航天器用光缆可靠性及寿命验证技术综述
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摘要
光缆通信由于容量大、重量轻、损耗低等优点,是航天器总线传输的重要发展方向,我国在部分航天器型号中已经尝试采用了光缆通信。文章在介绍航天器用光缆结构及特点的基础上,总结归纳了光缆的主要失效模式,综述了高低温、温度循环、空间辐照以及温度辐照综合环境对光缆可靠性及寿命的影响规律,还介绍了国内外光缆寿命评估的加速模型、加速试验方法,以及典型应用案例,旨在为我国航天器用光缆可靠性及寿命验证技术研究和型号应用提供参考。
The optical fiber communication, due to its advantages of large capacity, light weight and low loss, has become an important development trend for the spacecraft data transmission. It has been implemented in some satellite models of China. This paper firstly introduces the structure and the characteristics of the spacecraft optical cables, and then the main failure modes are summarized. The influence of various space environmental factors such as the high & low temperature, the temperature cycling, the radiation and their synergistic effects, on the reliability and life of the cables is reviewed. In addition, the acceleration testing method and the life acceleration model, as well as some typical application cases at home and abroad, are also presented, to provide a reference for the verification study of the spacecraft optical fiber cables in terms of reliability and service life for the aerospace engineering use.
The optical fiber communication, due to its advantages of large capacity, light weight and low loss, has become an important development trend for the spacecraft data transmission. It has been implemented in some satellite models of China. This paper firstly introduces the structure and the characteristics of the spacecraft optical cables, and then the main failure modes are summarized. The influence of various space environmental factors such as the high & low temperature, the temperature cycling, the radiation and their synergistic effects, on the reliability and life of the cables is reviewed. In addition, the acceleration testing method and the life acceleration model, as well as some typical application cases at home and abroad, are also presented, to provide a reference for the verification study of the spacecraft optical fiber cables in terms of reliability and service life for the aerospace engineering use.
引文
[1]黄肖迪,王源,孙阳阳,等.涂覆层对光纤布拉格光栅应变传递的影响机理分析[J].仪器仪表学报,2016,37(6):1233-1240HUANG X D,WANG Y,SUN Y Y,et al.Mechanism analysis on the impact of coating to fiber Bragg grating strain transfer[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2016,37(6):1233-1240
[2]高晓天.嵌织镀银纤维防辐射多功能织物的试制及性能研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2017:1-25
[3]冯博.CO2激光剥除光纤涂覆层研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2014:9-14
[4]蒲东东.温度对编织材料防护结构超高速撞击特性的影响[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013:2-8
[5]廖祥.空间环境对混合多屏防护结构性能影响研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2015:2-7
[6]王学勤,张春熹,金靖,等.空间用特种光纤的辐射致衰减效应[J].红外与激光工程,2011,40(12):2516-2520WANG X Q,ZHANG C X,JIN J,et al.Radiation-induced attenuation effect on special optical fibers applied in space[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2011,40(12):2516-2520
[7]刘福华,安毓英,王平,等.脉冲γ射线对光纤的辐射感生损耗[J].红外与激光工程,2013,42(4):1056-1062LIU F H,AN Y Y,WANG P,et al.Radiation-induced loss of pulsedγ-ray on optical fibers[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2013,42(4):1056-1062
[8]贾晓,朱恒静,张红旗,等.纯硅芯光纤的空间辐照环境适应性[J].红外与激光工程,2017,46(8):1-5JIA X,ZHU H J,ZHANG H Q,et al.Space radiation applicability of pure silicon-core optical fibers[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2017,46(8):1-5
