北京市六环内城市道路附属绿地木本植物多样性及结构特征
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摘要
【目的】探讨北京市六环内城市道路附属绿地木本植物多样性以及结构特征,梳理北京市城区道路绿化建设现状,探索北京市城市道路附属绿地存在的问题及梯度变化规律。【方法】以0. 5 m的World View 2遥感影像为基础,目视解译北京六环外1 km范围内道路,以每种类型道路总长度的10%作为调查长度,利用Arcgis对该范围已命名道路随机选取实地勘测路段,调查选取路段木本植物树种、胸径、冠幅等指标,并对调研数据进行多样性及结构分析。【结果】本研究共记录北京市道路附属绿地木本植物33科、61属、77种,其中乔木59种、灌木15种、藤本3种;使用数量最多、频度最高的树种为国槐;北京本地种62种;植物丰富度、多样性指数均沿环路呈现了由城内向城外逐步增加的变化趋势;乔木平均胸径24. 07 cm,平均胸径沿环路由内向外逐渐减小,胸径等级分布在Ⅱ级数量最多;径级较大的树木占比由城内向城外逐渐减少,国道与胡同较大径级树木比例高于其他类型道路;乔木平均冠幅6. 33 m,Ⅳ级冠幅即6～8 m最为常见;各环路间冠幅由城内向城外逐渐减小,国道与胡同大冠幅树种占有较大比例。【结论】北京市道路绿地的物种多样性不高,优势树种优势度过强,尤其是北京市市树国槐,无论在数量上还是使用频率上都远高于其他树种;在乔木树种中,青年期占比较高,分布不均匀,幼年期树种过少;整体树冠覆盖较好,冠幅分级分布均衡;北京市道路绿地受城市化进程影响明显,沿环路由城内向城外显示出物种增加、胸径和冠幅减小的梯度变化;城市道路(环路、主干道、次干道、支路、胡同)物种丰富度明显高于公路(高速公路、国道、省道),大径级树木多分布于国道与胡同,公路冠幅大于城市道路。
【Objective】This paper presents an analysis and comprehension of the diversity and structural characteristics of woody plants in the greenbelt attached to urban roads in the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing from two aspects,comprehensively sort out the current situation of urban greening campaign in Beijing,in order to find the problems and gradient changes and provide basic sample data for further dynamic research.【Method】Based on the 0. 5 m World View 2 remote sensing image,the roads within 1km outside the 6th Ring Road in Beijing were visually interpreted. Meanwhile,Arc GIS was used to randomly select field survey road sections for the named roads in the area through taking 10% of the total length of each type of roads as the survey length. Woody plant species,DBH,crown breadth and other indicators were investigated for the selected road sections,and the species diversity and tree structure were analyzed. 【Result】This study recorded a total of 33 families,61 genera and 77 species of woody plants in the green spaces along the roads in Beijing,including 59 tree species,15 shrub species and 3 vine species. The most common tree species was Sophora japonica(Japanese pagoda tree),and there were 62 native species in Beijing. The richness and species diversity showed a gradual trend of increase from the inside to the outside of the city along the ring roads. The mean DBH of trees was 24.07 cm,which decreased gradually from the inside to the outside of the city along the ring roads,and the number of the DBH of trees in the grade II was the largest. The overall proportion of larger diameter class trees gradually decreases from the inside to the outside of the city,and it was also higher along national roads and hutongs than that of other types of roads.The average crown breadth of trees was 6.33 m,and the crown breadth of grade IV,i.e. 6-8 m,was the most common.The crown breadth of trees between ring roads gradually decreases from the inside to the outside of the city. Among all the types of roads,trees with a large crown breadth along national highways and hutongs occupy a large proportion.【Conclusion】The species diversity in the green spaces along the roads in Beijing is not high,and the dominant tree species is widely planted,especially S. japonica,as Beijing's city tree,its number and frequency are much higher than those of other tree species. The proportion of maturing trees is relatively high,with an uneven distribution,but there are too few juvenile trees,with no necessary supplementary plantings in the later period. The overall crown cover is good,and the crown breadth is distributed evenly in different grades. The green spaces along the roads in Beijing is obviously affected by the process of urbanization,along the ring roads,there is a gradual increase in the change of species and a decrease in the specifications from the inside to the outside of the city. The species richness along urban roads(ring road,main road,secondary main road,branch road,Hutong) is obviously higher than that of roads in the outskirts(expressway,national highway,provincial road,). The larger diameter class trees are mostly distributed along national roads and hutongs,and the crown breadth of trees along roads on the outskirts is larger than that along urban roads.
