额河源流采金矿区不同恢复措施对矿区物种多样性和地上生物量的影响
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摘要
以额河源流采金后废弃矿区为研究对象,于2011—2015年期间,通过采取不同恢复措施从被破坏矿区草地植物多样性和生物量的角度分析植被恢复效果。结果表明:(1)不同恢复措施促使各植物群落的物种数增加了5%～30%,说明采取恢复措施使得矿区生态环境得到了一定程度的恢复。(2)综合植被群落结构、盖度和地上生物量、物种多样性指数分析,措施A5(推平+圈羊)、A4(推平+补水)、A3(推平+覆土+黑加仑)较其他措施恢复效果更为显著。(3)通过对各样地植被丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D)、Pielou (Jsw)指数与地上生物量分别进行回归分析,发现指数曲线拟合关系最好。表明物种多样性与地上生物量均存在较显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。本研究可为类似矿区的植被恢复与重建提供参考和借鉴。
In recent years,due to the exploitation of the gold mine along the Ertix River,Xinjiang,China and the intensive grazing,the local ecological environment has deteriorated drastically.The ecological restoration of the mining areas is a hot issue for scholars at home and abroad.By using reasonable ecological restoration measures in damaged mining areas can not only reduce their self-recovery period,but also form different community types that adapt to the special habitat of the mining areas,enhancing the species diversity and ecological stability.In this context,this paper takes the abandoned gold mining areas along the Ertix River as the research object to investigate 5 different restoration measures using sampling experiments started in October 2011.The five kinds of measures included the artificial soil covering(the soil was taken around the experimental area,and then the soil was evenly applied to cover the surface after the surface levelling,and the thickness was generally 2 to 3 cm),the blackcurrant planting(Planting black currant on the land after the surface levelling),water replenishment treatment(the spring flood was introduced to the experimental area,mainly in the form of flood overflow and river water supply near the experimental site of the river.),sheep encamping(in order to improve the soil nutrient conditions and optimize the vegetation growth environment),mud distribution by spraying(water and soil were mixed at a volume ratio of 9 ∶1,and then pumped out with a water pump and sprayed evenly in the experimental area.) and the sheep dung coverage(the soil was directly covered by the sheep manure at a thickness of 0.5 cm,1 cm,1.5 cm,and 2.0 cm in the test sites respectively after the surface levelling,and the recovery effect was observed one year later).By setting eight experimental areas with a size of 400 m×200 m(56 sample plots all together),the type,frequency,height and other indicators of the species in each experimental site were recorded,and the aboveground biomass of the vegetation was determined by the harvest method.The effects of the difference restoration measures(planting blackcurrants,artificial hydration,flocking,etc.) on species diversity and biomass of the plant were analyzed by using the statistical s/w packages SPSS and Excel.The results show as follows:(1) by adopting different restoration measures,the ecological environment of the damaged mining area has been significantly improved,and the number of species in each plant community has been increased by 5% to 30%.(2) From the perspective of the vegetation community structure,vegetation coverage,aboveground biomass and species diversity,the effect of the measures of A5(corralling flock),A4(water supplement),A3(covering soil and planting blackcurrants) were much better.(3) There was a significant positive correlation between species diversity and aboveground biomass(P<0.05) by regression analysis.This study could provide reference for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in similar mining areas.
In recent years,due to the exploitation of the gold mine along the Ertix River,Xinjiang,China and the intensive grazing,the local ecological environment has deteriorated drastically.The ecological restoration of the mining areas is a hot issue for scholars at home and abroad.By using reasonable ecological restoration measures in damaged mining areas can not only reduce their self-recovery period,but also form different community types that adapt to the special habitat of the mining areas,enhancing the species diversity and ecological stability.In this context,this paper takes the abandoned gold mining areas along the Ertix River as the research object to investigate 5 different restoration measures using sampling experiments started in October 2011.The five kinds of measures included the artificial soil covering(the soil was taken around the experimental area,and then the soil was evenly applied to cover the surface after the surface levelling,and the thickness was generally 2 to 3 cm),the blackcurrant planting(Planting black currant on the land after the surface levelling),water replenishment treatment(the spring flood was introduced to the experimental area,mainly in the form of flood overflow and river water supply near the experimental site of the river.),sheep encamping(in order to improve the soil nutrient conditions and optimize the vegetation growth environment),mud distribution by spraying(water and soil were mixed at a volume ratio of 9 ∶1,and then pumped out with a water pump and sprayed evenly in the experimental area.) and the sheep dung coverage(the soil was directly covered by the sheep manure at a thickness of 0.5 cm,1 cm,1.5 cm,and 2.0 cm in the test sites respectively after the surface levelling,and the recovery effect was observed one year later).By setting eight experimental areas with a size of 400 m×200 m(56 sample plots all together),the type,frequency,height and other indicators of the species in each experimental site were recorded,and the aboveground biomass of the vegetation was determined by the harvest method.The effects of the difference restoration measures(planting blackcurrants,artificial hydration,flocking,etc.) on species diversity and biomass of the plant were analyzed by using the statistical s/w packages SPSS and Excel.The results show as follows:(1) by adopting different restoration measures,the ecological environment of the damaged mining area has been significantly improved,and the number of species in each plant community has been increased by 5% to 30%.(2) From the perspective of the vegetation community structure,vegetation coverage,aboveground biomass and species diversity,the effect of the measures of A5(corralling flock),A4(water supplement),A3(covering soil and planting blackcurrants) were much better.(3) There was a significant positive correlation between species diversity and aboveground biomass(P<0.05) by regression analysis.This study could provide reference for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in similar mining areas.
