羌塘盆地油气二维地震勘探进展综述
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摘要
本文详细讨论了羌塘盆地二十多年来二维地震勘探所取得的进展。羌塘盆地除发育背景干扰外,还发育多种面波散射、线性干扰、折射波和多次折射波;检波器大组合能压制背景和面波散射干扰,但不能压制速度较高的线性干扰、折射波和多次折射波。最佳激发因素为常规可控震源振动台次3台1次,驱动幅度70%,扫描频率6～84Hz,扫描长度18s;低频可控震源振动台次2台1次,驱动幅度60%,扫描频率1. 5～84Hz,扫描长度16s;大吨位可控震源振动台次2台1次,驱动幅度70%,扫描频率6～84Hz,扫描长度16s。炸药震源为单井高速层下7m激发,最浅井深18m,药量18kg;组合方式激发为2口井×15m×12kg或3口井×12m×8kg。尽管可控震源单炮的能量、信噪比、频谱及子波一致性与炸药震源相比较并不占优,但可控震源激发在高密度高覆盖采集条件下仍能获得等同于或明显优于井炮激发质量的地震剖面资料。从"环保、安全、经济、高效"上考虑,羌塘盆地宜采用可控震源和井炮联合的宽线高密度高覆盖采集方案,3L3S或2L3S,960次以上覆盖为可控震源最佳观测系统;2L3S,360次左右覆盖为井炮震源最佳观测系统。北羌塘坳陷构造稳定,容易获取高品质地震资料,南羌塘坳陷构造过于复杂,资料信噪比低,可能不太适合开展地震勘探工作。文章最后还讨论了冻土层静校正和激发接收方面存在的问题及解决方案。
The present paper gives a detailed overview of current advances of the 2 D seismic exploration in the Qiangtang Basin during the last twenty years or more. Besides the ambient noises,there exist several kinds of ground rolls,linear interferences,refraction waves and multiple refraction waves in the Basin. Both the ambient noises and ground rolls can be effectively suppressed when the geophone array length equals to 160 m long.However,as for the linear interferences,refraction waves and multiple refraction waves,the idealized suppressed results can't be acquired even when the geophone array length equals to 160 m long. The optimum excitation parameters for general vibroseis are indicated that the vibration patterns display the three diesel vibrating every time,the drive level is 70%,the sweep frequencies range from 6 Hz to 84 Hz,and the sweep length is 18 s. The optimum excitation parameters of low frequency vibroseis indicate that the vibration patterns display two diesel vibrating every time,the drive level is 60%,the sweep frequencies range from 1. 5 Hz to 84 Hz,and the sweep length is 16 s. The optimum excitation parameters of large tonnage vibroseis are indicated that the vibration patterns display two diesel vibrating every time,the drive level is 70%,the sweep frequencies range from 6 Hz to 84 Hz,and the sweep length is 16 s. The optimum excitation parameters of explosive sources include single hole excitation at the depth of 7 m below the high velocity layers(the least depth of 18 m for a shallow well)with the explosive volume of 18 kg in weight,two hole array shooting at the depth of 15 m below the high velocity layers with the explosive volume of 12 kg in weight,or three hole array shooting at the depth of 12 m below the high velocity layers with the explosive volume of 8 kg operated under unfavourable surface conditions in the Basin. Although the energy levels,signal to noise ratios,bandwidth and wavelet coherence of shooting recorded by vibroseis are not as good as those of explosive sources,the data acquired from the seismic profiles by using the high density and high fold wide line seismic acquisition technique may be identical to or superior to those of borehole explosives. Being an environmentally friendly,more safe,more economical,and high efficient operation mode,the high density and high fold wide line seismic acquisition technique with a combination of vibroseis and borehole explosives shot is much more suitable to the Qiangtang Basin. The layout chart by the vibroseis can be designed as 3 L3 S or 2 L3 S with a minimum fold of 960 times. The layout chart by borehole explosive shooting can be designed as 2 L3 S with a minimum fold of 360 times. Because of stable geo tectonic conditions,the northern Qiangtang depression is more suitable for the seismic exploration while the southern Qiangtang depression may not be suitable for the seismic exploration due to its more complicated geo tectonic conditions. Finally,the problems and suggestions about how to resolve the tundra static correlation and increase exciting and receiving efficiency are also proposed in this paper.
