调蓄经济植物湿地技术在农田径流污染控制中的工程应用及评价
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摘要
为评价调蓄经济植物湿地技术在农田径流污染控制中的运行效果和经济效益,采用现场调研长期跟踪监测调蓄经济植物湿地进、出水水质和水量变化,深入探索其营养盐质量浓度分布特征及其去除效能.结果表明:①调蓄经济植物湿地能够有效截留营养盐,稳定出水水质,2015年7月—2017年4月出水ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(CODCr)平均值分别为1. 2、0. 07和17. 0 mg/L,TN、TP和CODCr去除率分别为65. 8%、75. 5%和41. 3%.②不同调蓄量下TN和TP去除率随着进水水量的增大而减小,表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期; CODCr去除率与调蓄量之间呈负相关,表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;在调蓄经济植物湿地中单位面积TN、TP和CODCr去除负荷量表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期.③调蓄经济植物湿地中莲藕、海菜花和螺蛳产量分别为26. 25、22. 50和2. 46 t/(hm~2·a),氮、磷去除总量分别为275和30 kg/(hm~2·a).研究显示,调蓄经济植物湿地能够有效截留氮、磷,在不同水文期均有良好的净化效果,不仅具备景观效益,且具有良好的经济价值.
To evaluate the application and economic performance of storing economic constructed wetland in the treatment of contaminated water from farmland runoff,long-term water quality and quantity were regularly investigated and monitored for the analysis of distribution characteristics and removal efficiency of nutrients. The result showed that:( 1) The nutrients were effectively intercepted and stable nutrient concentrations in the effluent of the wetland and a good removal efficiency were obtained. The average ρ( TN),ρ( TP) andρ( CODCr) of the effluent was 1. 2,0. 07 and 17. 0 mg/L from July 2015 to April 2017,respectively. Favorable removal efficiency of TN,TP and CODCrwith the values of 65. 8%,75. 5% and 41. 3% were achieved,respectively.( 2) The removal efficiency of TN,TP were decreased with increasing influent water quantity under different storage capacities. The removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus was in the order of dry season > normal water season > wet season,while removal efficiency of CODCrwas successively in the normal water season,dry season and wet season. However,the removal load per unit area of nutrient TN,TP and CODCrfollowed the order of wet season >normal water season > dry season.( 3) The yield of Nelumbonucifera Caertn,Otteliaacuminata var. acuminate and Margarya melanioides was 26. 25,22. 5 and 2. 46 t/( hm~2·a) in the storing economic constructed wetland. Nitrogen and phosphorus mass removal were 275 and30 kg/( hm~2·a),respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus were effectively removal and good removal efficiencies were achieved in different water season in the storing economic constructed wetland. Thus,storing economic constructed wetland not only has a good landscape,but also has perfect economic value.
To evaluate the application and economic performance of storing economic constructed wetland in the treatment of contaminated water from farmland runoff,long-term water quality and quantity were regularly investigated and monitored for the analysis of distribution characteristics and removal efficiency of nutrients. The result showed that:( 1) The nutrients were effectively intercepted and stable nutrient concentrations in the effluent of the wetland and a good removal efficiency were obtained. The average ρ( TN),ρ( TP) andρ( CODCr) of the effluent was 1. 2,0. 07 and 17. 0 mg/L from July 2015 to April 2017,respectively. Favorable removal efficiency of TN,TP and CODCrwith the values of 65. 8%,75. 5% and 41. 3% were achieved,respectively.( 2) The removal efficiency of TN,TP were decreased with increasing influent water quantity under different storage capacities. The removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus was in the order of dry season > normal water season > wet season,while removal efficiency of CODCrwas successively in the normal water season,dry season and wet season. However,the removal load per unit area of nutrient TN,TP and CODCrfollowed the order of wet season >normal water season > dry season.( 3) The yield of Nelumbonucifera Caertn,Otteliaacuminata var. acuminate and Margarya melanioides was 26. 25,22. 5 and 2. 46 t/( hm~2·a) in the storing economic constructed wetland. Nitrogen and phosphorus mass removal were 275 and30 kg/( hm~2·a),respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus were effectively removal and good removal efficiencies were achieved in different water season in the storing economic constructed wetland. Thus,storing economic constructed wetland not only has a good landscape,but also has perfect economic value.
引文
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[4]凌子微,仝欣楠,李亚红,等.处理低污染水的复合人工湿地脱氮过程[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(3):320-325.LING Ziwei,TONG Xinnan,LI Yahong,et al.Study on nitrogen removal process of treatments for slightly contaminated water on hybrid constructed wetlands[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(3):320-325.
