热处理工艺对316L不锈钢粉末激光选区熔化成形的残余应力及组织的影响
|
摘要
对316L不锈钢粉末进行了激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting, SLM)成形,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子背散射衍射技术等研究了其热处理前后的残余应力及组织的变化。结果表明:热处理前试样的残余应力值从上表层向靠近基板的底层逐渐增大,残余应力较大;热处理后试样的残余应力降低,转变为较小压应力的稳定态;SLM直接成形试样的晶粒非常细小、晶粒尺寸为1～2μm,以月牙状铁素体组织为主,晶面位向差异与晶界间距大,相互之间形成了不平衡态的熔融热应力,导致产生了较大残余应力;固溶+时效热处理后,合金元素进行固溶重晶,晶粒长大,晶粒尺寸达到10～30μm,形成椭圆形的奥氏体组织,晶面位向差减小,为较均匀的各向同性配置,这种重晶促进了应力释放,残余应力明显降低或消除。
316 L stainless steel powder was formed by selective laser melting(SLM), and the residual stress and microstructure of the sample before and after heat treatment were studied by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technoique. The results show that the residual stress of the sample increases gradually from the upper surface to the bottom layer near the substrate before heat treatment, and the residual stress is larger. After heat treatment, the residual stress of the specimen decreases and changes into a stable state of smaller compressive stress. The grain size of SLM directly formed specimen is very small, the grain size is 1-2 μm, the structure of the specimen is dominant by crescent shape ferrite, the difference of crystal plane orientation and grain boundary spacing is large, and the melting thermal stress of unbalanced state is formed between each other, resulting in large residual stress. After solid solution and aging treatment, the alloying elements are recrystalline, the grain size reaches 10-30 μm, and the austenite structure is formed in the form of elliptical, the orientation difference of crystal plane is reduced, which is a more homogeneous isotropic configuration, this kind of re-crystal promotes the release of stress, and the residual stress is obviously reduced or eliminated.
316 L stainless steel powder was formed by selective laser melting(SLM), and the residual stress and microstructure of the sample before and after heat treatment were studied by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technoique. The results show that the residual stress of the sample increases gradually from the upper surface to the bottom layer near the substrate before heat treatment, and the residual stress is larger. After heat treatment, the residual stress of the specimen decreases and changes into a stable state of smaller compressive stress. The grain size of SLM directly formed specimen is very small, the grain size is 1-2 μm, the structure of the specimen is dominant by crescent shape ferrite, the difference of crystal plane orientation and grain boundary spacing is large, and the melting thermal stress of unbalanced state is formed between each other, resulting in large residual stress. After solid solution and aging treatment, the alloying elements are recrystalline, the grain size reaches 10-30 μm, and the austenite structure is formed in the form of elliptical, the orientation difference of crystal plane is reduced, which is a more homogeneous isotropic configuration, this kind of re-crystal promotes the release of stress, and the residual stress is obviously reduced or eliminated.
引文
[1] 黄卫东,李延民,冯莉萍,等.金属材料激光立体成形技术[J].材料工程,2002(3):40-43.HUANG Wei-dong,LI Yan-min,FENG Li-ping,et al.Laser solid forming of metal power materials[J].Materials Engineering,2002(3):40-43.
[2] 胡捷,廖文俊,丁柳柳,等.金属材料在增材制造技术中的研究进展[J].材料导报,2014(S2):459-462.HU Jie,LIAO Wen-jun,DING Liu-liu,et al.Research progress of metal materials of additive manufacturing[J].Materials Review,2014(S2):459-462.
[3] 廖文俊,胡捷.增材制造技术的现状和产业前景[J].装备机械,2015(1):1-7.LIAO Wen-jun,HU Jie.Current situation and industrial prospect of additive manufacturing technology[J].Equipment Machinery,2015(1):1-7
[4] Kamath C,El-Dasher B,Gallegos G F,et al.Density of additively-manufactured,316L SS parts using laser powder-bed fusion at powers up to 400 W[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2014,74(1/4):65-78.
[5] Sun Z,Tan X,Shu B T,et al.Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates[J].Materials and Design,2016,104:197-204.
[6] 张凯,刘婷婷,张长东,等.基于熔池数据分析的激光选区熔化成形件翘曲变形行为研究[J].中国激光,2015,42(9):127-133.ZHANG Kai,LIU Ting-ting,ZHANG Chang-dong,et al.Study on deformation behavior in selective laser melting based on the analysis of the melt pool date[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2015,42(9):127-133.
[7] Liu J,Yu H,Zhou T,et al.Effect of double quenching and tempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel 5Cr steel processed by electro-slag casting[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,619:212-220.
