非洲Muglad多旋回陆内被动裂谷盆地演化及其控油气作用
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摘要
非洲Muglad盆地经历多旋回陆内被动裂谷发育与叠合演化历史,具有不同于主动裂谷盆地、单旋回被动裂谷盆地以及跨越多个变革期的叠合盆地的演化特征。本文采用叠合盆地研究思路与方法,通过盆地演化过程中关键构造事件识别、盆地演化阶段划分,恢复和重建了各阶段原型盆地;基于不同期次裂谷作用发育程度、叠加过程及叠加方式的时空差异性,划分了不同凹陷的叠合类型,建立了不同叠合类型凹陷油气成藏模式。研究结果表明,受冈瓦纳大陆裂解、非洲大陆周缘大西洋、印度洋、红海张裂等构造事件的影响,该盆地经历了早白垩世Abu Gabra组(简称AG组,下同)沉积期、晚白垩世Darfur群沉积期以及新生代Nayil-Tendi组沉积期三大同裂谷作用阶段。早白垩世盆地原型为多个地堑及半地堑分隔式分布,为与大西洋张开有关的伸展应力场作用产物;晚白垩世Darfur群沉积时期盆地原型为地堑及半地堑继承发育,但沉积中心东移,为与印度洋张开有关的伸展应力场作用产物;新生代Nayil-Tendi组沉积时期原型盆地主要为发育在Kaikang坳陷的地堑、半地堑,为与红海张开有关的伸展应力场作用所致。依据三期裂谷作用在各凹陷的发育程度差异及构造沉降和沉积充填过程的不同,将各凹陷裂谷叠合方式划分为早断型、继承型与活动型三种类型。其中,早断型以Sufyan凹陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-弱-更弱"特征;继承型以Fula凹陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-较强-弱"特征,而活动型以Kaikang坳陷最为典型,其构造沉降与沉积充填具有"强-强-较强"的特征。三期裂谷作用在各凹陷内时空叠合差异控制了各凹陷油气成藏条件及富集规律的不同,早断型凹陷成藏组合以下部成藏组合为主,继承型则以中部成藏组合为主,而活动型凹陷则以上部成藏组合为主。这些多期叠加型被动裂谷盆地研究成果丰富了全球裂谷盆地构造特征与演化及其控油气作用的认识,深化了该类裂谷盆地油气分布规律研究,对于指导下一步勘探部署有重要借鉴意义。
Muglad Basin,one of the interior passive rift basins in Africa,has experienced multi-cycle passive rifting and superimposition evolution,which distinguishes itself from the active rift or single-cycle passive rift or typical multi-cycle superimposed basins. By application of analysis workflows & approaches to the superimposed basins,including the identification of key geological events during the evolutionary processes and stage division of the evolutionary history,the proto-type basins at the key periods were restored. And based on the analysis on the spatiotemporal difference in rifting intensities,superimposition processes & styles,the superimposition types of each depression or sag as well as its accumulation modes of oil & gas were established. Results show that accompanying with the breakup of Gondwana,and evolution of Atlantic Ocean,Indian Ocean and Red Sea surrounding the Africa Plate,Muglad Basin has experienced three evolutionary periods,namely,the deposition period of Abu Gabra Formation( AG Formation for short) in the Early Cretaceous,the deposition period of Darfur Group in the Late Cretaceous,and the deposition period of Tendi Formation in the Cenozoic. The proto-type basin at Early Cretaceous features several separate grabens and half-grabens,which was produced under the extensional environment having a close relationship with the spreading of Atlantic Ocean; the pro-type basin at Late Cretaceous features the successive development of those early grabens and half-grabens,which was produced under the extensional environment having a close relationship with the rapid movement of Indian Plate. And the proto-type basins at the Cenozoic were mainly confined within the grabens and half-grabens in Kaikang Depression,which was largely affected by the opening of Red Sea. According to the different intensities of three-cycle rifting in each depression or sag and the distinctive processes of tectonic subsidence and sediment filling,the superimposition types of three-cycle rifting were divided into three types,namely,the early-developed,the successive and the dynamic. And the early-developed sag could be represented by the Sufyan Sag,which features the drastically decreasing intensity of three-cycle rifting. In those sags,the amount of basement subsidences and sediment fillings during the first-cycle rifting and post-rifting could account for 79% ～ 82% of the total subsidences and fillings. And the third cycle of rifting and post-rifting was so weak that it was difficult to interpret the layers in seismic section,and even in the logging,it was always omitted. Fula Sag was the most typical sag of the successive. Those sags feature the gradually decreasing intensity of three-cycle rifting & post-rifting. Unlike the former one,the second cycle of rifting & post-rifting still remains quite strong in intensity,which could be proved by the fact the thickness of Darfur Group( Late Cretaceous) in Fula Sag is larger than that of Bentiu Formation( Early Cretaceous) which was deposited during the first cycle of post-rifting. Kaikang Depression was the most typical depression of the dynamic,which features the relatively continuous intensity of the three cycles. When comparing with the formers,every cycle of the three cycles in the Kaikang Depression was larger than any of the early-developed and the successive. Even in the third cycle of rifting & post-rifting,the amount of subsidence and sediment fillings was as much as 2,000 m. The spatiotemporal differences in intensities of three-cycle rifting & postrifting determine the differences in petroleum geological conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution. The dominant play in the early-developed sags is the lower play,and that in the successive sags is the middle play. However,the upper plays were the most dominant plays in those dynamic sags. The study of multi-cycle superimposed passive rift basin in this paper would not only contribute and enrich the research on the structural feature,evolutionary history as well as its effect on the hydrocarbon accumulation of other rift basins in the world,but also had a practical significance in making further strategies for exploration in these basins.
