土壤物理性状检测的取样方法和数量——以祁连山东段高寒草甸为例
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摘要
土壤异质性是导致植物空间异质性分布以及土壤动物和啮齿动物栖息地选择的主要因素之一。选择合理的土壤取样点数量和分布对反映研究区土壤信息尤为重要。本研究以祁连山东段高寒草甸土壤为例,以土壤紧实度、容重和水分为调查指标,在110 m×110 m的样地中,以每个样点相互间隔10 m设置了121个取样点,运用地统计学和经典统计学方法,比较不同取样数量(3～36个)和3种取样方法(随机法、网格法和对角线法)与整体取样(121个样点)所获得的结果。研究发现:(1)土壤物理性状的取样误差均随着取样数量的增加而呈下降趋势;(2)最优的取样方法是随机法,且取样数量大于18个,即能达到最小误差以及满足90%和95%置信水平的取样精度。建议研究者根据研究目的和草地类型,关注草地取样方法对研究结果的影响。
Soil heterogeneity is one of the major factors that influence vegetation heterogeneity and habitat selection of soil fauna and rodents. Rational soil sample size and distribution is very important for reflecting the useful information of soil. In this study,we investigated soil compaction,soil bulk density,and soil moisture in alpine meadow of the eastern Qilian Mountain,by setting up 121 sampling points within a 110 m × 110 m plot. We compared the results of different sampling sizes( 3-36 sampling points) and three sampling methods( random sampling,grid sampling,and diagonal sampling) with entire sampling method( 121 sampling points). We found that:( 1) The standard errors of sampling decreased with increasing the sampling sizes using different sampling methods.( 2) Among the three sampling methods,the random sampling method was the best one. Sampling size of >18 points could meet accuracy requirement under 90% and 95% confidence level. We suggest that the sampling effects should be considered according to the study purpose and grassland type.
Soil heterogeneity is one of the major factors that influence vegetation heterogeneity and habitat selection of soil fauna and rodents. Rational soil sample size and distribution is very important for reflecting the useful information of soil. In this study,we investigated soil compaction,soil bulk density,and soil moisture in alpine meadow of the eastern Qilian Mountain,by setting up 121 sampling points within a 110 m × 110 m plot. We compared the results of different sampling sizes( 3-36 sampling points) and three sampling methods( random sampling,grid sampling,and diagonal sampling) with entire sampling method( 121 sampling points). We found that:( 1) The standard errors of sampling decreased with increasing the sampling sizes using different sampling methods.( 2) Among the three sampling methods,the random sampling method was the best one. Sampling size of >18 points could meet accuracy requirement under 90% and 95% confidence level. We suggest that the sampling effects should be considered according to the study purpose and grassland type.
引文
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丁明军,张镱锂,刘林山,等.2010.青藏高原植被覆盖对水热条件年内变化的响应及其空间特征.地理科学进展,29(4):507-512.
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侯向阳.2015.我国草牧业发展理论及科技支撑重点.草业科学,32(5):823.
胡宏昌,王根绪,王一博,等.2009.江河源区典型多年冻土和季节冻土区水热过程对植被盖度的响应.科学通报,54(2):242-250.
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李玉洁,李刚,宋晓龙,等.2013.休牧对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.草业学报,22(6):21-30.
牛海山,崔骁勇,汪诗平,等.2009.生态学试验设计与解释中的常见问题.生态学报,29(7):3901-3910.
石明明,张永超,张典业.2015.高寒草甸草地微斑块植物特征及其土壤性质的研究.草业学报,24(9):198-205.
王亚婷,张宇,杜宇凡,等.2017.不同载畜率下短花针茅草原土壤水分空间异质性的分析.草业科学,34(6):1159-1167.
王长庭,龙瑞军,王根绪,等.2010.高寒草甸群落地表植被特征与土壤理化性状、土壤微生物之间的相关性研究.草业学报,19(6):25-34.
王政权.1999.地统计学及在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社.
闫瑞瑞,闫玉春,辛晓平.2011.不同放牧梯度下草甸草原土壤微生物和酶活性研究.生态环境学报,20(2):259-265.
