利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)研究太原市冬季一次雾霾天气的污染特征及成因
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摘要
2017年11月5日至6日太原市发生了一次重度污染天气,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)分析了细颗粒物的化学组成,根据太原市细颗粒源谱库对主要成分进行了来源解析,并结合激光雷达和气象条件研究了雾霾天气成因.结果表明,雾霾天时颗粒物主要包括如下9类:有机碳颗粒(OC)、元素碳颗粒(EC)、元素-有机碳混合颗粒(ECOC)、高分子有机碳(HOC)颗粒、富钾颗粒(K-rich)、富钠颗粒(Na-rich)、左旋葡聚糖颗粒、矿物质颗粒及重金属颗粒,9类颗粒中普遍存在的二次成分表明它们都经历了一定程度的老化过程.含碳颗粒物(OC、EC)与二次颗粒物(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)的相关性在干净天时高于雾霾天,二次颗粒物的相关性在两种天气状况下都较高.污染物来源解析结果表明,此次重污染过程主要是由机动车尾气和燃煤引起的.激光雷达及气象数据分析表明,此次污染过程是由外来污染物传输以及风速低、湿度高、大气边界层高度降低等不利的气象条件共同作用造成的.
A haze episode occurred in Taiyuan during November 5—6,2017. The chemical compositions of the particulate matter were studied by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry( SPAMS). The source analysis was carried out according to the fine particle source spectrum library of Taiyuan,and the cause of haze event was also studied in combination with laser radar and meteorological conditions. Results showed that all the particles were classified into 9 main categories:organic carbon( OC), elemental carbon( EC), internally mixed elemental-organic carbon( ECOC),high mass organic carbon( HOC),K-rich,Na-rich,levoglucosan,dust and heavy metals. The appearance of secondary components indicates these particles experienced some degree of aging. The correlation between carbon-containing particles( OC,EC) and secondary particles was higher on clean days than haze days. However,the correlation with of secondary particles were high in both weather conditions. The results of fast source apportionment indicates that vehicle exhaust and coal combustion were main sources during the pollution process. The laser radar and meteorological data analysis showed that the pollution process was caused by the transmission ofexternal pollutants and the adverse weather conditions such as low wind speed,high humidity and low level of the atmospheric boundary layer.
A haze episode occurred in Taiyuan during November 5—6,2017. The chemical compositions of the particulate matter were studied by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry( SPAMS). The source analysis was carried out according to the fine particle source spectrum library of Taiyuan,and the cause of haze event was also studied in combination with laser radar and meteorological conditions. Results showed that all the particles were classified into 9 main categories:organic carbon( OC), elemental carbon( EC), internally mixed elemental-organic carbon( ECOC),high mass organic carbon( HOC),K-rich,Na-rich,levoglucosan,dust and heavy metals. The appearance of secondary components indicates these particles experienced some degree of aging. The correlation between carbon-containing particles( OC,EC) and secondary particles was higher on clean days than haze days. However,the correlation with of secondary particles were high in both weather conditions. The results of fast source apportionment indicates that vehicle exhaust and coal combustion were main sources during the pollution process. The laser radar and meteorological data analysis showed that the pollution process was caused by the transmission ofexternal pollutants and the adverse weather conditions such as low wind speed,high humidity and low level of the atmospheric boundary layer.
引文
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[3]蒋斌,陈多宏,王伯光,等.鹤山大气超级站旱季单颗粒气溶胶化学特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(3):670-678.JIANG B,CHEN D H,WANG B G,et al. Single-particle chemical characterization of aerosols at the Heshan atmospheric supersite during rhe dry season[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(3):670-678(in Chinese).
[4]李梅,李磊,黄正旭,等.运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术初步研究广州大气矿尘污染[J].环境化学研究,2011,24(6):632-636.LI M,LI L,HUANG Z X,et al. Preliminary study of mineral dust particle pollution using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(spams)in Guangzhou[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2011,24(6):632-636(in Chinese).
[5]周静博,任毅斌,洪纲,等.利用SPAMS研究石家庄市冬季连续灰霾天气的污染特征及成因[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):3972-3980.ZHOU J B,REN Y B,HONG G,et al. Characteristics and formation mechanism of a muli-day haze in the winter of shijiazhuang using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(spams)[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(11):3972-3980(in Chinese).
