlier than that in the ratio 2, and the duration of high temperature above 55 ℃ in the ratio 1 reactor was 10 d longer than that in the ratio 2, which indicated that the ratio 1 was more suitable for the growth of microorganisms and was beneficial to harmless treatment. The pH values of the two composts were alkaline in the aerobic composting process and fluctuated up and down. The C/N values of ratio 1 and ratio 2 decreased by 37.83% and 34.64%, respectively, at the end of fermentation compared with the initial stage of reactor construction. The water-soluble organic carbon-nitrogen ratio of the ratio 1 was higher than that of the ratio2 for the rest of the time except that the ratio 20 d and 34 d were slightly lower than that of the ratio 2. The content of organic matter in ratio 1 decreased while that in ratio 2 increased. During the whole fermentation period, the E4/E6 value of ratio 1 was not significantly different from that of ratio 2, indicating that the humification level of the compost was not significantly different. The EC values of the two ratios were different in the initial stage, but there was no significant difference in the EC values of the five heaps. The EC values of the two ratios were 2.29-3.38 m S/cm. The seed germination index of ratio 1 was higher than that of ratio 2 at other fermentation time except for the first turning over, which indicated that the proportion of straw and cow dung had an effect on seed germination index. The results showed that the composting effect of ratio 1 was better than that of ratio 2.
引文
[1]范长征.堆肥过程中木质素降解及甲烷排放相关功能基因研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2015.
[2]张永锋,滕星,李忠和,等.玉米秸秆堆肥及其影响因素研究进展[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(5):613-618.
[3]刘洋,李爱华.玉米秸秆堆制有机肥对植烟土壤理化性状的影响[J].作物研究,2016,30(2):149-151.
[4]陈狂,刘冲,许梅玲,等.玉米秸秆堆肥处理效果研究及在生菜上的应用[J].上海农业学报,2013,29(6):107-110.
[5]路杨,任金平,张金花,等.玉米秸秆堆肥对番茄产量和品质的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(5):587-589.
[6]陈贵,张红梅,沈亚强,等.猪粪与牛粪有机肥对水稻产量、养分利用和土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤,2018,50(1):59-65.
[7]任鹏飞,任海霞,韩建东.玉米秸秆生产双孢蘑菇配方优化及相关性研究[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(5):759-763.
[8]江笑丹,李萍萍,王纪章.青玉米秸秆堆制发酵及用作栽培基质的研究[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(6):264-266.
[9]关静姝.碳氮比对牛粪好氧堆肥过程的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007.
[10]郑玉琪,陈同斌,高定,等.静态垛好氧堆肥堆体中氧气浓度和耗氧速率的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):134-139.
[11]黄川,黄珊,李家祥.不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(10):4090-4096.
[12]李国学.不同通气方式和秸秆切碎程度对堆制效果和养分转化的影响[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(3):106-110.
[13]吴阳,喻徐良,徐乐中,等.城市污泥与园林绿化废弃物共堆肥效果研究[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(5):847-852.
[14]王秀红,李欣欣,史向远,等.玉米秸秆不同发酵时期理化性状和细菌群落多样性[J].华北农学报,2018,33(3):144-152.
[15]钱宝,刘凌,肖潇.土壤有机质测定方法对比分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(1):34-38.
[16]白永娟.菇渣腐熟发酵条件及其在蔬菜育苗中的应用效果研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[17]BERTOLDI M,VALLINI G,PERA A.The biology of composting[J].Waste Management&Research,1983,1:157-176.
[18]李季.畜禽粪便堆肥技术规范[C]//第13届全国堆肥技术与工程研讨会论文集.南昌:中国农业大学,南京农业大学,2018.
[19]喻夜兰.啤酒糟型生物有机肥堆制条件及其应用效果研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009.
[20]GARCIA C,COSTA H F,AYNSO M.Evaluation of the maturity of municipal waste compost using simple chemical parameters[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1992,23(13/14):1501-1512.
[21]李季,彭生平.堆肥工程实用手册[M].2版.北京:化学工业出版社,2011.
[22]杨延梅,席北斗,刘鸿亮,等.餐厨垃圾堆肥理化特性变化规律研究[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(2):72-77.
[23]SABER M,MOHAMMED Z,BADR-EL-DIN S,et al.Composting certain agricultural residues to potting soils[J].Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment,2011,3(3):78-84.
[24]BERNAL M P,PAREDES C,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A,et al.Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1998,63(1):91-99.
[25]CHANDNA P,NAIN L,SINGH S,et al.Assessment of bacterial diversity during composting of agricultural byproducts[J].BMC Microbiology,2013,13:99.
[26]丁文川,郝以琼,李宏.污泥堆肥温度对微生物降解有机质的影响[J].重庆建筑大学学报,1999,21(6):20-23,34.
