基于空间优先级的快速城市化地区绿色基础设施网络构建——以南京市浦口区为例
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摘要
绿色基础设施是一个由自然区域和其他开放空间相互联系的网络。在城市空间极为有限的情况下,如何有效构建城市绿色基础设施网络并识别那些具关键性景观生态功能的网络要素显得极为重要。为了给城市绿色基础设施网络的建设和管理提供新的建模与分析理念,以快速城市化的南京市浦口区为例,采用MSPA方法并结合景观连通性指数,遴选出了对维持景观连通性贡献最大的生境斑块作为绿色基础设施网络的网络中心,进而采用最小路径方法构建了研究区潜在的绿色基础设施网络,并尝试利用空间句法分析,基于结构优化视角对绿色基础设施网络进行优先级的识别,从而使绿色基础设施网络的构建更科学。研究结果可为快速城市化地区绿色基础设施网络的构建提供一种研究思路与方法,对绿色基础设施网络要素的优先级评价也具有一定的借鉴意义。
Rapid urbanization has being highlighted the limitations on the sustainable development of cities due to the fragmentation of restricted urban green space in recent two decades. Green infrastructure(GI) is considered generally to involve all natural, semi-natural, and artificial ecosystems within and between urban areas at all spatial scales. The concept of GI emphasizes the quality and quantity of urban and peri-urban green spaces, as well as their multiple functions and the importance of interconnections between them. GI does not mean to build an entirely new landscape system, but enhance the connectivity of already existing green spaces and build strong ecological services of ecosystem. In the case of strong limited urban space, it is extremely important to build effectively urban green infrastructure networks based on evaluating its spatial priority. Constructing green infrastructure requires consideration of effectiveness and efficiency of the GI network, as well as current situations of the city to ensure operability. MSPA is a morphological spatial pattern analysis approach that divides the green space into seven categories that do not overlap each other through a series of image operations, which can quickly identify the important structural elements relating to the GI network. "Space syntax" proposes a series of morphological variables, such as "connection value", "depth value", "integration degree", "comprehension value", which are quantitative descriptions of the spatial structure. The combination of them can provide a new perspective for the spatial configuration quantization and spatial priority recognition of GI. In order to provide new modeling and analysis concepts for the construction and management of urban green infrastructure network, this paper takes Pukou District of Nanjing being rapid urbanization now as an example. Firstly, selecting the habitat patch with the greatest contribution to maintain landscape connectivity as hubs of the green infrastructure network through applying the MSPA method combined with the landscape connectivity index. Then constructing the potential GI corridors through applying the minimum green path method. Thirdly, identifying the priority of "Green Trail" from the perspective of spatial accessibility using the space syntax, and optimizing and controlling GI network planning combined with the urban ecological red line and green space system planning. Finally proposing optimization approach to green network for spatial structures that make the construction of GI network more scientific and easier to implement in a focused and staged path. The results show that:(1) Pukou District is the core area of Nanjing Jiangbei New District(National New District), Where has a big gap for urban construction land use and it is not practical to carry out completely the urban ecological construction on large scale. Therefore, it is economically feasible to use the existing resources to optimize the urban green infrastructure network by extracting important core areas and bridge areas through the MSPA method.(2) The syntax variables, such as "general integration value" and "choice", are used as quantitative values to evaluate the priority of GI spatial structure based on the theory of space syntax. These variables provided an important reference for the network optimization of GI. The method combining MSPA, landscape connectivity and space syntax quantifies the spatial characteristics and provides a new research path for network optimization of urban green infrastructure. The research would do good to understand the spatial distribution and priority assessment for green infrastructure network planning, and provide a model for other cities in the course of rapid urbanization to build ecological security patterns and green space systems in urban areas.