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[7]LU S Y,WU F C,XIANG C S,et al.Phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff by constructed wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(3):402-409.
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[10]VALIRANTA M,WECKSTROM J,SIITONEN S,et al.Holocene aquatic ecosystem changes in the boreal vegetation zone of northern Finland[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2011,45(3):339-352.
[11]卢宝倩.滨岸缓冲带对农田径流氮、磷污染物的去除效果研究[D].上海:东华大学,2008.
[12]COMIN F A,ROMERO J A,ASSTORGA V,et al.Nitrogen removal and cycling in restored wetlands used as filters of nutrients for agricultural runoff[J].Water Science and Technology,1997,35(5):255-261.
[13]QUAN Weimin,YAN Lijiao.Effects of agricultural non-point source pollution on eutrophication of water body and its control measure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(3):291-299.
[14]TANNER C C,KADLEC R H.Influence of hydrological regime on wetland attenuation of diffuse agricultural nitrate losses[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,56(7):79-88.
[15]BECHMANN M E,BERGE D,EGGESTAD H O,et al.Phosphorus transfer from agricultural areas and its impact on the eutrophication of lakes:two long-term integrated studies from Norway[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,304(1):238-250.
[16]HAN L,RANDHIR T O,HUANG M S.Design and assessment of stream-wetland systems for nutrient removal in an urban watershed of China[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2017,228(4):139-154.
[17]陈安强,雷宝坤,刘宏斌,等.洱海近岸不同种植类型农田沟渠径流氮磷流失特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(8):697-705.CHEN Anqiang,LEI Baokun,LIU Hongbin,et al.Characteristics of N and P losses from ditch runoff in farmlands different in planting patterns offshore of Lake Erhai[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(8):697-705.
[18]VIGHI M,CHIAUDANI G.Eutrophication in Europe:the role of agricultural activities[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Science,1987:213-257.
[19]张荣社,周琪,史云鹏,等.滇池流域农业区的暴雨径流特征研究[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(2):13-16.ZHANG Rongshe,ZHOU Qi,SHI Yunpeng,et al.Study on storm runoff characteristics in agricultural area in the Dianchi Valleys[J].China Water&Wastewater,2003,19(2):13-16.
[20]刘晓轻.安徽省沿淮农业污染源及农田径流氮磷流失特征研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2011.
[21]ROSENQUIST S E,HESSION W C,EICK M J,et al.Variability in adsorptive phosphorus removal by structural stormwater best management practices[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(5):664-671.
[22]刘波.农田径流人工湿地处理中磷的去除研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.
[23]陈纬栋.洱海流域农业农业径流负荷模型计算研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2011.
[24]邓伟,许振成,吴根义,等.地膜覆盖对农田径流中氮磷流失的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(16):9687-9689.DENG Wei,XU Zhengcheng,WU Genyi,et al.The effected of mulch film on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in agricultural runoff[J].Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences,2011,39(16):9687-9689.
[25]JOHANNESSON K M,KYNKAANNIEMI P,ULEN B,et al.Phosphorus and particle retention in constructed wetlands:a catchment comparison[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,80:20-31.
[26]POLOMSKI R F,TAYLOR M D,BIELENBERG D G,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus remediation by three floating aquatic macrophytes in greenhouse-based laboratory-scale subsurface constructed wetlands[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2009,197(1/2/3/4):223-232.
[27]GU Binhe,DRESCHEL T.Effects of plant community and phosphorus loading rate on constructed wetland performance in Florida,USA[J].Wetlands,2008,28(1):81-91.
[28]CHENG B,HU C W,ZHAO Y J.Effects of plants development and pollutant loading on performance of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands[J].International Journal of Environmental Science&Technology,2011,8(1)177-186.
[29]HUA Yumei,PENG Lian,ZHANG Shaohui,et al.Effects of plants and temperature on nitrogen removal and microbiology in pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,108:70-77.
[30]ZHOU Sheng,HOSOMI M.Nitrogen transformations and balance in a constructed wetland for nutrient-polluted river water treatment using forage rice in Japan[J].Ecological Engineering,2008,32(2):147-155.
[31]ZHANG Ting,XU Dong,HE Feng,et al.Application of constructed wetland for water pollution control in China during 1990-2010[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,47(5):189-197.
