洞庭湖水污染特征及水质评价
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摘要
于2016年4月—2017年3月对洞庭湖区11个监测断面396个表层水样进行采集,选取8个水质指标进行因子特征分析,并采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对洞庭湖水质进行综合评价.洞庭湖水体呈弱碱性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为超标污染物.单因子评价法结果表明,TN和TP为洞庭湖水质的主要限制因子,TN参与评价时,洞庭湖水质为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类.综合污染指数法结果表明,洞庭湖水质状况为中污染,平水期水质优于枯水期和丰水期,主要污染因子为TN、TP、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn).主成分分析结果表明,洞庭湖水质主要受p H、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)和TN等指标影响,西洞庭湖水质较好,南洞庭湖次之,东洞庭湖较差.3种方法是定性和定量评价的有机结合,评价结果不完全一致,故采用多种评价方法来开展水质评价十分重要.
Three hundred and ninety-six water samples were collected in the Dongting Lake from April 2016 to March 2017.Factor characteristics analysis were performed using pH,dissolved oxygen( DO),ammonia nitrogen( NH3-N),total nitrogen( TN),total phosphorus( TP),permanganate index( CODMn),chemical oxygen demand( CODCr) and five-day biochemical oxygen demand( BOD5) as the physicochemical factors. Single-factor assessment method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method were applied to evaluate the water quality of Dongting Lake. The water body presented weak alkalinity with TN and TP as excessive pollutants.The single-factor assessment indicated that the first restrictive factors of water quality were TN and TP, while the water quality of Dongting Lake was in Class Ⅴ or lower Ⅴ. The results of comprehensive pollution index assessment showed that the water quality was in a moderate pollution condition,with better water quality in normal period than in other two periods. TN,TP,BOD5 and CODMnwere the main pollution factors. The principal component analysis method showed that indexes such as pH,DO,NH_3-N and TN,etc,greatly influenced the water quality of Dongting Lake. Water quality of East Dongting Lake was inferior to South Dongting Lake,and South Dongting Lake was inferior to the West Dongting Lake. The three methods were a combination of qualitative andquantitative evaluation. The results of each method were not identical with each other. So it is very important to work on water quality assessment using various methods.
Three hundred and ninety-six water samples were collected in the Dongting Lake from April 2016 to March 2017.Factor characteristics analysis were performed using pH,dissolved oxygen( DO),ammonia nitrogen( NH3-N),total nitrogen( TN),total phosphorus( TP),permanganate index( CODMn),chemical oxygen demand( CODCr) and five-day biochemical oxygen demand( BOD5) as the physicochemical factors. Single-factor assessment method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method were applied to evaluate the water quality of Dongting Lake. The water body presented weak alkalinity with TN and TP as excessive pollutants.The single-factor assessment indicated that the first restrictive factors of water quality were TN and TP, while the water quality of Dongting Lake was in Class Ⅴ or lower Ⅴ. The results of comprehensive pollution index assessment showed that the water quality was in a moderate pollution condition,with better water quality in normal period than in other two periods. TN,TP,BOD5 and CODMnwere the main pollution factors. The principal component analysis method showed that indexes such as pH,DO,NH_3-N and TN,etc,greatly influenced the water quality of Dongting Lake. Water quality of East Dongting Lake was inferior to South Dongting Lake,and South Dongting Lake was inferior to the West Dongting Lake. The three methods were a combination of qualitative andquantitative evaluation. The results of each method were not identical with each other. So it is very important to work on water quality assessment using various methods.
引文
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[20]钱益春,何平,等. 1998—2006年太湖水质变化分析[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31(2):370-374.QIAN Y C,HE P,et al. An Analysis on the changes in the water quality in Taihu Basin during 1998—2006[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxien sis,2009,31(2):370-374(in Chinese).
[21]李艳红,葛刚,胡春华,等.基于聚类分析和因子分析的鄱阳湖流域水质时空变化特征及污染源分析[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2016,40(4):360-365.LI Y H,GE G,HU C H,et al. Spatiotemporal variation and pollution sources analysis of Poyang Lake basin by cluster and factor analysis[J].Journal of Nanchang University(Natural Science),2016,40(4):360-365(in Chinese).
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[24]秦建新,尹晓科.洞庭湖区湿地生态环境问题与对策[J].人民长江,2009,40(19):12-14.QIN J X,YIN X K. Ecological environment problems of wetland in the Dongting Lake area and countermeasures[J]. Yangtze River,2009,40(19):12-14(in Chinese).
