不同放牧条件下锡林郭勒典型草原土壤水分分布特征及降水入渗估算
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摘要
由人类活动所导致的锡林郭勒草原草场退化、土地沙化等问题日趋严重,区域土壤水资源评价及其科学管理显得尤为重要。为确定锡林郭勒典型草原不同放牧条件对深层土壤剖面水分动态及降水入渗补给的影响,选取1979年以来禁牧(UG79)、1999年以来禁牧(UG99)和持续放牧(CG) 3个小区6个土壤剖面,基于不同深度土层的质量含水量、Cl–浓度等数据,分析了放牧对深层土壤水分特征的影响,且利用氯质量平衡法估算了降水入渗补给量。结果表明:1)禁牧可以提高土壤含水量,且禁牧时间越长,效果越显著,尤以表层最为明显。整个土壤剖面(0–5m)土壤质量含水量的平均值表现为UG79>UG99>CG,但各处理间差异不显著;0–2mUG79处理土壤剖面质量含水量分别比UG99和CG处理高26.6%和33.7%,储水量分别高87.19 mm和82.52 mm,且UG79处理与UG99、CG差异显著,但UG99与CG之间差异不显著;除局部地区受土壤颗粒组成影响含水量不同外,各处理2–5m土层含水量和储水量差异较小;2)不同处理土壤含水量影响因素不同,0–2m土层含水量主要受地表植被状况和土壤性质的综合影响,而2–5m土层则主要受土壤颗粒组成的影响,但随着禁牧年限的增加,土壤有机质(SOM)含量对土壤水分的影响越来越大。UG79整个土壤剖面含水量与土壤颗粒含量和SOM含量呈极显著相关关系,UG99与CG处理0–2m含水量与SOM含量呈极显著相关关系,2–5m土壤含水量与土壤颗粒含量呈极显著相关关系,而与SOM含量相关性不显著; 3)氯质量平衡法估算得出年降水入渗补给率为UG79> UG99> CG, 35年和15年禁牧分别将降水入渗补给率提高了130.2%和44.5%;考虑干沉降的不确定性,研究区年降水入渗补给率为1.95–7.61 mm·a–1,仅占年降水量的0.55%–2.13%。总之,禁牧能够增加土壤含水量和储水量,增加降水对土壤水分的补给,但降水不是该区地下水的主要补给源。
Aims In the Xilin Gol Steppe, human-induced grassland degradation and land desertification are becoming increasingly severe. Critical evaluation of its impact on soil water and recharge rate is important for sustainable management of soil health and water resources in the region. Methods In order to determine the effect of different grazing history on dynamics of deep soil moisture contents and precipitation infiltration in the Xilin Gol Steppe, three sites with different grazing history(ungrazed since 1979 or UG79, ungrazed since 1999 or UG99, and continuously grazed or CG) were selected with two sampling spots for each site. The precipitation infiltration was estimated using the chloride mass balance method. Important findings The results showed that: 1) Average soil water content of 0–5 m was 7.1%, 6.9%, and 6.3% for UG79, UG99, and CG, respectively, with no significant difference. In the soil layer of 0–2 m, the soil water content of UG79 was 26.6% and 33.7% higher than that of UG99 and CG, respectively. The soil water content of UG79 was significantly higher than that of UG79 and UG99(p < 0.05) with no significant difference betweenUG99 and CG. The soil water storage capacity of UG79 was 87.19 mm higher than UG99 and 82.52 mm higher than CG. In the deep layer of 2–5 m, no significant difference in the soil water content and the water storage among different grazing history. 2) The factors influencing soil water differed among different grazing treatments. The soil water content was mainly affected by the vegetation conditions and soil properties for the 0–2 m soil layer, but by the composition of soil particles for the 2–5 m soil layer. The effect of soil organic matter(SOM) content on soil water increased with time without grazing. Soil water content of the entire soil profile of UG79 was significantly correlated with soil texture and SOM content(p < 0.01). Soil water content of 0–2 m was significantly correlated with SOM content(p < 0.01), soil water content of 2–5 m was significantly correlated with the soil texture(p <0.01), but soil moisture content of UG99 and CG had no significant correlation with SOM content. 3) Annual recharge rate was 5.64, 3.54, and 2.45 mm·a–1 for UG79, UG99 and CG, respectively. The recharge rate increased by 44.5% and 130.2% for the site without grazing for 15 and 35 years, respectively. The recharge rate in the study area ranged from 1.95 to 7.61 mm·a–1, accounting for only 0.55%–2.13% of the precipitation. In summary, ungrazing treatment can increase soil water retention, total water storage capacity, and recharge.