Rapid urbanization has being highlighted the limitations on the sustainable development of cities due to the fragmentation of restricted urban green space in recent two decades. Green infrastructure(GI) is considered generally to involve all natural, semi-natural, and artificial ecosystems within and between urban areas at all spatial scales. The concept of GI emphasizes the quality and quantity of urban and peri-urban green spaces, as well as their multiple functions and the importance of interconnections between them. GI does not mean to build an entirely new landscape system, but enhance the connectivity of already existing green spaces and build strong ecological services of ecosystem. In the case of strong limited urban space, it is extremely important to build effectively urban green infrastructure networks based on evaluating its spatial priority. Constructing green infrastructure requires consideration of effectiveness and efficiency of the GI network, as well as current situations of the city to ensure operability. MSPA is a morphological spatial pattern analysis approach that divides the green space into seven categories that do not overlap each other through a series of image operations, which can quickly identify the important structural elements relating to the GI network. "Space syntax" proposes a series of morphological variables, such as "connection value", "depth value", "integration degree", "comprehension value", which are quantitative descriptions of the spatial structure. The combination of them can provide a new perspective for the spatial configuration quantization and spatial priority recognition of GI. In order to provide new modeling and analysis concepts for the construction and management of urban green infrastructure network, this paper takes Pukou District of Nanjing being rapid urbanization now as an example. Firstly, selecting the habitat patch with the greatest contribution to maintain landscape connectivity as hubs of the green infrastructure network through applying the MSPA method combined with the landscape connectivity index. Then constructing the potential GI corridors through applying the minimum green path method. Thirdly, identifying the priority of "Green Trail" from the perspective of spatial accessibility using the space syntax, and optimizing and controlling GI network planning combined with the urban ecological red line and green space system planning. Finally proposing optimization approach to green network for spatial structures that make the construction of GI network more scientific and easier to implement in a focused and staged path. The results show that:(1) Pukou District is the core area of Nanjing Jiangbei New District(National New District), Where has a big gap for urban construction land use and it is not practical to carry out completely the urban ecological construction on large scale. Therefore, it is economically feasible to use the existing resources to optimize the urban green infrastructure network by extracting important core areas and bridge areas through the MSPA method.(2) The syntax variables, such as "general integration value" and "choice", are used as quantitative values to evaluate the priority of GI spatial structure based on the theory of space syntax. These variables provided an important reference for the network optimization of GI. The method combining MSPA, landscape connectivity and space syntax quantifies the spatial characteristics and provides a new research path for network optimization of urban green infrastructure. The research would do good to understand the spatial distribution and priority assessment for green infrastructure network planning, and provide a model for other cities in the course of rapid urbanization to build ecological security patterns and green space systems in urban areas.
引文
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[3] 刘世梁, 侯笑云, 尹艺洁, 成方妍, 张月秋, 董世魁. 景观生态网络研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(12): 3947-3956.
[4] 栾博, 柴民伟, 王鑫. 绿色基础设施研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(15): 5246-5261.
[5] McWilliam W, Brown R, Eagles P, Seasons M. Evaluation of planning policy for protecting green infrastructure from loss and degradation due to residential encroachment. Land Use Policy, 2015, 47: 459-467.
[6] Lovell S T, Taylor J R. Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28(8): 1447-1463.
[7] 林泽新. 太湖流域水环境变化及缘由分析. 湖泊科学, 2002, 14(2):111-116.
[8] 陈荷生, 宋祥甫, 邹国燕. 太湖流域水环境综合整治与生态修复. 水利水电科技进展, 2008, 28(3):76-79.
[9] 黄倩. 市域城镇体系空间布局研究——以河南平顶山为例. 中国农业资源与区划, 2016, 37(6): 121-126.
[10] Drielsma M, Manion G, Ferrier S. The spatial links tool: Automated mapping of habitat linkages in variegated landscapes. Ecological Modelling, 2007, 200(3/4): 403-411.
[11] Meerow S, Newell J P. Spatial planning for multifunctional green infrastructure: Growing resilience in Detroit. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2017, 159: 62-75.
[12] Maes J, Barbosa A, Baranzelli C, Zulian G, Batista E Silva F, Vandecasteele I, Hiederer R, Liquete C, Paracchini M L, Mubareka S, Jacobs-Crisioni C, Castillo C P, Lavalle C. More green infrastructure is required to maintain ecosystem services under current trends in land-use change in Europe. Landscape Ecology, 2015, 30(3): 517-534.
[13] 刘佳, 尹海伟, 孔繁花, 李沐寒. 基于电路理论的南京城市绿色基础设施格局优化. 生态学报, 2018, 38(12): 4363-4372.
[14] 周延江. 吉林省新型城镇化布局及发展策略. 中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(1): 152-156, 192-192.