[9]俞亮,郭浩林,陆国庆,等.耐高温光纤的性能与生产工艺[J].光通信技术,2014,38(6):8-11YU L,GUO H L,LU G Q,et al.Production and performance of heat resistant optical fiber[J].Optical Communication Technology,2014,38(6):8-11
[10]DEBRA A S,ANDREI A S,CATHERINE R C.New optical fiber coating designed for high-temperature applications[C]//58th International Wire&Cable hSymposium.Proc 58t IWCS.Charlotte,North Carolina,2009:83-89
[11]ANDREI A S,DEBRA A S,LI J.Thermal stability of specialty optical fibers[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,2008,26(20):3443-3451
[12]OKAMOTO K,TOH K,NAGATA S,et al.Temperature dependence of radiation induced optical transmission loss in fused silica core optical fibers[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2004,329:1503-1506
[13]MIROSLAV C.Efficient suppression of thermally induced nonreciprocity in fiber-optic sagnac interferometers with novel double-layer winding[J].Applied Optics,1993,32:2289-2291
[14]朱奎宝,张春熹,宋凝芳.光纤陀螺随机漂移模型[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2006,32:1354-1357ZHU K B,ZHANG C X,SONG N F.Modeling and identification of random drift for FOG[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2006,32:1354-1357
[15]李存磊,路元刚,汪亮,等.温度对盘装光缆中光纤应变的影响[J].光通信技术,2008,32(1):58-60LI C L,LU Y G,WANG L,et al.The effect of temperature on the fiber strain in reeled optical cables[J].Optical Communication Technology,2008,32(1):58-60
[16]王宝珠,赵禄生,陈伟,等.宽温度范围光纤传输性能温度适应性试验与评价[J].应用光学,2006,27(6):36-39WANG B Z,ZHAO L S,CHEN W,et al.Temperature adaptability test and evaluation for optical fiber transmission performance[J].Journal of Applied Optics,2006,27(6):36-39
[17]ROBERT R J M,WILLIAM,JAMES S B,et a1.Temperature dependence of the stress response of fiber bragg gatings[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2004,15:160l-1606
[18]MELANIE N O.Fiber optic cable assemblies for space flight II:thermal and radiation effects[J].Photonics for Space EnvironmentsⅥ:Proc SPIE,1998,3440:37-46
[19]CHARLES E B,MELANIE N O,ALLAN H J,et al.Recent photonics activities under the NASA electronic parts and packaging(NEPP)program[J].Photonics for Space EnvironmentsⅧ:Proc SPIE,2002,4823:189-204
[20]FRIEBELE E J,GINTHER R J,SIGEL G H.Radiation protection of fiber optic materials:effects of oxidation and reduction[J].Applied Physics Letters,1974(24):412-414
[21]邓涛.石英玻璃及石英光纤的抗辐射性能研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2010:1-36
[22]盛于邦.抗辐照有源玻璃及光纤材料制备与特性研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2011:2-22
[23]FOX B P,SCHNEIDER Z V,POTTER K S.Gamma radiation effects in Yb-doped optical fiber[J].Fiber LasersⅣTechnology Systems and Applications:Proc SPIE,2007,6453:1-8
[24]ZOTOV K V,M E LIKHACHEV,TOMASHUK A L.Radiation resistant Erbium-doped fibers:optimization of pump wavelength[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2008,20(17):1476-1478
[25]黄宏琪.掺Yb光纤材料的抗辐照性能研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2015:2-15
[26]王艳红,郭磐,倪国强.射频光纤链路γ射线辐致损伤特性实验研究[J].光学技术,2012,38(3):357-361WANG Y H,GUO P,NI G Q.The radiation impairing property byγray on radio over fiber link[J].Optical Technique,2012,38(3):357-361
[27]李荣玉,殷宗敏,王建华,等.石英光纤抗辐照加固的研究[J].上海交通大学学报,2000,34(2):215-217LI R Y,YIN Z M,WANG J H,et al.Research on antiradiation of silica fiber[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2000,34(2):215-217
[28]黄绍艳,肖志刚,刘敏波.掺锗石英光纤的稳态和瞬态γ辐射效应研究[J].原子能科学技术,2015,49(12):2288-2292HUANG S Y,XIAO Z G,LIU M B.Effect of steady-state and transientγradiation on Ge-doped quartz optical fiber[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2015,49(12):2288-2292