[6]何俊杰,张国华,王伯光,等.鹤山灰霾期间大气单颗粒气溶胶特征的初步研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2098-2104.HE J J,ZHANG G H,WANG B G,et al. Analysis of single particle characteristics during haze events in Hehan[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(8):2098-2104(in Chinese).
[7]牟莹莹,楼晟荣,陈长虹,等.利用SPAMS研究上海秋季气溶胶污染过程中颗粒物的老化与混合状态[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2071-2080.MU Y Y,LOU S R,CHEN C H,et al. Aging and mixing state of particulate matter during aerosol pollution episode in autumn shanghai using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(spams)[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(6):2071-2080(in Chinese).
[8]沈艳,张泽锋,李艳伟,等.南京北郊一次霾过程中气溶胶理化特征变化研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(7):2314-2323.SHEN Y,ZHANG Z F,LI Y W,et al. Characterization of aerosol particles during a haze event in the Northern Suburb of Nanjing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(7):2314-2323(in Chinese).
[9] LIU L,WANG Y L,DU S Y,et al. Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing:A case study in October,2014[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,40:145-153.
[10] WANG H L,AN J L,SHEN L J,et al. Mechanism for the formation and microphysical characteristics of submicron aerosol during heavy haze pollution episode in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:501-508.
[11] BI X H,DAI S H,ZHANG G H,et al. Real-time and single-particle volatility of elemental carbon-containing particles in the urban area of Pearl River Delta region,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,118:194-202.
[12] CHEN K,YIN Y,KONG S F,et al. Size-resolved chemical composition of atmospheric particles during a straw burning at Mt. Huang(the Yellow Mountain)of China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,84:380-389.
[13] ZHANG G H,BI X H,LOU S R,et al. Source and mixing state of iron-containing particles in Shanghai by individual particle analysis[J].Chemosphere 2014,95:9-16.
[14] FU H Y,ZHENG M,YAN C Q,et al. Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,29:62-70.
[15] ZHANG G H,BI X H,HE J J,et al. Variation of secondary coatings associated with elemental carbon by single particle analysis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,92:162-170.
[16] ZHANG G H,BI X H,CHAN L Y,et al. Enhanced trimethylamine-containing particles during fog events detected by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry in urban Guangzhou,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,55:121-126.
[17] LI L,LI M,HUANG Z X,et al. Ambient particle characterization by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry in an urban area of Beijing[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,94:323-331.
[18]李磊,谭国斌,张莉,等.运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪分析柴油车排放颗粒物[J].分析化学,2013,41(12):1831-1836.LI L,TAN G B,ZHANG L,et al. Analysis of diesel exhaust particles using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2013,41(12):1831-1836(in Chinese).
[19]刘浪,张文杰,杜世勇,等.利用SPAMS分析北京市硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐季节变化特征及潜在源区分布[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1609-1608.LIU L,ZHANG W J,DU S Y,et al. Seasonal variation characteristics and potential source contribution of sulfate,nitrate and ammonium in Beijing by using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1609-1608(in Chinese).
[20] LI L,HUANG Z X,DONG J G,et al. Real time bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particle[J].International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2011,303:118-124.
[21] BI X H,ZHANG G H,LI L,et al. Mixing state of biomass burning particles by single particle aerosol mass spectrometer in the urban area of PRD,China[J]. Atmospheric Enviroment,2011,45:3447-3453.
[22] GROSS D S,GALLI M E,SILVA P J,et al. Single particle characterization of automobile and diesel truck emissions in the Caldecott Tunnel[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology,2000,32:152-163.
[23] MOFFET R C,DEFOY B,MOLINA L T,et al. Measurement of ambient aerosols in northern Mexico City by single particle mass spectrometry[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2008,8:4499-4516.
[24] PRATHER K A,MURPHY S M,DEMOTT P J,et al. Flight-based chemical characterization of biomass burning aerosols within two prescribed burn smoke plumes[J]. Atmospheric. Chemistry and Physics,2011,11:12549-12565.
[25] GUO S,HU M,GUO Q F,et al. Primary sources and secondary formation of organic aerosols in Beijing,China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46:9846-9853.
[26] WANG H L,ZHUANG Y H,WANG Y,et al. Long-term monitoring and source apportionment of PM2.5/PM10in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2008,20:1323-1327.
[27] KANG C M,LEE H S,KANG B W,et al. Chemical characteristics of acidic gas pollutants and PM2.5species during hazy episodes in Seoul,South Korea[J]. Atmospheric Enviroment,2004,38:4749-4760.