[27]鲍艳宇,周启星,娄翼来,等.奶牛粪好氧堆肥过程中不同含碳有机物的变化特征以及腐熟评价[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(11):2111-2116.
[28]徐文俊,程智慧,孟焕文,等.农业废弃有机物基质配方对番茄生长及产量的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(4):127-133.
[29]ZUCCONI F,PERA A,FORTE M,et al.Evaluating toxicity of immature compost[J].Biocycle,1981,22:54-57.
[30]李承强,魏源送,樊耀波.不同填充料污泥好氧堆肥的性质变化及腐熟度[J].环境科学,2001,22(3):60-65.
[2]张永锋,滕星,李忠和,等.玉米秸秆堆肥及其影响因素研究进展[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(5):613-618.
[3]刘洋,李爱华.玉米秸秆堆制有机肥对植烟土壤理化性状的影响[J].作物研究,2016,30(2):149-151.
[4]陈狂,刘冲,许梅玲,等.玉米秸秆堆肥处理效果研究及在生菜上的应用[J].上海农业学报,2013,29(6):107-110.
[5]路杨,任金平,张金花,等.玉米秸秆堆肥对番茄产量和品质的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(5):587-589.
[6]陈贵,张红梅,沈亚强,等.猪粪与牛粪有机肥对水稻产量、养分利用和土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤,2018,50(1):59-65.
[7]任鹏飞,任海霞,韩建东.玉米秸秆生产双孢蘑菇配方优化及相关性研究[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(5):759-763.
[8]江笑丹,李萍萍,王纪章.青玉米秸秆堆制发酵及用作栽培基质的研究[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(6):264-266.
[9]关静姝.碳氮比对牛粪好氧堆肥过程的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007.
[10]郑玉琪,陈同斌,高定,等.静态垛好氧堆肥堆体中氧气浓度和耗氧速率的垂直分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):134-139.
[11]黄川,黄珊,李家祥.不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(10):4090-4096.
[12]李国学.不同通气方式和秸秆切碎程度对堆制效果和养分转化的影响[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(3):106-110.
[13]吴阳,喻徐良,徐乐中,等.城市污泥与园林绿化废弃物共堆肥效果研究[J].浙江农业学报,2016,28(5):847-852.
[14]王秀红,李欣欣,史向远,等.玉米秸秆不同发酵时期理化性状和细菌群落多样性[J].华北农学报,2018,33(3):144-152.
[15]钱宝,刘凌,肖潇.土壤有机质测定方法对比分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(1):34-38.
[16]白永娟.菇渣腐熟发酵条件及其在蔬菜育苗中的应用效果研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[17]BERTOLDI M,VALLINI G,PERA A.The biology of composting[J].Waste Management&Research,1983,1:157-176.
[18]李季.畜禽粪便堆肥技术规范[C]//第13届全国堆肥技术与工程研讨会论文集.南昌:中国农业大学,南京农业大学,2018.
[19]喻夜兰.啤酒糟型生物有机肥堆制条件及其应用效果研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009.
[20]GARCIA C,COSTA H F,AYNSO M.Evaluation of the maturity of municipal waste compost using simple chemical parameters[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1992,23(13/14):1501-1512.
[21]李季,彭生平.堆肥工程实用手册[M].2版.北京:化学工业出版社,2011.
[22]杨延梅,席北斗,刘鸿亮,等.餐厨垃圾堆肥理化特性变化规律研究[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(2):72-77.
[23]SABER M,MOHAMMED Z,BADR-EL-DIN S,et al.Composting certain agricultural residues to potting soils[J].Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment,2011,3(3):78-84.
[24]BERNAL M P,PAREDES C,SANCHEZ-MONEDERO M A,et al.Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,1998,63(1):91-99.
[25]CHANDNA P,NAIN L,SINGH S,et al.Assessment of bacterial diversity during composting of agricultural byproducts[J].BMC Microbiology,2013,13:99.
[26]丁文川,郝以琼,李宏.污泥堆肥温度对微生物降解有机质的影响[J].重庆建筑大学学报,1999,21(6):20-23,34.
[27]鲍艳宇,周启星,娄翼来,等.奶牛粪好氧堆肥过程中不同含碳有机物的变化特征以及腐熟评价[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(11):2111-2116.
[28]徐文俊,程智慧,孟焕文,等.农业废弃有机物基质配方对番茄生长及产量的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(4):127-133.
[29]ZUCCONI F,PERA A,FORTE M,et al.Evaluating toxicity of immature compost[J].Biocycle,1981,22:54-57.
[30]李承强,魏源送,樊耀波.不同填充料污泥好氧堆肥的性质变化及腐熟度[J].环境科学,2001,22(3):60-65.
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