引文
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[2] 徐嵩龄.采矿当地生态重建和恢复生态学[J].科技导报,1994,20(3):49-51.[XU Songling.Ecological reconstruction at mines and restoration ecology[J].Science and Technology Review,1994,20(3):49-51.]
[3] 杨修,高林,吴刚.矿区废弃地复垦的理论与技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1999:124-136.[YANG Xiu,GAO Lin,WU Gang.The theory and technology of depleted mined land[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1999:124-136.]
[4] 周树理.矿区废弃地复垦与绿化[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995:131-148.[ZHOU Shuli.The afforest of depleted mined land[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1995:131-148.]
[5] LI M S.Ecological restoration of mine land with particular reference to the metalliferous mine wasteland in China:A review of research and practice[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,35(7):38-53.
[6] 杨修,高林.德兴铜矿矿区废弃地植被恢复与建研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(11):1932-1940.[YANG Xiu,GAO Lin.A study on re-vegetation in mining wasteland of Dexing Copper Mine[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(11):1932-1940.]
[7] 王英辉,陈学军.金属矿区废弃地生态恢复技术[J].金属矿山,2007,(6):4-7.[WANG Yinghui,CHENG Xuejun.Ecological restoration technology for abandoned land in metal mining area[J].Metal Mine,2007,(6):4-7.]
[8] 毕德,吴兴华,骆永明,等.浙江典型铅锌矿废弃地优势植物调查及其重金属含量研究[J].土壤,2006,38(5):591-597.[BI De,WU Xinghua,LUO Yongming,et al.Ecological restoration technology for metal mine wasteland[J].Soil,2006,38(5):591-597.]
[9] 辜彬,王丽.露天开采矿区生态恢复的基本理论与方法[J].中国水土保持科学,2006,4(12):134-137.[GU Bin,WANG Li.On the theory and techniques of eco-environmental harness of opencast mine[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,4(12):134-137.]
[10] 胡胜华,刘超,曾克峰.庐山山南地区瓷土矿尾沙山植被恢复途径初步研究[J].中国水土保持,2004,(6):11-14.[HU Shenghua,LIU Chao,ZENG Kefeng.Preliminary study on vegetation restoration ways of Taisha Mountain in porcelain soils in the southern area of Lushan Mountain[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2004,(6):11-14.]
[11] 郭逍宇,张金屯,宫辉力,等.安太堡矿区复垦地植被恢复过程多样性变化[J].生态学报,2005,25(4):107-114.[ GUO Xiaoyu,ZHANG Jintun,GONG Huili,et al.Analysis of changes of the species diversity in the process of vegetation restoration in Antaibao Mining Field,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(4):107-114.]
[12] 王翔,李晋川,岳建英,等.安太堡露天矿复垦地不同人工植被恢复下的土壤酶活性和肥力比较[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3601-3606.[WANG Xiang,LI Jincuan,YUE Jianying,et al.Comparison of soil fertility among open-pit mine reclaimed lands in Antaibao regenerated with different vegetation types[J].Enviromental Science 2013,34(9):3601-3606.]
[13] 白永飞,李凌浩,王其兵.锡林河流域草原群落植物多样性和初级生产力沿水热梯度变化的样带研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):667-673.[BAI Yongfei,LI Linghao,WANG Qibing.Changes in plant species diversity and product along gradients of precipitation and elevation in the Xilin River Basin Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(6):667-673.]
[14] SCHAFFERS A P.Soil,biomass,and management of semi-natural vegetation-Part II.Factors controlling species diversity[J].Plant Ecology,2002,158(2):247-268.
[15] KAHMEN A,PERNER J,AUDORFF V,et al.Effects of plant diversity,community composition and environmental parameters on productivity in montane European grasslands[J].Oecologia,2005,142(4):606-615.
[16] 马克平,黄建辉.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性研究——丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.[MA Keping,HUANG Jianhui.Plant community diversity in dongling mountain Beijing China:Species richness evenness and species diversities[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(3):268-277]
[17] 王强,吴炳方,朱亮.土壤厚度研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2012,(9):5273-5287.[WANG Qiang,WU Bingfang,ZHU Liang.The research of thickness of soil[J].Anhui Agricultural Science,2012,(9):5273-5287.]
[18] 王山,努尔巴衣·阿不都沙勒克.阿尔泰两河源物种多样性及其保护[J].甘肃联合大学学报(自然科学版),2006,(5):83-86.[WANG Shan,ABUDULEIKE Nuerbayi.The protection of species diversity of the two river area in Altay Mountains[J].Journal of Gansu Lianhe University(Natural Sciences),2006,(5):83-86.]
[19] 李佳秀,陈亚宁,刘志辉,等.额尔齐斯河流域MOD系统变化及其对气候与人类活动的响应[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(2):250-2580 [LI Jiaxiu,CHEN Yaning,LIU Zhihui,et al.Variation of mountian-oasis-desert(MOD) system and its response to climate change and human activities in Irtysh river basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(2):250-2580.]
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