Aims In the Xilin Gol Steppe, human-induced grassland degradation and land desertification are becoming increasingly severe. Critical evaluation of its impact on soil water and recharge rate is important for sustainable management of soil health and water resources in the region. Methods In order to determine the effect of different grazing history on dynamics of deep soil moisture contents and precipitation infiltration in the Xilin Gol Steppe, three sites with different grazing history(ungrazed since 1979 or UG79, ungrazed since 1999 or UG99, and continuously grazed or CG) were selected with two sampling spots for each site. The precipitation infiltration was estimated using the chloride mass balance method. Important findings The results showed that: 1) Average soil water content of 0–5 m was 7.1%, 6.9%, and 6.3% for UG79, UG99, and CG, respectively, with no significant difference. In the soil layer of 0–2 m, the soil water content of UG79 was 26.6% and 33.7% higher than that of UG99 and CG, respectively. The soil water content of UG79 was significantly higher than that of UG79 and UG99(p < 0.05) with no significant difference betweenUG99 and CG. The soil water storage capacity of UG79 was 87.19 mm higher than UG99 and 82.52 mm higher than CG. In the deep layer of 2–5 m, no significant difference in the soil water content and the water storage among different grazing history. 2) The factors influencing soil water differed among different grazing treatments. The soil water content was mainly affected by the vegetation conditions and soil properties for the 0–2 m soil layer, but by the composition of soil particles for the 2–5 m soil layer. The effect of soil organic matter(SOM) content on soil water increased with time without grazing. Soil water content of the entire soil profile of UG79 was significantly correlated with soil texture and SOM content(p < 0.01). Soil water content of 0–2 m was significantly correlated with SOM content(p < 0.01), soil water content of 2–5 m was significantly correlated with the soil texture(p <0.01), but soil moisture content of UG99 and CG had no significant correlation with SOM content. 3) Annual recharge rate was 5.64, 3.54, and 2.45 mm·a–1 for UG79, UG99 and CG, respectively. The recharge rate increased by 44.5% and 130.2% for the site without grazing for 15 and 35 years, respectively. The recharge rate in the study area ranged from 1.95 to 7.61 mm·a–1, accounting for only 0.55%–2.13% of the precipitation. In summary, ungrazing treatment can increase soil water retention, total water storage capacity, and recharge.
引文
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Barthold FK,Wu JK,VachéKB,Schneider K,Frede HG,Breuer L(2010).Identification of geographic runoff sources in a data sparse region:Hydrological processes and the limitations of tracer-based approaches.Hydrological Processes,24,2313-2327.
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Franzluebbers AJ(2002).Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth.Soil&Tillage Research,66,197-205.
Gan L,Ma R,Peng YJ,Peng XH,Mo CM,Rainer H(2015).The effect of different grazing intensities on spatial distribution of soil water under Leymus chinensis and Stipa grands grassland.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,24,1274-1279.[甘磊,马蕊,彭扬建,彭新华,莫春梦,Rainer H(2015).不同放牧强度下羊草和大针茅草原土壤含水量的空间变化.生态环境学报,24,1274-1279.]
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Guo LB,Gifford RM(2010).Soil carbon stocks and land use change:A meta analysis.Global Change Biology,8,345-360.
Han NY(2002).Xilin Gol Biosphere Reserve Degraded Ecosystem Management.Tsinghua University Press,Beijing.[韩念勇(2002).锡林郭勒生物圈保护区退化生态系统管理.清华大学出版社,北京.]
Huang TM,Pang ZH,Liu J,Yin L,Edmunds WM(2017).Groundwater recharge in an arid grassland as indicated by soil chloride profile and multiple tracers.Hydrological Processes,31,1-5.
Jia LM,Liao ZL,Long YH,Liang WT,Han ZH(2016).Response process of groundwater table to the water balance element in the village plain of typical grassland.Water Saving Irrigation,12,76-79.[贾利民,廖梓龙,龙胤慧,梁文涛,韩振华(2016).典型草原区河谷带地下水位对水均衡要素变化的响应.节水灌溉,12,76-79.]
Lan ZL,Pan XL,Zhao Y,Si BC,Wang YK,Jiao R,Zhang JG(2017).Effects of land use types on deep soil water content in the loess hilly area of the north Shaanxi Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,28,847-855.[兰志龙,潘小莲,赵英,司炳成,汪有科,焦瑞,张建国(2017).黄土丘陵区不同土地利用模式对深层土壤含水量的影响.应用生态学报,28,847-855.]
Li JB,Yao N,Li X,Zhao Y,Zhang AF,Lan ZL,Fan T(2018)Dynamics of CO2 and N2O under soil profile of seasonal frozen in typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.Environmental Science,39,2330-2338.[李晋波,姚楠,李秀,赵英,张阿凤,兰志龙,范庭(2018).内蒙古典型草原季节性冻土区土壤剖面CO2、N2O特征.环境科学,39,2330-2338.]
Li LF,Fan WY,Kang XM,Wang YF,Cui XY,Xu CY,Griffin KL,Hao YB(2016).Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to climate extremes in a semiarid grassland.Atmospheric Environment,142,32-42.
Liu XY,Chen JS,Sun XX(2010).Application of chloride tracer method to study replenishment ratio of precipitation in desert.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,26,146-149.[刘晓艳,陈建生,孙晓旭(2010).采用氯离子示踪法计算沙漠降水入渗量.农业工程学报,26,146-149.]
Luo ZZ,Niu YN,Li LL,Cai LQ,Zhang RZ,Xie JH(2015).Soil moisture and alfalfa productivity response from different years of growth on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24,31-38.[罗珠珠,牛伊宁,李玲玲,蔡立群,张仁陟,谢军红(2015).陇中黄土高原不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤水分及产量响应.草业学报,24,31-38.]
Ma J,Ding Z,Edmunds WM,Gates JB,Huang T(2009).Limits to recharge of groundwater from Tibetan Plateau to the Gobi Desert,implications for water management in the mountain front.Journal of Hydrology,364,128-141.
Ma J,Edmunds WM(2006).Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert ecosystem,Inner Mongolia.Hydrogeology Journal,14,1231-1243.
Ma J,Zhang P,Zhu G,Wang Y,Edmunds WM,Ding Z,He JH(2012).The composition and distribution of chemicals and isotopes in precipitation in the Shiyang River system,northwestern China.Journal of Hydrology,436-437,92-101.
Russo SL,Zavattaro L,Acutis M,Zuppi GM(2003).Chloride profile technique to estimate water movement through unsatured zone in a cropped area in subhumid climate(Po Valley-NW Italy).Journal of Hydrology,270,65-74.
Scanlon BR,Reedy RC,Tachovsky JA(2007).Semiarid unsaturated zone chloride profiles:Archives of past land use change impacts on water resources in the southern High Plains,United States.Water Resources Research,43,122-127.
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