[25]钟振宇,陈灿.洞庭湖水质及富营养状态评价[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(7):169-173.ZHONG Z Y,CHEN C. Water quality and eutrophication analysis in Lake Dongting[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2011,36(7):169-173(in Chinese).
[26]周泓,欧伏平,刘妍.“十一五”期间洞庭湖水环境质量状况及变化趋势分析[J].湖南理工学院学报:自然科学版,2011,24(2):88-90.ZHOU H,OU F P,LIU Y. The analysis of the water quality and its change trend of Dongting Lake during the period of“Eleventh FiveYear”[J]. Journal of Hunan Institute of Science and Technology(Natural Scinences),2011,24(2):88-90(in Chinese).
[27]张光贵,卢少勇,田琪.近20年洞庭湖总氮和总磷浓度时空变化及其影响因素分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(11):2377-2385.ZHANG G G,LU S Y,TIAN Q. Analysis of spatial-temporal variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations and their influencing factors in Dongting Lake in the past two decades[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(11):2377-2385(in Chinese).
[28]王旭,肖伟华,朱维耀,等.洞庭湖水位变化对水质影响分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012,10(5):59-62.WANG X,XIAO W H,ZHU W Y,et al. Effects of water level variation on water quality in Dongting Lake[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2012,10(5):59-62(in Chinese).
[2]郭晶,李利强,黄代中,等.洞庭湖表层水和底泥中重金属污染状况及其变化趋势[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(1):44-51.GUO J,LI L Q,HUANG D Z,et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment of Dongting Lake[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(1):44-51(in Chinese).
[3]张光贵,张屹.洞庭湖区城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2017,36(8):1812-1820.ZHANG G G,ZHANG Y. Water environmental health risk assessment in urban drinking water sources in Dongting Lake region[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(8):1812-1820(in Chinese).
[4]杨浩,张国珍,杨晓妮,等.基于模糊综合评判法的洮河水环境质量评价[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(S1):380-386.YANG H,ZHANG G Z,YANG X N,et al. Comprehensive evaluation on water environment quality of the Tao River based on fuzzy comprehensive method[J]. Environment Science&Technology,2016,39(S1):380-386(in Chinese).
[5] LIU C,HE H,TAN X H,et al. Establishment and application of water quality assessment Model for Jiaozhou Bay Basin[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012,1793(518):1165-1170.
[6]王文静,高鹏程,李婕,等.丹江口水库典型入库支流水质评价与趋势分析[J].水资源保护,2016,32(3):127-130.WANG W J,GAO P C,LI J,et al. Water quality assessment and trend analysis of typical tributaries of Danjiangkou Reservoir[J]. Water Resources Protection,2016,32(3):127-130(in Chinese).
[7]孙涛,张妙仙,李苗苗,等.基于对应分析法和综合污染指数法的水质评价[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(4):185-190.SUN T,ZHANG M X,LI M M,et al. River water quality evaluation based on correspondence analysis and comprehensive pollution index method[J]. Environment Science&Technology,2014,37(4):185-190(in Chinese).
[8]林涛,徐盼盼,钱会,等.黄河宁夏段水质评价及其污染源分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(6):1388-1396.LIN T,XU P P,QIAN H,et al. Assessment of water quality and analysis of pollution source in Ningxia section of the Yellow River[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(6):1388-1396(in Chinese).
[9] LIU X B,LI G F,LIU Z G,et al. Water pollution characteristics and assessment of Lower reaches in Haihe River Basin[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2:199-206.
[10]于淑玲,李秀军,李晓宇,等.小兴凯湖水质评价[J].湿地科学,2013,11(4):466-469.YU S L,LI X J,LI X Y,et al. Evaluation of water quality of Xiaoxingkai Lake[J]. Wetland Science,2013,11(4):466-469(in Chinese).
[11]王丽婧,汪星,刘录三,等.洞庭湖水质因子的多元分析[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(1):1-7.WANG L J,WANG X,LIU L S,et al. Multivariate analysis of water factors in Dongting Lake[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(1):1-7(in Chinese).
[12] ZHANG L P,PANG J,KE L,et al. SPSS for water pollution contribution of Tonghui River in Beijing based on principal component analysis[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2012,1464(343):483-489.
[13]解文静,王松,娄山崇,等.山东南四湖上级湖水质变化评价(2008-2014年)及成因分析[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(3):513-519.XIE W J,WAGN S,LOU S C,et al. Evaluation of temporal water quality change(2008-2014)and the cause analysis in the upper-reach lakes of Lake Nansi,Shangdong Province[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(3):513-519(in Chinese).