【Objective】This paper presents an analysis and comprehension of the diversity and structural characteristics of woody plants in the greenbelt attached to urban roads in the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing from two aspects,comprehensively sort out the current situation of urban greening campaign in Beijing,in order to find the problems and gradient changes and provide basic sample data for further dynamic research.【Method】Based on the 0. 5 m World View 2 remote sensing image,the roads within 1km outside the 6th Ring Road in Beijing were visually interpreted. Meanwhile,Arc GIS was used to randomly select field survey road sections for the named roads in the area through taking 10% of the total length of each type of roads as the survey length. Woody plant species,DBH,crown breadth and other indicators were investigated for the selected road sections,and the species diversity and tree structure were analyzed. 【Result】This study recorded a total of 33 families,61 genera and 77 species of woody plants in the green spaces along the roads in Beijing,including 59 tree species,15 shrub species and 3 vine species. The most common tree species was Sophora japonica(Japanese pagoda tree),and there were 62 native species in Beijing. The richness and species diversity showed a gradual trend of increase from the inside to the outside of the city along the ring roads. The mean DBH of trees was 24.07 cm,which decreased gradually from the inside to the outside of the city along the ring roads,and the number of the DBH of trees in the grade II was the largest. The overall proportion of larger diameter class trees gradually decreases from the inside to the outside of the city,and it was also higher along national roads and hutongs than that of other types of roads.The average crown breadth of trees was 6.33 m,and the crown breadth of grade IV,i.e. 6-8 m,was the most common.The crown breadth of trees between ring roads gradually decreases from the inside to the outside of the city. Among all the types of roads,trees with a large crown breadth along national highways and hutongs occupy a large proportion.【Conclusion】The species diversity in the green spaces along the roads in Beijing is not high,and the dominant tree species is widely planted,especially S. japonica,as Beijing's city tree,its number and frequency are much higher than those of other tree species. The proportion of maturing trees is relatively high,with an uneven distribution,but there are too few juvenile trees,with no necessary supplementary plantings in the later period. The overall crown cover is good,and the crown breadth is distributed evenly in different grades. The green spaces along the roads in Beijing is obviously affected by the process of urbanization,along the ring roads,there is a gradual increase in the change of species and a decrease in the specifications from the inside to the outside of the city. The species richness along urban roads(ring road,main road,secondary main road,branch road,Hutong) is obviously higher than that of roads in the outskirts(expressway,national highway,provincial road,). The larger diameter class trees are mostly distributed along national roads and hutongs,and the crown breadth of trees along roads on the outskirts is larger than that along urban roads.
引文
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葛荣凤,王京丽,张力小,等.2016.北京市城市化进程中热环境响应.生态学报,36(19):6040-6049.(Ge R F,Wang J L,Zhang L X,et al.2016.Impacts of urbanization on the urban thermal environment in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(19):6040-6049.[in Chinese])
郭倩.2009.北京城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文.(Guo Q.2009.Research on the disaster-shelter function and design of urban green space in Beijing.Beijing:MS thesis of Beijing Forestry University.[in Chinese])
郭振,胡聃,李元征,等.2014.北京城区道路系统路网空间特征及其与LST和NDVI的相关性.生态学报,34(1):201-209.(Guo Z,Hu D,Li Y Z,et al.2014.Spatial features of road network in Beijing built up area and its relations with LST and NDVI.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(1):201-209.[in Chinese])
