关系何时有用?——社会资本的条件性来源与回报
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摘要
同时考虑了社会网络的同质性、使用关系的自选择以及社会资本优势对底限工资的影响所导致的样本选择性问题。穆(Mouw)指出无论是否考虑自选择问题,观察结果都否定了传统社会资本理论的核心要点,使用关系与地位回报之间的关系仅仅是基于内在能力同质性所引起的伪因果关系。社会资本的条件性来源与回报理论的进一步修正,强调了关系强度和关系人地位复合在一起影响社会资本的来源,社会资本和人力资本复合在一起影响地位获得。利用来自台湾地区的代表性抽样调查数据,回归分析结果支持这一新理论。
In considering the homogeneity of the social network, self-selection of tie-using and sample selection problems caused by the influence of social capital advantage on the minimum wage, Mouw points out that whether the self-selection problem is considered or not, the observed results negate the core points of traditional social capital theory, and the relationship between tie-using and rewards of status is a pseudo-causal relationship based on the homogeneity of inherent capacities. The revised theory of conditioned resources and rewards of social capital emphasizes that the resources of social capital are jointly influenced by the tie strength and status of related parties, while the attainment of status is influenced by social capital and human resources. This is verified by the regression analysis of the survey data of representative samples from Taiwan.
In considering the homogeneity of the social network, self-selection of tie-using and sample selection problems caused by the influence of social capital advantage on the minimum wage, Mouw points out that whether the self-selection problem is considered or not, the observed results negate the core points of traditional social capital theory, and the relationship between tie-using and rewards of status is a pseudo-causal relationship based on the homogeneity of inherent capacities. The revised theory of conditioned resources and rewards of social capital emphasizes that the resources of social capital are jointly influenced by the tie strength and status of related parties, while the attainment of status is influenced by social capital and human resources. This is verified by the regression analysis of the survey data of representative samples from Taiwan.
引文
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[2] Rees A. Information Networks in labor Markets[J]. The American Economic Review, 1966(1/2):559-566.
[3] Granovetter M. The Strength of Weak Ties[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1973,78:1360-1380.
[4] Bourdieu P. The Forms of Capital[G]//Richardson J, ed. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education,New York:Greenwood. 1986:241-258.
[5] Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. The American Journal of Sociology, 1988, 94:95-120.
[6] Lin N. Social Resources and Instrumental Action[G]//Marsden P V, Lin N, eds. Social Structure and Network Analysis.Berverly Hills:Sage, 1982:131-135,
[7] Flap H. No Man is An Island. The Research Programme of A Social Capital Theory[G]//Favereau O, Lazega E, eds. Conventions and Structures in Economic Organization:Markets, Networks and Hierarchies. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar. 2002:29-59.
[8] Flap H. Creation and Returns of Social Capital[G]//Flap H, Volker B, eds. Creation and Returns of Social Capital:A New Research Program. London:Routledge, 2004:3-23
[9] Lin N. A Network Theory of Social Capital[G]//Castiglione D, van Deth J W, Wolleb G, eds. Handbook of Social Capital.Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.
[10] Lin N. Social Networks and Status Attainment[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1999,25:467-487.
[11] Portes A. The Social Capital:Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1998,24:1-24.
[12] Mouw T. Social Capital and Finding a Job:Do Contacts Matter?[J]. American Sociological Review, 2003,68:868-898.
[13] Mouw T. Estimating the Causal Effect of Social Capital:a Review of Recent Research[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2006, 32:79-102.
[14] Durlauf S N. On The Empirics of Social Capital[J]. The Economic Journal, 2002,112:459-479.
[15] Card D. Earnings, Schooling, and Ability Revisited[R]. NBER Working Paper, No. 4832, 1994.
[16] Card D. The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings[G]//Ashenfelter O, Card D. Handbook of Labor Economics. Elsevier Science publisher BV, 1999.
[17] Card David. Estimating the Return to Schooling:Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems[J]. Econometria,2001(5):1127-1160.