[15] Wickham J D, Riitters K H, Wade T G, Vogt P. A national assessment of green infrastructure and change for the conterminous United States using morphological image processing. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2010, 94(3/4): 186-195.
[16] Soille P, Vogt P. Morphological segmentation of binary patterns. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2009, 30(4): 456-459.
[17] Dennis M, James P. Site-specific factors in the production of local urban ecosystem services: A case study of community-managed green space. Ecosystem Services, 2016, 17: 208-216.
[18] Vogt P, Riitters K H, Estreguil C, Kozak J, Wade T G, Wickham J D. Mapping spatial patterns with morphological image processing. Landscape Ecology, 2007, 22(2): 171-177.
[19] Vogt P, Riitters K H, Iwanowski M, Estreguil C, Kozak J, Soille P. Mapping landscape corridors. Ecological Indicators, 2007, 7(2): 481-488.
[20] Sun J, Southworth J. Indicating structural connectivity in Amazonian rainforests from 1986 to 2010 using morphological image processing analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2013, 34(14): 5187-5200.
[21] Bafna S. Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 2003, 35(1): 17-29.
[22] Batty M, Rana S. Reformulating Space Syntax: the Automatic Definition and Generation of Axial Lines and Axial Maps. London, UK: University College London, 2002.
[23] Hillier B. Space is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. // Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
[24] 许峰, 尹海伟, 孔繁花, 徐建刚. 基于MSPA与最小路径方法的巴中西部新城生态网络构建. 生态学报, 2015, 35(19): 6425-6434.
[25] Pascual-Hortal L, Saura S. Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices: towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation. Landscape Ecology, 2006, 21(7): 959-967.
[26] Saura S, Pascual-Hortal L. A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 83(2/3): 91-103.
[27] 刘常富, 周彬, 何兴元, 陈玮. 沈阳城市森林景观连接度距离阈值选择. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(10): 2508-2516.
[28] 朱强, 俞孔坚, 李迪华. 景观规划中的生态廊道宽度. 生态学报, 2005, 25(9): 2406-2412.
[29] Wang H F, Qureshi S, Knapp S, Friedman C R, Hubacek K. A basic assessment of residential plant diversity and its ecosystem services and disservices in Beijing, China. Applied Geography, 2015, 64: 121-131.
[30] 肖扬, Chiaradia A, 宋晓冬. 空间句法在城市规划中应用的局限性及改善和扩展途径. 城市规划学刊, 2014, (5): 32-38.
[31] Cook E A. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 58(2/4): 269-280.
[32] 陈春娣, 贾振毅, 吴胜军, 童笑笑, 周文佐, 陈若漪, 张超林. 基于文献计量法的中国景观连接度应用研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(10): 3243-3255.
[33] 黄艺, 陈晖, 黄志基, 蔡满堂, 康俊水. 利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17(9): 1683-1687.
[34] Wang Y C, Shen J K, Xiang W N. Ecosystem service of green infrastructure for adaptation to urban growth: function and configuration. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2018, 4(5): 132-243.
[2] Carr M H, Hoctor T D, Goodison C, Zwick P D, Green J, Hernandez P, McCain C, Teisinger J, Whitney K. Final Report: Southeastern Ecological Framework. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida, 2002.
[3] 刘世梁, 侯笑云, 尹艺洁, 成方妍, 张月秋, 董世魁. 景观生态网络研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(12): 3947-3956.
[4] 栾博, 柴民伟, 王鑫. 绿色基础设施研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(15): 5246-5261.
[5] McWilliam W, Brown R, Eagles P, Seasons M. Evaluation of planning policy for protecting green infrastructure from loss and degradation due to residential encroachment. Land Use Policy, 2015, 47: 459-467.
[6] Lovell S T, Taylor J R. Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28(8): 1447-1463.
[7] 林泽新. 太湖流域水环境变化及缘由分析. 湖泊科学, 2002, 14(2):111-116.
[8] 陈荷生, 宋祥甫, 邹国燕. 太湖流域水环境综合整治与生态修复. 水利水电科技进展, 2008, 28(3):76-79.
[9] 黄倩. 市域城镇体系空间布局研究——以河南平顶山为例. 中国农业资源与区划, 2016, 37(6): 121-126.