贺士元.1993.北京植物志.北京:北京出版社.(He S Y.1993.Flora of Beijing.Beijing:Beijing Publishing House.[in Chinese])
金莹杉,何兴元,陈玮,等.2002.沈阳市建成区行道树的结构与功能研究.生态学杂志,21(6):24-28.(Jin Y S,He X Y,Chen W,et al.2002.Structure and function of street trees in shenyang built-up area.Chinese Journal of Ecology,21(6):24-28.[in Chinese])
李海梅,刘常富,何兴元,等.2003.沈阳市行道树树种的选择与配置.生态学杂志,22(5):157-160.(Li H M,Liu C F,He X Y,et al.2003.Selection and configuration of street tree species in Shenyang.Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(5):157-160.[in Chinese])
李新宇,赵松婷,李延明,等.2014.北京市不同主干道绿地群落对大气PM2.5浓度消减作用的影响.生态环境学报,(4):615-621.(Li X Y,Zhao S T,Li Y M,et al.2014.Subduction effect of urban arteries green space on atmospheric concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing.Ecology and Environment Sciences,(4):615-621.[in Chinese])
刘德良.2009.梅州市城区行道树的结构特征.林业科学,45(5):87-93.(Liu D L.2009.Struetlare characteristics of street trees in Meizhou City.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,45(5):87-93.[in Chinese])
孟雪松,欧阳志云,崔国发,等.2004.北京城市生态系统植物种类构成及其分布特征.生态学报,24(10):2200-2206.(Meng X S,Ouyang Z Y,Cui G F,et al.2004.Composition of plant species and their distribution patterns in Beijing urban ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(10):2200-2206.[in Chinese])
陶晓,吴泽民,郝焰平.2009.合肥市行道树生态效益研究.中国农学通报,25(3):75-82.(Tao X,Wu Z M,Hao Y P.2009.Study on ecological benefits of street trees in Hefei City.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulleti,25(3):75-82.[in Chinese])
童明坤,高吉喜,田美荣,等.2015.北京市道路绿地消减PM2.5总量及其健康效益评估.中国环境科学,35(9):2861-2867.(Tong M K,Gao J X,Tian M R,et al.2015.Subduction of PM2.5 by road green space in Beijing and its health benefit evaluation.China Environmental Science,35(9):2861-2867.[in Chinese])
吴泽民,黄成林,白林波,等.2002.合肥城市森林结构分析研究.林业科学,38(4):7-13.(Wu Z M,Huang C L,Bai L B,et al.2002.Urban forest structure of Hefei City.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,38(4):7-13.[in Chinese])
肖荣波,欧阳志云,蔡云楠,等.2007.基于亚像元估测的城市硬化地表景观格局分析.生态学报,27(8):3189-3197.(Xiao R B,Ouyang Z Y,Cai Y N,et al.2007.Urban landscape pattern study based on sub-pixel estimation of impervious surface.Acta Ecologica Sinica,27(8):3189-3197.[in Chinese])
熊佑清,李春玲.2015.北京乡土植物.北京:中国林业出版社.(Xiong Y Q,Li C L.2015.Beijing native plant.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
于伟,宋金平,韩会然.2016.北京城市发展与空间结构演化.北京:科学出版社.(Yu W,Song J P,Han H R.2016.Urban development and spatial structure evolution in Beijing.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
张彪,王硕,李娜.2015.北京市六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流功能的变化评估.自然资源学报,30(9):1461-1471.(Zhang B,Wang S,Li N.2015.Assessment on the rainwater runoff detention produced by urban green spaces within the 6th Ring Road of Beijing.Journal of Natural Resources,30(9):1461-1471.[in Chinese])
张骁博,孙守家,郑宁,等.2017.北京市四环路及路旁绿地CO2变化特征及来源分析.生态学报,37(9):2943-2953.(Zhang X B,Sun S J,Zheng N,et al.2017.Atmospheric CO2 variations and source estimation at the fourth ring road and roadside greenspace system in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(9):2943-2953.[in Chinese])
张玉阳,周春玲,董运斋,等.2013.基于i-Tree模型的青岛市南区行道树组成及生态效益分析.生态学杂志,32(7):1739-1747.(Zhang Y Y,Zhou C L,Dong Y Z,et al.2013.Composition and ecological benefits of street trees in Shinan District of Qingdao City,Shandong Province based on i-Tree Model.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(7):1739-1747.[in Chinese])
赵娟娟,欧阳志云,郑华,等.2009.北京城区公园的植物种类构成及空间结构.应用生态学报,20(2):298-306.(Zhao J J,Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,et al.2009.Species composition and spatial structure of plants in urban parks of Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,20(2):298-306.[in Chinese])
朱春全,刘晓东,雷静品,等.2000.集约与粗放经营杨树人工林树冠结构的研究.林业科学,36(2):60-68.(Zhu C Q,Liu X D,Lei J P,et al.2000.Crowm structure of poplar trees in intensive and extensive management plantations.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,36(2):60-68.[in Chinese])
Beckett K P,Freer Smith P,Taylor G.2000.Effective tree species for local air-quality management.Journal of Arboriculture,26(1):12-19.