The present paper gives a detailed overview of current advances of the 2 D seismic exploration in the Qiangtang Basin during the last twenty years or more. Besides the ambient noises,there exist several kinds of ground rolls,linear interferences,refraction waves and multiple refraction waves in the Basin. Both the ambient noises and ground rolls can be effectively suppressed when the geophone array length equals to 160 m long.However,as for the linear interferences,refraction waves and multiple refraction waves,the idealized suppressed results can't be acquired even when the geophone array length equals to 160 m long. The optimum excitation parameters for general vibroseis are indicated that the vibration patterns display the three diesel vibrating every time,the drive level is 70%,the sweep frequencies range from 6 Hz to 84 Hz,and the sweep length is 18 s. The optimum excitation parameters of low frequency vibroseis indicate that the vibration patterns display two diesel vibrating every time,the drive level is 60%,the sweep frequencies range from 1. 5 Hz to 84 Hz,and the sweep length is 16 s. The optimum excitation parameters of large tonnage vibroseis are indicated that the vibration patterns display two diesel vibrating every time,the drive level is 70%,the sweep frequencies range from 6 Hz to 84 Hz,and the sweep length is 16 s. The optimum excitation parameters of explosive sources include single hole excitation at the depth of 7 m below the high velocity layers(the least depth of 18 m for a shallow well)with the explosive volume of 18 kg in weight,two hole array shooting at the depth of 15 m below the high velocity layers with the explosive volume of 12 kg in weight,or three hole array shooting at the depth of 12 m below the high velocity layers with the explosive volume of 8 kg operated under unfavourable surface conditions in the Basin. Although the energy levels,signal to noise ratios,bandwidth and wavelet coherence of shooting recorded by vibroseis are not as good as those of explosive sources,the data acquired from the seismic profiles by using the high density and high fold wide line seismic acquisition technique may be identical to or superior to those of borehole explosives. Being an environmentally friendly,more safe,more economical,and high efficient operation mode,the high density and high fold wide line seismic acquisition technique with a combination of vibroseis and borehole explosives shot is much more suitable to the Qiangtang Basin. The layout chart by the vibroseis can be designed as 3 L3 S or 2 L3 S with a minimum fold of 960 times. The layout chart by borehole explosive shooting can be designed as 2 L3 S with a minimum fold of 360 times. Because of stable geo tectonic conditions,the northern Qiangtang depression is more suitable for the seismic exploration while the southern Qiangtang depression may not be suitable for the seismic exploration due to its more complicated geo tectonic conditions. Finally,the problems and suggestions about how to resolve the tundra static correlation and increase exciting and receiving efficiency are also proposed in this paper.
引文
[1]赵政章,李永铁,叶和飞,等.青藏高原羌塘盆地石油地质[M].北京:科学出版社,2001. 174-339.
[2]李忠雄,杜佰伟,汪正江,等.藏北羌塘盆地中侏罗统石油地质特征[J].石油学报,2008,29(6):797-803.
[3]库新勃,吴青柏,蒋观利.青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物可能分布范围研究[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(4):588-592.
[4]南卓铜,李述训,程国栋.未来50与100 a青藏高原多年冻土变化情景预测[J].中国科学D辑,地球科学,2004,34(6):528-534.
[5]黄继钧.藏北羌塘盆地构造特征及演化[J].中国区域地质,2001,20(2):178-186.
[6]和钟铧、杨德明、李才.藏北羌塘盆地褶皱形变研究[J],中国地质,2003,30(4):357-360.
[7]卢占武、高锐、匡朝阳,等.青藏高原羌塘盆地二维地震数据采集方法试验研究[J].地学前缘,2006,13(5):382-390.
[8]卢占武、高锐、薛爱民,等.羌塘盆地地震反射新剖面及基底构造浅析[J].中国地质,2006,33(2):286-290.
[9]李忠雄,廖建河,程明道,等.羌塘盆地托拉木-笙根地区地震采集技术试验[J].石油物探,2013,52(5):502-511.