[32]LU Shaoyong,ZHANG Pengyi,JIN Xiangcan,et al.Nitrogen removal from agricultural runoff by full-scale constructed wetland in China[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,621(1):115-126.
[33]WANG Mo,ZHANG Dongqing,DON Jianwen,et al.Application of constructed wetlands for treating agricultural runoff and agroindustrial wastewater:a review[J].Hydrobiologia,2017(1):1-31.
[34]LU Shaoyong,ZHANG Pengyi,XIANG Channgsheng.Phosphorus removal by constructed wetland treating agricultural runoff in Dianchi region of China[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2006,25(S1):258-258.
[35]周恩慧,侯泽英,冯可心,等.硝酸盐氮对海菜花湿地处理低污染水的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(8):1271-1277.ZHOU Enhui,HOU Zeying,FENG Kexin,et al.Effects of nitrate concentration on the running characteristics of Ottelia acuminate wetlands treating low-level contaminated water[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(8):1271-1277.
[36]储昭升,靳明,叶碧碧,等.海菜花-螺蛳经济湿地对农田低污染水的净化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(6):975-980.CHU Zhaosheng,JIN Ming,YE Bibi,et al.Research on purification of low-level contaminated water by Ottelia acuminate:margarya melanioides constructed wetland[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(6):975-980.
[37]QUAN Q,SHEN B,ZHANG Q,et al.Research on phosphorus removal in artificial wetlands by plants and their photosynthesis[J].Brazilian Archives of Biology&Technolgy,2016,59:e16160506.
[38]CHEN Shuqin,CHU Zhaoosheng.Purification efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in ottelia acuminate on four kinds of simulated sewage[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,93:159-165.
[2]WU H,ZHANG J,NGO H H,et al.A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment:design and operation[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,175:594-601.
[3]邓伟.农田降雨径流污染控制技术的研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2011.
[4]凌子微,仝欣楠,李亚红,等.处理低污染水的复合人工湿地脱氮过程[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(3):320-325.LING Ziwei,TONG Xinnan,LI Yahong,et al.Study on nitrogen removal process of treatments for slightly contaminated water on hybrid constructed wetlands[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(3):320-325.
[5]郭攀,李新建.漓江典型小流域农田农业径流治理技术及应用[J].水电能源科学,2017,35(9):49-52.GUO Pan,LI Xinjian.Techniques and application of farmland nonpoint source pollution control in typical small watershed of Lijiang River[J].Water Resource and Power,2017,35(9):49-52.
[6]TUNCSIPER B.Nitrogen removal in a combined vertical and horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland system[J].Desalination,2009,247(1):466-475.
[7]LU S Y,WU F C,XIANG C S,et al.Phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff by constructed wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(3):402-409.
[8]张亚莹.沟塘湿地对农田排水氮磷污染的截留作用研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2016.
[9]赵金辉,陆毅,赵晓莉.植草沟-湿地滞留塘控制农田径流污染效能[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(10):117-120.ZHAO Jinhui,LU Yi,ZHAO Xiaoli.Removal efficiency of pollutants in farmland runoff by the combination of grassed swales and wetland detention ponds[J].Environmental Science&Technology(China),2014,37(10):117-120.
[10]VALIRANTA M,WECKSTROM J,SIITONEN S,et al.Holocene aquatic ecosystem changes in the boreal vegetation zone of northern Finland[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2011,45(3):339-352.
[11]卢宝倩.滨岸缓冲带对农田径流氮、磷污染物的去除效果研究[D].上海:东华大学,2008.
[12]COMIN F A,ROMERO J A,ASSTORGA V,et al.Nitrogen removal and cycling in restored wetlands used as filters of nutrients for agricultural runoff[J].Water Science and Technology,1997,35(5):255-261.
[13]QUAN Weimin,YAN Lijiao.Effects of agricultural non-point source pollution on eutrophication of water body and its control measure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(3):291-299.
[14]TANNER C C,KADLEC R H.Influence of hydrological regime on wetland attenuation of diffuse agricultural nitrate losses[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,56(7):79-88.
[15]BECHMANN M E,BERGE D,EGGESTAD H O,et al.Phosphorus transfer from agricultural areas and its impact on the eutrophication of lakes:two long-term integrated studies from Norway[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,304(1):238-250.
[16]HAN L,RANDHIR T O,HUANG M S.Design and assessment of stream-wetland systems for nutrient removal in an urban watershed of China[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2017,228(4):139-154.