[29]ROSE T S,GUNN D,VALLEY G C.Gamma and proton radiation effects in Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers:active and passive measurements[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,2001,19(12):1918-1923
[30]WEST R H,DOWLING S,LEWIS R,et al.Effect of ionizing radiation and hydrogen on Erbium-doped fibre amplier[J].Optical Materials Reliability and Testing:Benign and Adverse Environment:Proc SPIE,1992,1791:265-273
[31]韩艳玲,肖文,伊小素,等.辐照光纤的主动恢复效应[J].红外与激光工程,2008,37(1):128-131HAN Y L,XIAO W,YI X S,et al.Active recovery effect of irradiation optical fiber[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2008,37(1):128-131
[32]刘德文,肖文,梁珣.光退色在光纤陀螺抗辐加固中的应用研究[J].宇航学报,2009,30(2):609-612LIU D W,XIAO W,LIANG X.Photobleaching applied in radiation-resistant of FOG[J].Journal of Astronautics,2009,30(2):609-612
[33]KALOMIRIS V E,MICHAELS P A,MILLER A E,et al.Single mode fiber optic cable for space applications[J].Optical Technology for Microwave ApplicationsⅥ:Proc SPIE,1992,1703:581-591
[34]MELANIE N O.Validation of commercial fiber optic components for aerospace environments[J].Smart Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems:Proc SPIE,2005,5758:427-439
[35]栗鸣,谢书鸿.高温环境对电力通信用光纤寿命的影响[J].电线电缆,2012,4(8):3-7LI M,XIE S H.Effects of high temperature on lifetime of optical fibers used in electric power telecommunication[J].Electric Wire&Cable,2012,4(8):3-7
[36]梁小红.保偏光纤在弯曲状态下的机械可靠性研究[D].天津:天津大学,2009:1-17
[37]麦克弗森J W.可靠性物理与工程--失效时间模型[M].秦飞,安彤,朱文辉,等,译.北京:科学出版社,2013:180-188
[38]MELANIE N O,FRANK L,WILLIAM J T,et al.Applications of optical fiber assemblies in harsh environments:the journey past,present,and future[J]. Optical Technologies for Arming,Safing,Fuzing,FiringⅣ:Proc SPIE,2008,7070:009-1-13
[39]HENSCHEL H,BAUMANN E.Effect of natural radioactivity on optical fibers of undersea cables[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,1996,14:724-731
[40]张红晨.石英保偏光纤在辐照环境下性能退化规律与机理[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013:1-22
[41]FRIEBELE E J,GINGERICH M E,GRISCOM D L.Extrapolating radiation-induced loss measurements in optical fibers from the laboratory to real world environments[C]//4th Biennial Department of Defense Fiber Optics and Photonics Conference.Mclean,Virginia,1994:87-90
[42]SANG Y P,HEUNG S C,WON J C,et al.Effect of vacuum thermal cyclic exposures on unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites for low earth orbit space applications[J].Composites:Part B,2012(43):726-738
[43]MELANIE N O,MARCELLUS P,MATTHEW D,et al.Optical fiber cable assembly characterization for the Mercury Laser Altimeter[J].Enabling Photonic Technologies for Aerospace ApplicationsⅤ:Proc SPIE,2003,5104:97-106
[44]MELANIE N O,JIN X D,FRANK V L,et al.Space flight requirements evaluation testing on the 7 optical fiber array connector/cable assemblies for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter(LRO)[J].Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments:Proc SPIE,2007,6713Q:1-12
[2]高晓天.嵌织镀银纤维防辐射多功能织物的试制及性能研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2017:1-25
[3]冯博.CO2激光剥除光纤涂覆层研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2014:9-14
[4]蒲东东.温度对编织材料防护结构超高速撞击特性的影响[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013:2-8
[5]廖祥.空间环境对混合多屏防护结构性能影响研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2015:2-7
[6]王学勤,张春熹,金靖,等.空间用特种光纤的辐射致衰减效应[J].红外与激光工程,2011,40(12):2516-2520WANG X Q,ZHANG C X,JIN J,et al.Radiation-induced attenuation effect on special optical fibers applied in space[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2011,40(12):2516-2520