[10] Drielsma M, Manion G, Ferrier S. The spatial links tool: Automated mapping of habitat linkages in variegated landscapes. Ecological Modelling, 2007, 200(3/4): 403-411.
[11] Meerow S, Newell J P. Spatial planning for multifunctional green infrastructure: Growing resilience in Detroit. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2017, 159: 62-75.
[12] Maes J, Barbosa A, Baranzelli C, Zulian G, Batista E Silva F, Vandecasteele I, Hiederer R, Liquete C, Paracchini M L, Mubareka S, Jacobs-Crisioni C, Castillo C P, Lavalle C. More green infrastructure is required to maintain ecosystem services under current trends in land-use change in Europe. Landscape Ecology, 2015, 30(3): 517-534.
[13] 刘佳, 尹海伟, 孔繁花, 李沐寒. 基于电路理论的南京城市绿色基础设施格局优化. 生态学报, 2018, 38(12): 4363-4372.
[14] 周延江. 吉林省新型城镇化布局及发展策略. 中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(1): 152-156, 192-192.
[15] Wickham J D, Riitters K H, Wade T G, Vogt P. A national assessment of green infrastructure and change for the conterminous United States using morphological image processing. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2010, 94(3/4): 186-195.
[16] Soille P, Vogt P. Morphological segmentation of binary patterns. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2009, 30(4): 456-459.
[17] Dennis M, James P. Site-specific factors in the production of local urban ecosystem services: A case study of community-managed green space. Ecosystem Services, 2016, 17: 208-216.
[18] Vogt P, Riitters K H, Estreguil C, Kozak J, Wade T G, Wickham J D. Mapping spatial patterns with morphological image processing. Landscape Ecology, 2007, 22(2): 171-177.
[19] Vogt P, Riitters K H, Iwanowski M, Estreguil C, Kozak J, Soille P. Mapping landscape corridors. Ecological Indicators, 2007, 7(2): 481-488.
[20] Sun J, Southworth J. Indicating structural connectivity in Amazonian rainforests from 1986 to 2010 using morphological image processing analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2013, 34(14): 5187-5200.
[21] Bafna S. Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 2003, 35(1): 17-29.
[22] Batty M, Rana S. Reformulating Space Syntax: the Automatic Definition and Generation of Axial Lines and Axial Maps. London, UK: University College London, 2002.
[23] Hillier B. Space is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. // Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
[24] 许峰, 尹海伟, 孔繁花, 徐建刚. 基于MSPA与最小路径方法的巴中西部新城生态网络构建. 生态学报, 2015, 35(19): 6425-6434.
[25] Pascual-Hortal L, Saura S. Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices: towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation. Landscape Ecology, 2006, 21(7): 959-967.
[26] Saura S, Pascual-Hortal L. A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: comparison with existing indices and application to a case study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 83(2/3): 91-103.
[27] 刘常富, 周彬, 何兴元, 陈玮. 沈阳城市森林景观连接度距离阈值选择. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(10): 2508-2516.
[28] 朱强, 俞孔坚, 李迪华. 景观规划中的生态廊道宽度. 生态学报, 2005, 25(9): 2406-2412.
[29] Wang H F, Qureshi S, Knapp S, Friedman C R, Hubacek K. A basic assessment of residential plant diversity and its ecosystem services and disservices in Beijing, China. Applied Geography, 2015, 64: 121-131.
[30] 肖扬, Chiaradia A, 宋晓冬. 空间句法在城市规划中应用的局限性及改善和扩展途径. 城市规划学刊, 2014, (5): 32-38.
[31] Cook E A. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 58(2/4): 269-280.
[32] 陈春娣, 贾振毅, 吴胜军, 童笑笑, 周文佐, 陈若漪, 张超林. 基于文献计量法的中国景观连接度应用研究进展. 生态学报, 2017, 37(10): 3243-3255.
[33] 黄艺, 陈晖, 黄志基, 蔡满堂, 康俊水. 利用廊道网络构建城市绿地生态系统——以东营市西城区为例. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17(9): 1683-1687.
[34] Wang Y C, Shen J K, Xiang W N. Ecosystem service of green infrastructure for adaptation to urban growth: function and configuration. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2018, 4(5): 132-243.
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