[18] Theil H. Specification Errors and the Estimation of Economic Relationships[J]. Review of the International Statistical Institute, 1957(1/3):41-51.
[19] Griliches Z. Specification Bias in Estimates of Production Functions[J]. Journal of Farm Economics, 1957(1):8-20.
[20] Wold H, Faxer P. On the Specification Error in Regression Analysis[J]. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1957(1):265-267.
[21] McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook J M. Birds of a Feather:Homophily in Social Networks[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2001, 27:415-444.
[22] Maddala G S. Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[23] Montgomery J D. Social Network and Labor-Market Outcomes:Toward an Economic Analysis[J]. The American Economic Review, 1991(5):1408-1418.
[24] Montgomery J D. Job Search and Network Composition:Implications of the Strength-of-Weak-Ties Hypothesis[J]. American Sociological Review, 1992(5):586-596.
[25] Willis R J, Rosen S. Education and Self-Selection[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1979(5):7-36.
[26] Griliches Z, Yatchew A. Sample Selection Bias and Endogeneity in the Estimation of a Wage Equation:An Alternative Specification[J]. Annales de L'insee, 1981,43:35-46.
[27] Heckman J. Shadow Prices, Market Wages and Labor Supply[J]. Econometria, 1974(4):679-694.
[28] Gronau R. Wage Comparisons—A Selectivity Bias[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1974(6):1119-1143.
[29] Gregg L H. Comment on Selectivity Biases in Wage Comparisons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1974(6):1145-1155.
[30] Snijders T A B. Prologue to the Measurement of Social Capital[J]. La Revue Toqueville, 1999(1):27-44.
[31] Lin N. Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action[M]. London:Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[32] Liu W T, Duff R W. The Strength of Weak Ties[J]. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972(3):361-366.
[33] Granovetter M. The Strength of Ties:A Network Theory Revisited[J]. Sociological Theory, 1983(1):201-233.
[34] Marsden P, Campbell, K. Measuring Tie Strength[J]. Social Forces, 1984(2):482-501.
[35]吕涛.社会资本与地位获得:简单与复杂的因果机制与因果联结[J].社会,2011(3):200-223.
[36]吕涛.社会资本与地位获得:基于复杂因果关系的理论建构与经验检验[M].北京:人民出版社,2014:11.
[37] Lin N. Building a Network Theory of Social Capital[G]//Lin N, Cook K, Burt R, etal, eds. Social Capital:Theory and Research. New York, 2001:3-29.
[38] Davis k, Moor W E. Some Principles of Stratification[J]. American Sociological Review, 1945(2):242-249.
[39] Macki J L. Cause and Conditions[J]. American Philosophical Quarterly, 1965(4):245-264
[40] Macki J L. The Cement of the Universe[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 1980.
[41]吕涛.回到个案事实本身——对个案代表性问题的方法论思考[J].兰州大学学报:社会科学版,2016(3):20-28.
(1)参见http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/sc/2013-07-09。
[2] Rees A. Information Networks in labor Markets[J]. The American Economic Review, 1966(1/2):559-566.
[3] Granovetter M. The Strength of Weak Ties[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1973,78:1360-1380.
[4] Bourdieu P. The Forms of Capital[G]//Richardson J, ed. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education,New York:Greenwood. 1986:241-258.
[5] Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. The American Journal of Sociology, 1988, 94:95-120.
[6] Lin N. Social Resources and Instrumental Action[G]//Marsden P V, Lin N, eds. Social Structure and Network Analysis.Berverly Hills:Sage, 1982:131-135,
[7] Flap H. No Man is An Island. The Research Programme of A Social Capital Theory[G]//Favereau O, Lazega E, eds. Conventions and Structures in Economic Organization:Markets, Networks and Hierarchies. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar. 2002:29-59.
[8] Flap H. Creation and Returns of Social Capital[G]//Flap H, Volker B, eds. Creation and Returns of Social Capital:A New Research Program. London:Routledge, 2004:3-23
[9] Lin N. A Network Theory of Social Capital[G]//Castiglione D, van Deth J W, Wolleb G, eds. Handbook of Social Capital.Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.