[17]陈安强,雷宝坤,刘宏斌,等.洱海近岸不同种植类型农田沟渠径流氮磷流失特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(8):697-705.CHEN Anqiang,LEI Baokun,LIU Hongbin,et al.Characteristics of N and P losses from ditch runoff in farmlands different in planting patterns offshore of Lake Erhai[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(8):697-705.
[18]VIGHI M,CHIAUDANI G.Eutrophication in Europe:the role of agricultural activities[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Science,1987:213-257.
[19]张荣社,周琪,史云鹏,等.滇池流域农业区的暴雨径流特征研究[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(2):13-16.ZHANG Rongshe,ZHOU Qi,SHI Yunpeng,et al.Study on storm runoff characteristics in agricultural area in the Dianchi Valleys[J].China Water&Wastewater,2003,19(2):13-16.
[20]刘晓轻.安徽省沿淮农业污染源及农田径流氮磷流失特征研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2011.
[21]ROSENQUIST S E,HESSION W C,EICK M J,et al.Variability in adsorptive phosphorus removal by structural stormwater best management practices[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(5):664-671.
[22]刘波.农田径流人工湿地处理中磷的去除研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.
[23]陈纬栋.洱海流域农业农业径流负荷模型计算研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2011.
[24]邓伟,许振成,吴根义,等.地膜覆盖对农田径流中氮磷流失的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(16):9687-9689.DENG Wei,XU Zhengcheng,WU Genyi,et al.The effected of mulch film on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in agricultural runoff[J].Journal of Anhui Agriculture Sciences,2011,39(16):9687-9689.
[25]JOHANNESSON K M,KYNKAANNIEMI P,ULEN B,et al.Phosphorus and particle retention in constructed wetlands:a catchment comparison[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,80:20-31.
[26]POLOMSKI R F,TAYLOR M D,BIELENBERG D G,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus remediation by three floating aquatic macrophytes in greenhouse-based laboratory-scale subsurface constructed wetlands[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2009,197(1/2/3/4):223-232.
[27]GU Binhe,DRESCHEL T.Effects of plant community and phosphorus loading rate on constructed wetland performance in Florida,USA[J].Wetlands,2008,28(1):81-91.
[28]CHENG B,HU C W,ZHAO Y J.Effects of plants development and pollutant loading on performance of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands[J].International Journal of Environmental Science&Technology,2011,8(1)177-186.
[29]HUA Yumei,PENG Lian,ZHANG Shaohui,et al.Effects of plants and temperature on nitrogen removal and microbiology in pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,108:70-77.
[30]ZHOU Sheng,HOSOMI M.Nitrogen transformations and balance in a constructed wetland for nutrient-polluted river water treatment using forage rice in Japan[J].Ecological Engineering,2008,32(2):147-155.
[31]ZHANG Ting,XU Dong,HE Feng,et al.Application of constructed wetland for water pollution control in China during 1990-2010[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,47(5):189-197.
[32]LU Shaoyong,ZHANG Pengyi,JIN Xiangcan,et al.Nitrogen removal from agricultural runoff by full-scale constructed wetland in China[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,621(1):115-126.
[33]WANG Mo,ZHANG Dongqing,DON Jianwen,et al.Application of constructed wetlands for treating agricultural runoff and agroindustrial wastewater:a review[J].Hydrobiologia,2017(1):1-31.
[34]LU Shaoyong,ZHANG Pengyi,XIANG Channgsheng.Phosphorus removal by constructed wetland treating agricultural runoff in Dianchi region of China[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2006,25(S1):258-258.
[35]周恩慧,侯泽英,冯可心,等.硝酸盐氮对海菜花湿地处理低污染水的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(8):1271-1277.ZHOU Enhui,HOU Zeying,FENG Kexin,et al.Effects of nitrate concentration on the running characteristics of Ottelia acuminate wetlands treating low-level contaminated water[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(8):1271-1277.
[36]储昭升,靳明,叶碧碧,等.海菜花-螺蛳经济湿地对农田低污染水的净化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(6):975-980.CHU Zhaosheng,JIN Ming,YE Bibi,et al.Research on purification of low-level contaminated water by Ottelia acuminate:margarya melanioides constructed wetland[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(6):975-980.
[37]QUAN Q,SHEN B,ZHANG Q,et al.Research on phosphorus removal in artificial wetlands by plants and their photosynthesis[J].Brazilian Archives of Biology&Technolgy,2016,59:e16160506.
[38]CHEN Shuqin,CHU Zhaoosheng.Purification efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in ottelia acuminate on four kinds of simulated sewage[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,93:159-165.
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