Forman R T T.1998.Road ecology:a solution for the giant embracing us.Landscape Ecology,13(4):III-V.
Lovasi G S,Quinn J W,Neckerman K M,et al.2008.Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,62(7):647-649.
Mcpherson E G,Doorn N V,Goede J D.2016.Structure,function and value of street trees in California,USA.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,(17):104-115
Mcpherson E G,Kotow L.2013.A municipal forest report card:results for California,USA.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,12(2):134-143.
Mcpherson E G,Rowntree R A.1989.Using Structural measures to compare twenty-two U.S.street tree populations.Landscape Journal,8(1):13-23.
Richards N A.1983.Diversity and stability in a street tree population.Urban Ecology,7(2):159-171.
Sj?man H,Nielsen A B.2010.Selecting trees for urban paved sites in Scandinavia-a review of information on stress tolerance and its relation to the requirements of tree planners.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,9(4):281-293.
Thomsen P,Bühler O,Kristoffersen P.2016.Diversity of street tree populations in larger Danish municipalities.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,(15):200-210.
Ye Y,Lin S,Wu J,et al.2012.Effect of rapid urbanization on plant species diversity in municipal parks,in a new Chinese city:Shenzhen.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(5):221-226.
窦逗,张明娟,郝日明,等.2007.南京市老城区行道树的组成及结构分析.植物资源与环境学报,216(3):53-57.(Dou D,Zhang M J,Hao R M,et al.2007.Analysis on composition and structure of street trees in old urban district of Nanjing.Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,216(3):53-57.[in Chinese])
葛荣凤,王京丽,张力小,等.2016.北京市城市化进程中热环境响应.生态学报,36(19):6040-6049.(Ge R F,Wang J L,Zhang L X,et al.2016.Impacts of urbanization on the urban thermal environment in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(19):6040-6049.[in Chinese])
郭倩.2009.北京城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文.(Guo Q.2009.Research on the disaster-shelter function and design of urban green space in Beijing.Beijing:MS thesis of Beijing Forestry University.[in Chinese])
郭振,胡聃,李元征,等.2014.北京城区道路系统路网空间特征及其与LST和NDVI的相关性.生态学报,34(1):201-209.(Guo Z,Hu D,Li Y Z,et al.2014.Spatial features of road network in Beijing built up area and its relations with LST and NDVI.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(1):201-209.[in Chinese])
贺士元.1993.北京植物志.北京:北京出版社.(He S Y.1993.Flora of Beijing.Beijing:Beijing Publishing House.[in Chinese])
金莹杉,何兴元,陈玮,等.2002.沈阳市建成区行道树的结构与功能研究.生态学杂志,21(6):24-28.(Jin Y S,He X Y,Chen W,et al.2002.Structure and function of street trees in shenyang built-up area.Chinese Journal of Ecology,21(6):24-28.[in Chinese])
李海梅,刘常富,何兴元,等.2003.沈阳市行道树树种的选择与配置.生态学杂志,22(5):157-160.(Li H M,Liu C F,He X Y,et al.2003.Selection and configuration of street tree species in Shenyang.Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(5):157-160.[in Chinese])
李新宇,赵松婷,李延明,等.2014.北京市不同主干道绿地群落对大气PM2.5浓度消减作用的影响.生态环境学报,(4):615-621.(Li X Y,Zhao S T,Li Y M,et al.2014.Subduction effect of urban arteries green space on atmospheric concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing.Ecology and Environment Sciences,(4):615-621.[in Chinese])
刘德良.2009.梅州市城区行道树的结构特征.林业科学,45(5):87-93.(Liu D L.2009.Struetlare characteristics of street trees in Meizhou City.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,45(5):87-93.[in Chinese])