张世强,丁永建,卢健,等.2004.青藏高原土壤水热过程模拟研究.冰川冻土,26(4):384-388.
张雪松,刘雅各,胡正华,等.2017.生态模型在农田蒸散及土壤水分模拟中的适用性评价.生态学杂志,36(1):267-276.
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Cochran WG.1977.Sampling Techniques.Third Edition.New York:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.
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Hurlbert SH.1984.Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments.Ecological Monographs,54:187-211.
Maxwel B,Wiatr SM,Fay PK.1985.Energy potential of leafy spurge(Euphorbia esula).Economic Botany,39:150-156.
Xiao KY,Yu D,Wang JW.2006.Habitat selection in spatially heterogeneous environments:A test of foraging behavior in the clonal submerged macrophyte.Freshwater Biology,51:1552-1559.
Xue W,Huang L,Dong BC,et al.2014.Patchy distributions of competitors affect the growth of a clonal plant when the competitor density is high.PLo S ONE,8:e78221.
曹四平,刘长海.2017.土壤动物群落特征及生态功能研究进展.延安大学学报:自然科学版,36(4):38-42.
丁明军,张镱锂,刘林山,等.2010.青藏高原植被覆盖对水热条件年内变化的响应及其空间特征.地理科学进展,29(4):507-512.
郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,等.2000.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究---以河北省遵化市为例.应用生态学报,11(4):557-563.
侯向阳.2015.我国草牧业发展理论及科技支撑重点.草业科学,32(5):823.
胡宏昌,王根绪,王一博,等.2009.江河源区典型多年冻土和季节冻土区水热过程对植被盖度的响应.科学通报,54(2):242-250.
李彦,雷晓云,申祥民,等.2011.膜下滴灌土壤水分监测合理采样数目的初步研究.灌溉排水学报,30(1):46-48.
李凤霞,张德罡.2005.草地退化指标及恢复措施.草原与草坪,(1):24-28.
李玉洁,李刚,宋晓龙,等.2013.休牧对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.草业学报,22(6):21-30.
牛海山,崔骁勇,汪诗平,等.2009.生态学试验设计与解释中的常见问题.生态学报,29(7):3901-3910.
石明明,张永超,张典业.2015.高寒草甸草地微斑块植物特征及其土壤性质的研究.草业学报,24(9):198-205.
王亚婷,张宇,杜宇凡,等.2017.不同载畜率下短花针茅草原土壤水分空间异质性的分析.草业科学,34(6):1159-1167.
王长庭,龙瑞军,王根绪,等.2010.高寒草甸群落地表植被特征与土壤理化性状、土壤微生物之间的相关性研究.草业学报,19(6):25-34.
王政权.1999.地统计学及在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社.
闫瑞瑞,闫玉春,辛晓平.2011.不同放牧梯度下草甸草原土壤微生物和酶活性研究.生态环境学报,20(2):259-265.
张世强,丁永建,卢健,等.2004.青藏高原土壤水热过程模拟研究.冰川冻土,26(4):384-388.
张雪松,刘雅各,胡正华,等.2017.生态模型在农田蒸散及土壤水分模拟中的适用性评价.生态学杂志,36(1):267-276.
Cambardella CA,Moorman TB,Parkin TB,et al.1994.Fieldscale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,58:1501-1511.
Cochran WG.1977.Sampling Techniques.Third Edition.New York:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.
Ettema CH,Wardle DA.2002.Spatial soil ecology.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,17:177-183.
Hurlbert SH.1984.Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments.Ecological Monographs,54:187-211.
Maxwel B,Wiatr SM,Fay PK.1985.Energy potential of leafy spurge(Euphorbia esula).Economic Botany,39:150-156.
Xiao KY,Yu D,Wang JW.2006.Habitat selection in spatially heterogeneous environments:A test of foraging behavior in the clonal submerged macrophyte.Freshwater Biology,51:1552-1559.
Xue W,Huang L,Dong BC,et al.2014.Patchy distributions of competitors affect the growth of a clonal plant when the competitor density is high.PLo S ONE,8:e78221.