[8] Paul R,Anand S,Gerner F.Effect of thermal deformation on part errors in metal powder based additive manufacturing processes[J].Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,2014,136(3):031009.
[9] 朱小刚,孙靖,王联凤,等.激光选区熔化成形铝合金的组织、性能与倾斜面成形质量[J].机械工程材料,2017,41(2):77-80.ZHU Xiao-gang,SUN Jing,WANG Lian-feng,et al.Microstructure,properties and inclined plane forming quality of aluminum alloy by selective laser melting[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2017,41(2):77-80.
[10] 张阿莉,朱洪来,唐飞.双重退火对激光增材制造Ti60A合金显微组织和力学性能的影响[J].载人航天,2015(4):346-350.ZHANG A-li,ZHU Hong-lai,TANG Fei.The effect of duplex annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser deposited Ti60A alloy[J].Manned Spaceflight,2015(4):346-350.
[11] 王欣,刘栋,程序.热处理工艺对激光增材制造铝锂合金组织及力学性能的影响[J].中国激光,2018,45(5);62-69.WANG Xin,LIU Dong,CHENG Xu.Effect of heat treatment process on microstructures and mechanical properties of laser additive manufactured Al-Li alloys[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2018,45(5):62-69.
[12] 杨广宇,贾文鹏,赵培,等.电子束选区熔化成形及后续热处理后Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr合金显微组织[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2016,45(7):1683-1686.YANG Guang-yu,JIA Wen-peng,ZHAO Pei,et al.Microstructures of as-fabricated and post heat treated Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr alloy produced by selective electron beam melting (SEBM)[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2016,45(7):1683-1686.
[13] 黄玉山,谭超林,马文有,等.热处理对选区激光熔化马氏体时效钢组织和性能的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2017,38(11):59-64.HUANG Yu-shan,TAN Chao-lin,MA Wen-you,et al.Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of selective laser melting maraging steel[J].Transaction of Materials and Heat Treatment,2017,38(11):59-64.
[14] 刘正武,程序,李佳,等.激光增材制造05Cr15Ni5Cu4Nb沉淀硬化不锈钢的热处理工艺[J].中国激光,2017(6):149-156.LIU Zheng-wu,CHENG Xu,LI Jia,et al.Heat-processing technology for laser additive manufacturing of 05Cr15Ni5Cu4Nb precipitation-hardening stainless steels[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2017(6):149-156.
[15] Aboulkhair N T,Maskery I,Tuck C,et al.Improving the fatigue behaviour of a selectively laser melted aluminium alloy:Influence of heat treatment and surface quality[J].Materials and Design,2016,104:174-182.
[16] Yadollahi A,Shamsaei N,Thompson S M,et al.Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,644:171-183.
[17] 侯东坡,宋仁伯,项建英,等.固溶处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2010,31(12):61-65.HOU Dong-po,SONG Ren-bo,XIANG Jian-ying,et al.Effect of solution treatment on microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steels[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2010,31(12):61-65.
[18] 张成玉,戴晟,余海洲,等.热处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响[J].南方金属,2007(1):31-34.ZHANG Cheng-yu,DAI sheng,YU Hai-zhou,et al.Influence of heat-treatment on the microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steels[J].Southern Metals,2007(1):31-34.
[19] 宋建丽,邓琦林,胡德金,等.激光熔覆成形316L不锈钢组织的特征与性能[J].中国激光,2005,32(10):1441-1444.SONG Jian-li,DENG Qi-lin,HU De-jin,et al.Microstructure characterization and properties of laser cladding forming 316L stainless steel[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2005,32(10):1441-1444.
[20] 王智勇,张毅,王鑫,等.热处理工艺对G30钢组织和性能的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2018,39(7):92-98.WANG Zhi-yong,ZHANG Yi,WANG Xin,et al.Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of G30 steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2018,39(7):92-98.
[2] 胡捷,廖文俊,丁柳柳,等.金属材料在增材制造技术中的研究进展[J].材料导报,2014(S2):459-462.HU Jie,LIAO Wen-jun,DING Liu-liu,et al.Research progress of metal materials of additive manufacturing[J].Materials Review,2014(S2):459-462.
[3] 廖文俊,胡捷.增材制造技术的现状和产业前景[J].装备机械,2015(1):1-7.LIAO Wen-jun,HU Jie.Current situation and industrial prospect of additive manufacturing technology[J].Equipment Machinery,2015(1):1-7
[4] Kamath C,El-Dasher B,Gallegos G F,et al.Density of additively-manufactured,316L SS parts using laser powder-bed fusion at powers up to 400 W[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2014,74(1/4):65-78.