Muglad Basin,one of the interior passive rift basins in Africa,has experienced multi-cycle passive rifting and superimposition evolution,which distinguishes itself from the active rift or single-cycle passive rift or typical multi-cycle superimposed basins. By application of analysis workflows & approaches to the superimposed basins,including the identification of key geological events during the evolutionary processes and stage division of the evolutionary history,the proto-type basins at the key periods were restored. And based on the analysis on the spatiotemporal difference in rifting intensities,superimposition processes & styles,the superimposition types of each depression or sag as well as its accumulation modes of oil & gas were established. Results show that accompanying with the breakup of Gondwana,and evolution of Atlantic Ocean,Indian Ocean and Red Sea surrounding the Africa Plate,Muglad Basin has experienced three evolutionary periods,namely,the deposition period of Abu Gabra Formation( AG Formation for short) in the Early Cretaceous,the deposition period of Darfur Group in the Late Cretaceous,and the deposition period of Tendi Formation in the Cenozoic. The proto-type basin at Early Cretaceous features several separate grabens and half-grabens,which was produced under the extensional environment having a close relationship with the spreading of Atlantic Ocean; the pro-type basin at Late Cretaceous features the successive development of those early grabens and half-grabens,which was produced under the extensional environment having a close relationship with the rapid movement of Indian Plate. And the proto-type basins at the Cenozoic were mainly confined within the grabens and half-grabens in Kaikang Depression,which was largely affected by the opening of Red Sea. According to the different intensities of three-cycle rifting in each depression or sag and the distinctive processes of tectonic subsidence and sediment filling,the superimposition types of three-cycle rifting were divided into three types,namely,the early-developed,the successive and the dynamic. And the early-developed sag could be represented by the Sufyan Sag,which features the drastically decreasing intensity of three-cycle rifting. In those sags,the amount of basement subsidences and sediment fillings during the first-cycle rifting and post-rifting could account for 79% ～ 82% of the total subsidences and fillings. And the third cycle of rifting and post-rifting was so weak that it was difficult to interpret the layers in seismic section,and even in the logging,it was always omitted. Fula Sag was the most typical sag of the successive. Those sags feature the gradually decreasing intensity of three-cycle rifting & post-rifting. Unlike the former one,the second cycle of rifting & post-rifting still remains quite strong in intensity,which could be proved by the fact the thickness of Darfur Group( Late Cretaceous) in Fula Sag is larger than that of Bentiu Formation( Early Cretaceous) which was deposited during the first cycle of post-rifting. Kaikang Depression was the most typical depression of the dynamic,which features the relatively continuous intensity of the three cycles. When comparing with the formers,every cycle of the three cycles in the Kaikang Depression was larger than any of the early-developed and the successive. Even in the third cycle of rifting & post-rifting,the amount of subsidence and sediment fillings was as much as 2,000 m. The spatiotemporal differences in intensities of three-cycle rifting & postrifting determine the differences in petroleum geological conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution. The dominant play in the early-developed sags is the lower play,and that in the successive sags is the middle play. However,the upper plays were the most dominant plays in those dynamic sags. The study of multi-cycle superimposed passive rift basin in this paper would not only contribute and enrich the research on the structural feature,evolutionary history as well as its effect on the hydrocarbon accumulation of other rift basins in the world,but also had a practical significance in making further strategies for exploration in these basins.
引文
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