[7]刘福华,安毓英,王平,等.脉冲γ射线对光纤的辐射感生损耗[J].红外与激光工程,2013,42(4):1056-1062LIU F H,AN Y Y,WANG P,et al.Radiation-induced loss of pulsedγ-ray on optical fibers[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2013,42(4):1056-1062
[8]贾晓,朱恒静,张红旗,等.纯硅芯光纤的空间辐照环境适应性[J].红外与激光工程,2017,46(8):1-5JIA X,ZHU H J,ZHANG H Q,et al.Space radiation applicability of pure silicon-core optical fibers[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2017,46(8):1-5
[9]俞亮,郭浩林,陆国庆,等.耐高温光纤的性能与生产工艺[J].光通信技术,2014,38(6):8-11YU L,GUO H L,LU G Q,et al.Production and performance of heat resistant optical fiber[J].Optical Communication Technology,2014,38(6):8-11
[10]DEBRA A S,ANDREI A S,CATHERINE R C.New optical fiber coating designed for high-temperature applications[C]//58th International Wire&Cable hSymposium.Proc 58t IWCS.Charlotte,North Carolina,2009:83-89
[11]ANDREI A S,DEBRA A S,LI J.Thermal stability of specialty optical fibers[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,2008,26(20):3443-3451
[12]OKAMOTO K,TOH K,NAGATA S,et al.Temperature dependence of radiation induced optical transmission loss in fused silica core optical fibers[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2004,329:1503-1506
[13]MIROSLAV C.Efficient suppression of thermally induced nonreciprocity in fiber-optic sagnac interferometers with novel double-layer winding[J].Applied Optics,1993,32:2289-2291
[14]朱奎宝,张春熹,宋凝芳.光纤陀螺随机漂移模型[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2006,32:1354-1357ZHU K B,ZHANG C X,SONG N F.Modeling and identification of random drift for FOG[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2006,32:1354-1357
[15]李存磊,路元刚,汪亮,等.温度对盘装光缆中光纤应变的影响[J].光通信技术,2008,32(1):58-60LI C L,LU Y G,WANG L,et al.The effect of temperature on the fiber strain in reeled optical cables[J].Optical Communication Technology,2008,32(1):58-60
[16]王宝珠,赵禄生,陈伟,等.宽温度范围光纤传输性能温度适应性试验与评价[J].应用光学,2006,27(6):36-39WANG B Z,ZHAO L S,CHEN W,et al.Temperature adaptability test and evaluation for optical fiber transmission performance[J].Journal of Applied Optics,2006,27(6):36-39
[17]ROBERT R J M,WILLIAM,JAMES S B,et a1.Temperature dependence of the stress response of fiber bragg gatings[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2004,15:160l-1606
[18]MELANIE N O.Fiber optic cable assemblies for space flight II:thermal and radiation effects[J].Photonics for Space EnvironmentsⅥ:Proc SPIE,1998,3440:37-46
[19]CHARLES E B,MELANIE N O,ALLAN H J,et al.Recent photonics activities under the NASA electronic parts and packaging(NEPP)program[J].Photonics for Space EnvironmentsⅧ:Proc SPIE,2002,4823:189-204
[20]FRIEBELE E J,GINTHER R J,SIGEL G H.Radiation protection of fiber optic materials:effects of oxidation and reduction[J].Applied Physics Letters,1974(24):412-414
[21]邓涛.石英玻璃及石英光纤的抗辐射性能研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2010:1-36
[22]盛于邦.抗辐照有源玻璃及光纤材料制备与特性研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2011:2-22
[23]FOX B P,SCHNEIDER Z V,POTTER K S.Gamma radiation effects in Yb-doped optical fiber[J].Fiber LasersⅣTechnology Systems and Applications:Proc SPIE,2007,6453:1-8
[24]ZOTOV K V,M E LIKHACHEV,TOMASHUK A L.Radiation resistant Erbium-doped fibers:optimization of pump wavelength[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2008,20(17):1476-1478
[25]黄宏琪.掺Yb光纤材料的抗辐照性能研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2015:2-15
[26]王艳红,郭磐,倪国强.射频光纤链路γ射线辐致损伤特性实验研究[J].光学技术,2012,38(3):357-361WANG Y H,GUO P,NI G Q.The radiation impairing property byγray on radio over fiber link[J].Optical Technique,2012,38(3):357-361