孟雪松,欧阳志云,崔国发,等.2004.北京城市生态系统植物种类构成及其分布特征.生态学报,24(10):2200-2206.(Meng X S,Ouyang Z Y,Cui G F,et al.2004.Composition of plant species and their distribution patterns in Beijing urban ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(10):2200-2206.[in Chinese])
陶晓,吴泽民,郝焰平.2009.合肥市行道树生态效益研究.中国农学通报,25(3):75-82.(Tao X,Wu Z M,Hao Y P.2009.Study on ecological benefits of street trees in Hefei City.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulleti,25(3):75-82.[in Chinese])
童明坤,高吉喜,田美荣,等.2015.北京市道路绿地消减PM2.5总量及其健康效益评估.中国环境科学,35(9):2861-2867.(Tong M K,Gao J X,Tian M R,et al.2015.Subduction of PM2.5 by road green space in Beijing and its health benefit evaluation.China Environmental Science,35(9):2861-2867.[in Chinese])
吴泽民,黄成林,白林波,等.2002.合肥城市森林结构分析研究.林业科学,38(4):7-13.(Wu Z M,Huang C L,Bai L B,et al.2002.Urban forest structure of Hefei City.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,38(4):7-13.[in Chinese])
肖荣波,欧阳志云,蔡云楠,等.2007.基于亚像元估测的城市硬化地表景观格局分析.生态学报,27(8):3189-3197.(Xiao R B,Ouyang Z Y,Cai Y N,et al.2007.Urban landscape pattern study based on sub-pixel estimation of impervious surface.Acta Ecologica Sinica,27(8):3189-3197.[in Chinese])
熊佑清,李春玲.2015.北京乡土植物.北京:中国林业出版社.(Xiong Y Q,Li C L.2015.Beijing native plant.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
于伟,宋金平,韩会然.2016.北京城市发展与空间结构演化.北京:科学出版社.(Yu W,Song J P,Han H R.2016.Urban development and spatial structure evolution in Beijing.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
张彪,王硕,李娜.2015.北京市六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流功能的变化评估.自然资源学报,30(9):1461-1471.(Zhang B,Wang S,Li N.2015.Assessment on the rainwater runoff detention produced by urban green spaces within the 6th Ring Road of Beijing.Journal of Natural Resources,30(9):1461-1471.[in Chinese])
张骁博,孙守家,郑宁,等.2017.北京市四环路及路旁绿地CO2变化特征及来源分析.生态学报,37(9):2943-2953.(Zhang X B,Sun S J,Zheng N,et al.2017.Atmospheric CO2 variations and source estimation at the fourth ring road and roadside greenspace system in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(9):2943-2953.[in Chinese])
张玉阳,周春玲,董运斋,等.2013.基于i-Tree模型的青岛市南区行道树组成及生态效益分析.生态学杂志,32(7):1739-1747.(Zhang Y Y,Zhou C L,Dong Y Z,et al.2013.Composition and ecological benefits of street trees in Shinan District of Qingdao City,Shandong Province based on i-Tree Model.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(7):1739-1747.[in Chinese])
赵娟娟,欧阳志云,郑华,等.2009.北京城区公园的植物种类构成及空间结构.应用生态学报,20(2):298-306.(Zhao J J,Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,et al.2009.Species composition and spatial structure of plants in urban parks of Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,20(2):298-306.[in Chinese])
朱春全,刘晓东,雷静品,等.2000.集约与粗放经营杨树人工林树冠结构的研究.林业科学,36(2):60-68.(Zhu C Q,Liu X D,Lei J P,et al.2000.Crowm structure of poplar trees in intensive and extensive management plantations.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,36(2):60-68.[in Chinese])
Beckett K P,Freer Smith P,Taylor G.2000.Effective tree species for local air-quality management.Journal of Arboriculture,26(1):12-19.
Forman R T T.1998.Road ecology:a solution for the giant embracing us.Landscape Ecology,13(4):III-V.
Lovasi G S,Quinn J W,Neckerman K M,et al.2008.Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,62(7):647-649.
Mcpherson E G,Doorn N V,Goede J D.2016.Structure,function and value of street trees in California,USA.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,(17):104-115
Mcpherson E G,Kotow L.2013.A municipal forest report card:results for California,USA.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,12(2):134-143.
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