[10]Palaz I,Marfurt K J. Carbonate Seismology[M]. Tulsa:USA Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1997.
[11]郭建,魏福吉,吴长祥.利用盒子波技术设计野外观测系统[J].石油物探,2005,44(5):474-478.
[12]凌云,张汝杰,高军等.方形排列干扰波调查方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(2):175-154.
[13]李忠雄,时代,雷扬,等.运用盒子波技术压制羌塘盆地托拉木-笙根地区干扰波[J].石油地球物理勘探,2013,48(1):1-6.
[14]丁伟,胡立新,何京国,等.可控震源高效地震采集技术研究及应用[J].石油物探,2014,53(3):338~343.
[15]凌云,高军,孙德胜,等.可控震源在地震勘探中的应用前景与问题分析[J].石油物探,2008,47(5):425~438.
[16]曾鸾,李志勇,高凤珍.大吨位可控震源的应用及效果分析[J].石油物探,2002,41(3):327-333.
[17]薛海飞,董守华,陶文朋.可控震源地震勘探中的参数选择[J].物探与化探,2010,34(2):185-190.
[18]张惠利,张琳,刘平.炸药震源和可控震源在厚层砾石层覆盖区中的试验对比研究[J].工程地球物理学报,2016,13(2):221-226.
[19]潘树林,高磊,邹强,等.一种实现初至波自动拾取的方法[J].石油物探,2005,44(2):163-166.
[20]潘树林,高磊,陈辉,等.可控震源记录地震初至拾取方法研究[J].石油物探,2010,49(2):209-212.
[21]李庆忠,魏继东.论检波器横向拉开组合的重要性[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(4):375-382.
[22]刘依谋,梁向豪,黄有晖,等.库车坳陷复杂山地宽线采集技术及其应用效果[J].石油物探,2008,47(4):418-424.
[23]赵殿栋.塔里木盆地大沙漠区地震采集技术的发展及展望——可控震源地震采集技术在MGT地区的试验及应用[J].石油物探,2015,54(4):367-375.
[24]邸志新,丁伟,王增明,等.复杂山前地带地震勘探采集技术的实践与认识[J].石油物探,2012,51(6):548-561.
[25]云美厚.对镇巴复杂山地地震采集的思考[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(5):504-513.
[26]杨贵祥.碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探采集方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1108-1128.
[27]于世焕,赵殿栋,秦都.桂中山区宽线地震采集观测系统优选[J].石油物探,2011,50(4):398-405.
[28]王栋,贺振华,孙建库,等.宽线加大基距组合技术在喀什北区块复杂山地的运用[J].石油物探,2010,49(6):606-610.
[29]王家澄,王绍令,邱国庆.青藏公路沿线的多年冻土[J].地理学报,1979,34(1):18-321.
[30]王振国,陈笃恭.羌塘盆地静校正方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(2):44-53.
[31]钱荣钧.炸药震源激发效果分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6):66-73. 583-588.
[32]徐淑合,于静,胡立新,等.多级延迟爆炸震源的研究与应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(4):341-357.
(1)孙志华,全海燕,郑永林,等.羌塘盆地西部金星湖-浩波湖地区二维地震勘探工程报告[R].北京:中石油石油物探局第四地质调查处,1997.
(2)孙志华,全海燕,郑永林,等.羌塘盆地毕洛错地区二维地震勘探工程报告[R].北京:中国石油集团石油物探局第四地质调查处,1998.
(3)高锐,李秋生,卢占武.《青藏高原二维地震反射剖面试验研究》成果报告[R].北京:中国地质科学院,2008.
[2]李忠雄,杜佰伟,汪正江,等.藏北羌塘盆地中侏罗统石油地质特征[J].石油学报,2008,29(6):797-803.
[3]库新勃,吴青柏,蒋观利.青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物可能分布范围研究[J].天然气地球科学,2007,18(4):588-592.
[4]南卓铜,李述训,程国栋.未来50与100 a青藏高原多年冻土变化情景预测[J].中国科学D辑,地球科学,2004,34(6):528-534.
[5]黄继钧.藏北羌塘盆地构造特征及演化[J].中国区域地质,2001,20(2):178-186.