[14]王小焕,邵景安,王金亮,等.三峡库区长江干流入出库水质评价及其变化趋势[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):554-565.WANG X H,SHAO J A,WANG J L,et al. Water quality assessment and its changing trends in the reservoir inflow and outflow along the Yangtze River mainstream in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):554-565(in Chinese).
[15]申锐莉,张建新,鲍征宇,等.洞庭湖水质评价(2002-2004年)[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(3):243-249.SHEN R L,ZHANG J X,BAO Z Y,et al. Water quality assessment in Lake Dongting(2002-2004),China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(3):243-249(in Chinese).
[16] ZENG Z Q,ZHANG C M,LI X Q,et al. Study on the water quality and protection measures of Dongting Lake[J]. Asian Agricultural Research,2015,7(1):57-60.
[17]来红州,莫多闻,苏成.洞庭湖演变趋势探讨[J].地理研究,2004,23(1):78-86.LAI H Z,MO D W,SU C. Discussion on the evolutionary trend of Lake Dongting[J]. Geographical Research,2004,23(1):78-86(in Chinese).
[18]尹海龙,徐祖信.我国单因子水质评价方法改进探讨[J].净水技术,2008,27(2):25-40.YIN H L,XU Z X. Discussion on China's single-factor water quality assessment method[J]. Water Purification Technology,2008,27(2):25-40(in Chinese).
[19]秦迪岚,罗岳平,黄哲,等.洞庭湖水环境污染状况与来源分析[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(8):193-198.QIN D L,LUO Y P,HUANG Z,et al. Pollution status and source analysis of water environment in Lake Dongting[J]. Environment Science&Technology,2012,35(8):193-198(in Chinese).
[20]钱益春,何平,等. 1998—2006年太湖水质变化分析[J].江西农业大学学报,2009,31(2):370-374.QIAN Y C,HE P,et al. An Analysis on the changes in the water quality in Taihu Basin during 1998—2006[J]. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxien sis,2009,31(2):370-374(in Chinese).
[21]李艳红,葛刚,胡春华,等.基于聚类分析和因子分析的鄱阳湖流域水质时空变化特征及污染源分析[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2016,40(4):360-365.LI Y H,GE G,HU C H,et al. Spatiotemporal variation and pollution sources analysis of Poyang Lake basin by cluster and factor analysis[J].Journal of Nanchang University(Natural Science),2016,40(4):360-365(in Chinese).
[22]崔彩霞,花卫华,袁广旺,等.洪泽湖水质现状评价与趋势分析[J].中国资源综合利用,2013,31(10):44-47.CUI C X,HUA W H,YUAN G W,et al. Assessment and trend analysis on water quality in Hongze Lake[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization,2013,31(10):44-47(in Chinese).
[23]丁虹.巢湖2005-2014年湖体水质状况[J].水资源开发与管理,2016(3):57-59.DING H. Water quality conditions of Chaohu Lake during 2005-2014[J]. Water resources development and management,2016(3):57-59(in Chinese).
[24]秦建新,尹晓科.洞庭湖区湿地生态环境问题与对策[J].人民长江,2009,40(19):12-14.QIN J X,YIN X K. Ecological environment problems of wetland in the Dongting Lake area and countermeasures[J]. Yangtze River,2009,40(19):12-14(in Chinese).
[25]钟振宇,陈灿.洞庭湖水质及富营养状态评价[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(7):169-173.ZHONG Z Y,CHEN C. Water quality and eutrophication analysis in Lake Dongting[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2011,36(7):169-173(in Chinese).
[26]周泓,欧伏平,刘妍.“十一五”期间洞庭湖水环境质量状况及变化趋势分析[J].湖南理工学院学报:自然科学版,2011,24(2):88-90.ZHOU H,OU F P,LIU Y. The analysis of the water quality and its change trend of Dongting Lake during the period of“Eleventh FiveYear”[J]. Journal of Hunan Institute of Science and Technology(Natural Scinences),2011,24(2):88-90(in Chinese).
[27]张光贵,卢少勇,田琪.近20年洞庭湖总氮和总磷浓度时空变化及其影响因素分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(11):2377-2385.ZHANG G G,LU S Y,TIAN Q. Analysis of spatial-temporal variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations and their influencing factors in Dongting Lake in the past two decades[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(11):2377-2385(in Chinese).
[28]王旭,肖伟华,朱维耀,等.洞庭湖水位变化对水质影响分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012,10(5):59-62.WANG X,XIAO W H,ZHU W Y,et al. Effects of water level variation on water quality in Dongting Lake[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2012,10(5):59-62(in Chinese).