[27]李荣玉,殷宗敏,王建华,等.石英光纤抗辐照加固的研究[J].上海交通大学学报,2000,34(2):215-217LI R Y,YIN Z M,WANG J H,et al.Research on antiradiation of silica fiber[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2000,34(2):215-217
[28]黄绍艳,肖志刚,刘敏波.掺锗石英光纤的稳态和瞬态γ辐射效应研究[J].原子能科学技术,2015,49(12):2288-2292HUANG S Y,XIAO Z G,LIU M B.Effect of steady-state and transientγradiation on Ge-doped quartz optical fiber[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2015,49(12):2288-2292
[29]ROSE T S,GUNN D,VALLEY G C.Gamma and proton radiation effects in Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers:active and passive measurements[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,2001,19(12):1918-1923
[30]WEST R H,DOWLING S,LEWIS R,et al.Effect of ionizing radiation and hydrogen on Erbium-doped fibre amplier[J].Optical Materials Reliability and Testing:Benign and Adverse Environment:Proc SPIE,1992,1791:265-273
[31]韩艳玲,肖文,伊小素,等.辐照光纤的主动恢复效应[J].红外与激光工程,2008,37(1):128-131HAN Y L,XIAO W,YI X S,et al.Active recovery effect of irradiation optical fiber[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2008,37(1):128-131
[32]刘德文,肖文,梁珣.光退色在光纤陀螺抗辐加固中的应用研究[J].宇航学报,2009,30(2):609-612LIU D W,XIAO W,LIANG X.Photobleaching applied in radiation-resistant of FOG[J].Journal of Astronautics,2009,30(2):609-612
[33]KALOMIRIS V E,MICHAELS P A,MILLER A E,et al.Single mode fiber optic cable for space applications[J].Optical Technology for Microwave ApplicationsⅥ:Proc SPIE,1992,1703:581-591
[34]MELANIE N O.Validation of commercial fiber optic components for aerospace environments[J].Smart Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems:Proc SPIE,2005,5758:427-439
[35]栗鸣,谢书鸿.高温环境对电力通信用光纤寿命的影响[J].电线电缆,2012,4(8):3-7LI M,XIE S H.Effects of high temperature on lifetime of optical fibers used in electric power telecommunication[J].Electric Wire&Cable,2012,4(8):3-7
[36]梁小红.保偏光纤在弯曲状态下的机械可靠性研究[D].天津:天津大学,2009:1-17
[37]麦克弗森J W.可靠性物理与工程--失效时间模型[M].秦飞,安彤,朱文辉,等,译.北京:科学出版社,2013:180-188
[38]MELANIE N O,FRANK L,WILLIAM J T,et al.Applications of optical fiber assemblies in harsh environments:the journey past,present,and future[J]. Optical Technologies for Arming,Safing,Fuzing,FiringⅣ:Proc SPIE,2008,7070:009-1-13
[39]HENSCHEL H,BAUMANN E.Effect of natural radioactivity on optical fibers of undersea cables[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,1996,14:724-731
[40]张红晨.石英保偏光纤在辐照环境下性能退化规律与机理[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2013:1-22
[41]FRIEBELE E J,GINGERICH M E,GRISCOM D L.Extrapolating radiation-induced loss measurements in optical fibers from the laboratory to real world environments[C]//4th Biennial Department of Defense Fiber Optics and Photonics Conference.Mclean,Virginia,1994:87-90
[42]SANG Y P,HEUNG S C,WON J C,et al.Effect of vacuum thermal cyclic exposures on unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites for low earth orbit space applications[J].Composites:Part B,2012(43):726-738
[43]MELANIE N O,MARCELLUS P,MATTHEW D,et al.Optical fiber cable assembly characterization for the Mercury Laser Altimeter[J].Enabling Photonic Technologies for Aerospace ApplicationsⅤ:Proc SPIE,2003,5104:97-106
[44]MELANIE N O,JIN X D,FRANK V L,et al.Space flight requirements evaluation testing on the 7 optical fiber array connector/cable assemblies for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter(LRO)[J].Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments:Proc SPIE,2007,6713Q:1-12