[6]和钟铧、杨德明、李才.藏北羌塘盆地褶皱形变研究[J],中国地质,2003,30(4):357-360.
[7]卢占武、高锐、匡朝阳,等.青藏高原羌塘盆地二维地震数据采集方法试验研究[J].地学前缘,2006,13(5):382-390.
[8]卢占武、高锐、薛爱民,等.羌塘盆地地震反射新剖面及基底构造浅析[J].中国地质,2006,33(2):286-290.
[9]李忠雄,廖建河,程明道,等.羌塘盆地托拉木-笙根地区地震采集技术试验[J].石油物探,2013,52(5):502-511.
[10]Palaz I,Marfurt K J. Carbonate Seismology[M]. Tulsa:USA Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1997.
[11]郭建,魏福吉,吴长祥.利用盒子波技术设计野外观测系统[J].石油物探,2005,44(5):474-478.
[12]凌云,张汝杰,高军等.方形排列干扰波调查方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(2):175-154.
[13]李忠雄,时代,雷扬,等.运用盒子波技术压制羌塘盆地托拉木-笙根地区干扰波[J].石油地球物理勘探,2013,48(1):1-6.
[14]丁伟,胡立新,何京国,等.可控震源高效地震采集技术研究及应用[J].石油物探,2014,53(3):338~343.
[15]凌云,高军,孙德胜,等.可控震源在地震勘探中的应用前景与问题分析[J].石油物探,2008,47(5):425~438.
[16]曾鸾,李志勇,高凤珍.大吨位可控震源的应用及效果分析[J].石油物探,2002,41(3):327-333.
[17]薛海飞,董守华,陶文朋.可控震源地震勘探中的参数选择[J].物探与化探,2010,34(2):185-190.
[18]张惠利,张琳,刘平.炸药震源和可控震源在厚层砾石层覆盖区中的试验对比研究[J].工程地球物理学报,2016,13(2):221-226.
[19]潘树林,高磊,邹强,等.一种实现初至波自动拾取的方法[J].石油物探,2005,44(2):163-166.
[20]潘树林,高磊,陈辉,等.可控震源记录地震初至拾取方法研究[J].石油物探,2010,49(2):209-212.
[21]李庆忠,魏继东.论检波器横向拉开组合的重要性[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(4):375-382.
[22]刘依谋,梁向豪,黄有晖,等.库车坳陷复杂山地宽线采集技术及其应用效果[J].石油物探,2008,47(4):418-424.
[23]赵殿栋.塔里木盆地大沙漠区地震采集技术的发展及展望——可控震源地震采集技术在MGT地区的试验及应用[J].石油物探,2015,54(4):367-375.
[24]邸志新,丁伟,王增明,等.复杂山前地带地震勘探采集技术的实践与认识[J].石油物探,2012,51(6):548-561.
[25]云美厚.对镇巴复杂山地地震采集的思考[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(5):504-513.
[26]杨贵祥.碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探采集方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1108-1128.
[27]于世焕,赵殿栋,秦都.桂中山区宽线地震采集观测系统优选[J].石油物探,2011,50(4):398-405.
[28]王栋,贺振华,孙建库,等.宽线加大基距组合技术在喀什北区块复杂山地的运用[J].石油物探,2010,49(6):606-610.
[29]王家澄,王绍令,邱国庆.青藏公路沿线的多年冻土[J].地理学报,1979,34(1):18-321.
[30]王振国,陈笃恭.羌塘盆地静校正方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(2):44-53.
[31]钱荣钧.炸药震源激发效果分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6):66-73. 583-588.
[32]徐淑合,于静,胡立新,等.多级延迟爆炸震源的研究与应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(4):341-357.
(1)孙志华,全海燕,郑永林,等.羌塘盆地西部金星湖-浩波湖地区二维地震勘探工程报告[R].北京:中石油石油物探局第四地质调查处,1997.
(2)孙志华,全海燕,郑永林,等.羌塘盆地毕洛错地区二维地震勘探工程报告[R].北京:中国石油集团石油物探局第四地质调查处,1998.
(3)高锐,李秋生,卢占武.《青藏高原二维地震反射剖面试验研究》成果报告[R].北京:中国地质科学院,2008.
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