[10] Lin N. Social Networks and Status Attainment[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1999,25:467-487.
[11] Portes A. The Social Capital:Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1998,24:1-24.
[12] Mouw T. Social Capital and Finding a Job:Do Contacts Matter?[J]. American Sociological Review, 2003,68:868-898.
[13] Mouw T. Estimating the Causal Effect of Social Capital:a Review of Recent Research[J]. Annual Review of Sociology,2006, 32:79-102.
[14] Durlauf S N. On The Empirics of Social Capital[J]. The Economic Journal, 2002,112:459-479.
[15] Card D. Earnings, Schooling, and Ability Revisited[R]. NBER Working Paper, No. 4832, 1994.
[16] Card D. The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings[G]//Ashenfelter O, Card D. Handbook of Labor Economics. Elsevier Science publisher BV, 1999.
[17] Card David. Estimating the Return to Schooling:Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems[J]. Econometria,2001(5):1127-1160.
[18] Theil H. Specification Errors and the Estimation of Economic Relationships[J]. Review of the International Statistical Institute, 1957(1/3):41-51.
[19] Griliches Z. Specification Bias in Estimates of Production Functions[J]. Journal of Farm Economics, 1957(1):8-20.
[20] Wold H, Faxer P. On the Specification Error in Regression Analysis[J]. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1957(1):265-267.
[21] McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook J M. Birds of a Feather:Homophily in Social Networks[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2001, 27:415-444.
[22] Maddala G S. Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[23] Montgomery J D. Social Network and Labor-Market Outcomes:Toward an Economic Analysis[J]. The American Economic Review, 1991(5):1408-1418.
[24] Montgomery J D. Job Search and Network Composition:Implications of the Strength-of-Weak-Ties Hypothesis[J]. American Sociological Review, 1992(5):586-596.
[25] Willis R J, Rosen S. Education and Self-Selection[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1979(5):7-36.
[26] Griliches Z, Yatchew A. Sample Selection Bias and Endogeneity in the Estimation of a Wage Equation:An Alternative Specification[J]. Annales de L'insee, 1981,43:35-46.
[27] Heckman J. Shadow Prices, Market Wages and Labor Supply[J]. Econometria, 1974(4):679-694.
[28] Gronau R. Wage Comparisons—A Selectivity Bias[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1974(6):1119-1143.
[29] Gregg L H. Comment on Selectivity Biases in Wage Comparisons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1974(6):1145-1155.
[30] Snijders T A B. Prologue to the Measurement of Social Capital[J]. La Revue Toqueville, 1999(1):27-44.
[31] Lin N. Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action[M]. London:Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[32] Liu W T, Duff R W. The Strength of Weak Ties[J]. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972(3):361-366.
[33] Granovetter M. The Strength of Ties:A Network Theory Revisited[J]. Sociological Theory, 1983(1):201-233.
[34] Marsden P, Campbell, K. Measuring Tie Strength[J]. Social Forces, 1984(2):482-501.
[35]吕涛.社会资本与地位获得:简单与复杂的因果机制与因果联结[J].社会,2011(3):200-223.
[36]吕涛.社会资本与地位获得:基于复杂因果关系的理论建构与经验检验[M].北京:人民出版社,2014:11.
[37] Lin N. Building a Network Theory of Social Capital[G]//Lin N, Cook K, Burt R, etal, eds. Social Capital:Theory and Research. New York, 2001:3-29.
[38] Davis k, Moor W E. Some Principles of Stratification[J]. American Sociological Review, 1945(2):242-249.
[39] Macki J L. Cause and Conditions[J]. American Philosophical Quarterly, 1965(4):245-264
[40] Macki J L. The Cement of the Universe[M]. London:Oxford University Press, 1980.
[41]吕涛.回到个案事实本身——对个案代表性问题的方法论思考[J].兰州大学学报:社会科学版,2016(3):20-28.
(1)参见http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/sc/2013-07-09。