[5] Sun Z,Tan X,Shu B T,et al.Selective laser melting of stainless steel 316L with low porosity and high build rates[J].Materials and Design,2016,104:197-204.
[6] 张凯,刘婷婷,张长东,等.基于熔池数据分析的激光选区熔化成形件翘曲变形行为研究[J].中国激光,2015,42(9):127-133.ZHANG Kai,LIU Ting-ting,ZHANG Chang-dong,et al.Study on deformation behavior in selective laser melting based on the analysis of the melt pool date[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2015,42(9):127-133.
[7] Liu J,Yu H,Zhou T,et al.Effect of double quenching and tempering heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel 5Cr steel processed by electro-slag casting[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,619:212-220.
[8] Paul R,Anand S,Gerner F.Effect of thermal deformation on part errors in metal powder based additive manufacturing processes[J].Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,2014,136(3):031009.
[9] 朱小刚,孙靖,王联凤,等.激光选区熔化成形铝合金的组织、性能与倾斜面成形质量[J].机械工程材料,2017,41(2):77-80.ZHU Xiao-gang,SUN Jing,WANG Lian-feng,et al.Microstructure,properties and inclined plane forming quality of aluminum alloy by selective laser melting[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2017,41(2):77-80.
[10] 张阿莉,朱洪来,唐飞.双重退火对激光增材制造Ti60A合金显微组织和力学性能的影响[J].载人航天,2015(4):346-350.ZHANG A-li,ZHU Hong-lai,TANG Fei.The effect of duplex annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser deposited Ti60A alloy[J].Manned Spaceflight,2015(4):346-350.
[11] 王欣,刘栋,程序.热处理工艺对激光增材制造铝锂合金组织及力学性能的影响[J].中国激光,2018,45(5);62-69.WANG Xin,LIU Dong,CHENG Xu.Effect of heat treatment process on microstructures and mechanical properties of laser additive manufactured Al-Li alloys[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2018,45(5):62-69.
[12] 杨广宇,贾文鹏,赵培,等.电子束选区熔化成形及后续热处理后Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr合金显微组织[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2016,45(7):1683-1686.YANG Guang-yu,JIA Wen-peng,ZHAO Pei,et al.Microstructures of as-fabricated and post heat treated Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr alloy produced by selective electron beam melting (SEBM)[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2016,45(7):1683-1686.
[13] 黄玉山,谭超林,马文有,等.热处理对选区激光熔化马氏体时效钢组织和性能的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2017,38(11):59-64.HUANG Yu-shan,TAN Chao-lin,MA Wen-you,et al.Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of selective laser melting maraging steel[J].Transaction of Materials and Heat Treatment,2017,38(11):59-64.
[14] 刘正武,程序,李佳,等.激光增材制造05Cr15Ni5Cu4Nb沉淀硬化不锈钢的热处理工艺[J].中国激光,2017(6):149-156.LIU Zheng-wu,CHENG Xu,LI Jia,et al.Heat-processing technology for laser additive manufacturing of 05Cr15Ni5Cu4Nb precipitation-hardening stainless steels[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2017(6):149-156.
[15] Aboulkhair N T,Maskery I,Tuck C,et al.Improving the fatigue behaviour of a selectively laser melted aluminium alloy:Influence of heat treatment and surface quality[J].Materials and Design,2016,104:174-182.
[16] Yadollahi A,Shamsaei N,Thompson S M,et al.Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,644:171-183.
[17] 侯东坡,宋仁伯,项建英,等.固溶处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2010,31(12):61-65.HOU Dong-po,SONG Ren-bo,XIANG Jian-ying,et al.Effect of solution treatment on microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steels[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2010,31(12):61-65.
[18] 张成玉,戴晟,余海洲,等.热处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响[J].南方金属,2007(1):31-34.ZHANG Cheng-yu,DAI sheng,YU Hai-zhou,et al.Influence of heat-treatment on the microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steels[J].Southern Metals,2007(1):31-34.
[19] 宋建丽,邓琦林,胡德金,等.激光熔覆成形316L不锈钢组织的特征与性能[J].中国激光,2005,32(10):1441-1444.SONG Jian-li,DENG Qi-lin,HU De-jin,et al.Microstructure characterization and properties of laser cladding forming 316L stainless steel[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2005,32(10):1441-1444.
[20] 王智勇,张毅,王鑫,等.热处理工艺对G30钢组织和性能的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2018,39(7):92-98.WANG Zhi-yong,ZHANG Yi,WANG Xin,et al.Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of G30 steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2018,39(7):92-98.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |