政府研发补贴对企业研发产出的影响机制研究——基于江苏省的实证分析
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摘要
政府研发补贴是克服研发市场失灵,促进企业研发活动的重要手段之一。但是,鲜有研究考察政府研发补贴、企业研发产出,以及其研发投入和与大学科研院所进行研发合作之间的互动关系,以进一步探索政府研发补贴影响企业研发活动的复杂中间机制。通过使用倾向性得分匹配和Tobit随机效应回归,对江苏省科技成果转化专项资金的实证分析发现,政府研发补贴对以专利申请量为测度的企业研发产出有显著的正向促进作用,而企业研发投入和企业与大学科研院所的合作对上述关系起显著的部分中介作用。此外,企业研发投入在政府研发补贴对企业与大学科研院所合作的影响中起部分中介作用。
Public R&D subsidy is one of the important instruments to tackle the R&D related market failures and promote firm-level R&D activities. However, very few studies have explored and discussed the interactions between public R&D subsidy, firm-level R&D output, their R&D investment and collaborations with universities and public research institutes to further unfold the complex 'black-box' of the effect of R&D subsidy on firms' R&D activities. By adopting propensity score matching and Tobit regression with random effect, the empirical evidences based Jiangsu Province indicate that public R&D subsidy exerts a significant positive effect on firm-level R&D output measured by patent applications. It is also found that firms' R&D investment and the collaborations with universities and public research institutes partly mediate the effect of R&D subsidy on firms' patent applications, respectively. In addition, according to the empirical evidences, firm-level R&D investment plays a partial mediating role in the facilitating effect of R&D subsidy on firms' collaborations with universities and public research institutes.
Public R&D subsidy is one of the important instruments to tackle the R&D related market failures and promote firm-level R&D activities. However, very few studies have explored and discussed the interactions between public R&D subsidy, firm-level R&D output, their R&D investment and collaborations with universities and public research institutes to further unfold the complex 'black-box' of the effect of R&D subsidy on firms' R&D activities. By adopting propensity score matching and Tobit regression with random effect, the empirical evidences based Jiangsu Province indicate that public R&D subsidy exerts a significant positive effect on firm-level R&D output measured by patent applications. It is also found that firms' R&D investment and the collaborations with universities and public research institutes partly mediate the effect of R&D subsidy on firms' patent applications, respectively. In addition, according to the empirical evidences, firm-level R&D investment plays a partial mediating role in the facilitating effect of R&D subsidy on firms' collaborations with universities and public research institutes.
引文
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[2]Becker B.Public R&D policies and private R&D investment:A survey of the empirical evidence[J].Journal of Economic Surveys,2015,29(5):917-942.
[3]David P A,Hall B H,Toole A A.Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D?A review of the econometric evidence[J].Research Policy,2000,29(4/5):497-529.
[4]Garcia-Quevedo J.Do public subsidies complement business R&D?A meta-analysis of the econometric evidence[J].Kyklos,2004,57(1):87-102.
[5]Klette T J,Moen J,Griliches Z.Do subsidies to commercial R&D reduce market failures?Microeconometric evaluation studies[J].Research Policy,2000,29(4/5):471-495.
[6]Martin S,Scott J T.The nature of innovation market failure and the design of public support for private innovation[J].Research Policy,2000,29(4/5):437-447.
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[9]Nelson R R.The simple economics of basic scientific research[J].Journal of Political Economy,1959,67(3):297-306.
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[12]Jourdan J,Kivleniece I.Too much of a good thing?The dual effect of public sponsorship on organizational performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2017,60(1):55-77.
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[17]Cerulli G,Gabriele R,PotìB.The role of firm R&Deffort and collaboration as mediating drivers of innovation policy effectiveness[J].Industry and Innovation,2016,23(5):426-447.
[18]周江华,李纪珍,刘子諝,等.政府创新政策对企业创新绩效的影响机制[J].技术经济,2017(1):57-65.
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[23]Wernerfelt B.A resource-based view of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1984,5(2):171-180.
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[25]Radas S,Anit I,Tafro A,et al.The effects of public support schemes on small and medium enterprises[J].Technovation,2015(38):15-30.
[26]Rangan S,Samii R,Van Wassenhove L N.Constructive partnerships:When alliances between private firms and public actors can enable creative strategies[J].Academy of Management Review,2006,31(3):738-751.
[27]Amezcua A S,Grimes M G,Bradley S W,et al.Organizational sponsorship and founding environments:A contingency view on the survival of business-incubated firms,1994-2007[J].Academy of Management Journal,2013,56(6):1628-1654.
[28]Guo D,Guo Y,Jiang K.Government-subsidized R&Dand firm innovation:Evidence from China[J].Research Policy,2016,45(6):1129-1144.
[29]Xu K,Huang K,Xu E.Giving fish or teaching to fish?An empirical study of the effects of government research and development policies[J].R&D Management,2014,44(5):484-497.
[30]李凤梅,柳卸林,高雨辰,等.产业政策对我国光伏企业创新与经济绩效的影响[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017(11):47-60.
[31]Colander D.The death of neoclassical economics[J].Journal of the History of Economic Thought,2000,22(2):127-143.
[32]陈玲,杨文辉.政府研发补贴会促进企业创新吗?来自中国上市公司的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2016,34(3):433-442.
[33]Liu X,Li X,Li H.R&D subsidies and business R&D:Evidence from high-tech manufacturing firms in Jiangsu[J].China Economic Review,2016(41):1-22.
[34]戴小勇,成力为.财政补贴政策对企业研发投入的门槛效应[J].科研管理,2014(6):68-76.
[35]Clarysse B,Wright M,Mustar P.Behavioural additioality of R&D subsidies:A learning perspective[J].Research Policy,2009,38(10):1517-1533.
[36]Caloffi A,Rossi F,Russo M.What makes SMEs more likely to collaborate?Analyzing the role of regional innovation policy[J].European Planning Studies,2015,23(7):1245-1264.
[37]Oughton C,Landabaso M,Morgan K.The regional innovation paradox:Innovation policy and industrial policy[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27(1):97-110.
[38]Afcha S,Garcia-Quevedo J.The impact of R&D subsidies on R&D employment composition[J].Industrial and Corporate Chance,2016,25(6):955-975.
[39]Dyer J H,Singh H.The relational view:Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage[J].Academy of Management Review,1998,23(4):660-679.
[40]Motohashi K.The role of the science park in innovation performance of start-up firms:An empirical analysis of Tsinghua Science Park in Beijing[J].Asia Pacific Business Review,2013,19(4):578-599.
[41]Wang Y,Li J,Furman J L.Firm performance and state innovation funding:Evidence from China's Innofund Program[J].Research Policy,2017,46(6):1142-1161.
[42]Kim B K,Park S K.The role of partner communication on cooperative R&D between SMEs and public research institutes in Korea[J].Asian Journal of Technology Innovation,2015,23(3):366-382.
[43]Armanios D E,Eesley C E,Li J,et al.How entrepreneurs leverage institutional intermediaries in emerging economies to acquire public resources[J].Strategic Management Journal,2017,38(7):1373-1390.
[44]Zeng S X,Xie X M,Tam C M.Relationship between cooperation networks and innovation performance of SMEs[J].Technovation,2010,30(3):181-194.
[45]Zheng W,Singh K,Mitchell W.Buffering and enabling:The impact of interlocking political ties on firm survival and sales growth[J].Strategic Management Journal,2015,36(11):1615-1636.
[46]Okamuro H,Nishimura J.Not just financial support?Another role of public subsidy in university-industry research collaborations[J].Economics of Innovation and New Technology,2015,24(7):633-659.
[47]L??f H,Brostr?m A.Does knowledge diffusion between university and industry increase innovativeness?[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2008,33(1):73-90.
[48]Czarnitzki D,Hottenrott H.Collaborative R&D as a Strategy to Attenuate Financing Constraints[R].Mannheim:ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research,2012.
[49]Cassiman B,Veugelers R.R&D cooperation and spillovers:Some empirical evidence from Belgium[J].American Economic Review,2002,92(4):1169-1184.
[50]Hottenrott H,Lopes-Bento C.(International)R&D collaboration and SMEs:The effectiveness of targeted public R&D support schemes[J].Research Policy,2014,43(6):1055-1066.
[51]Muscio A.The impact of absorptive capacity on SMEs'collaboration[J].Economics of Innovation and New Technology,2007,16(8):653-668.
[52]Cohen W M,Levinthal D A.Innovation and learning:The two faces of R&D[J].Economic Journal,1989,99(397):569-596.
[53]Cerulli G.Modelling and measuring the effect of public subsidies on business R&D:A critical review of the econometric literature[J].Economic Record,2010,86(274):421-449.
[54]Gonzalez X,Jaumandreu J,Pazo C.Barriers to innovation and subsidy effectiveness[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2005,36(4):930-950.
[55]Boeing P.The allocation and effectiveness of China's R&D subsidies:Evidence from listed firms[J].Research Policy,2016,45(9):1774-1789.
[56]Carboni O A.An empirical investigation of the determinants of R&D cooperation:An application of the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation[J].Research in Economics,2012,66(2):131-141.
[57]Li J,Xia J,Zajac E J.On the duality of political and economic stakeholder influence on firm innovation performance:Theory and evidence from Chinese firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2018,39(1):193-216.
[58]Soderblom A,Samuelsson M,Wiklund J,et al.Inside the black box of outcome additionality:Effects of early-stage government subsidies on resource accumulation and new venture performance[J].Research Policy,2015,44(8):1501-1512.
[59]Griliches Z.Patent statistics as economic indicators:Asurvey[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1990,28(4):1661-1707.
[60]Guan J,Yam R C M.Effects of government financial incentives on firms'innovation performance in China:Evidences from Beijing in the 1990s[J].Research Policy,2015,44(1):273-282.
[61]G?k A,Edler J.The use of behavioural additionality evaluation in innovation policy making[J].Research Evaluation,2012,21(4):306-318.
[62]Hussinger K.R&D and subsidies at the firm level:An application of parametric and semiparametric two-step selection models[J].Journal of Applied Econometrics,2008,23(6):729-747.
[63]Marzucchi A,Antonioli D,Montresor S.Industry-research co-operation within and across regional boundaries:What does innovation policy add?[J].Papers in Regional Science,2015,94(3):499-524.
[64]Powell W W.Learning from collaboration:Knowledge and networks in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries[J].California Management Review,1998,40(3):228-240.
[65]Qiu S,Liu X,Gao T.Do emerging countries prefer local knowledge or distant knowledge?Spillover effect of university collaborations on local firms[J].Research Policy,2017,46(7):1299-1311.
[2]Becker B.Public R&D policies and private R&D investment:A survey of the empirical evidence[J].Journal of Economic Surveys,2015,29(5):917-942.
[3]David P A,Hall B H,Toole A A.Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D?A review of the econometric evidence[J].Research Policy,2000,29(4/5):497-529.
[4]Garcia-Quevedo J.Do public subsidies complement business R&D?A meta-analysis of the econometric evidence[J].Kyklos,2004,57(1):87-102.
[5]Klette T J,Moen J,Griliches Z.Do subsidies to commercial R&D reduce market failures?Microeconometric evaluation studies[J].Research Policy,2000,29(4/5):471-495.
[6]Martin S,Scott J T.The nature of innovation market failure and the design of public support for private innovation[J].Research Policy,2000,29(4/5):437-447.
[7]WTO.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,SCM Agreement[Z/OL].[2018-02-14].https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm_01_e.htm.
[8]Arrow K.Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1962.
[9]Nelson R R.The simple economics of basic scientific research[J].Journal of Political Economy,1959,67(3):297-306.
[10]Bush V.Science:The Endless Frontier[M].Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1945.
[11]Hall B H,Lerner J.The Financing of R&D and Innovation[R].North-Holland:Handbook of the Economics of Innovation,2010.
[12]Jourdan J,Kivleniece I.Too much of a good thing?The dual effect of public sponsorship on organizational performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2017,60(1):55-77.
[13]Antonioli D,Marzucchi A.Evaluating the additionality of innovation policy:A review focused on the behavioural dimension[J].World Review of Science,Technology and Sustainable Development,2012,9(2/4):124-148.
[14]Baum J A,Calabrese T,Silverman B S.Don't go it alone:Alliance network composition and startups'performance in Canadian biotechnology[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):267-294.
[15]George G,Zahra S A,Wood D R.The effects of business-university alliances on innovative output and financial performance:A study of publicly traded biotechnology companies[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2002,17(6):577-609.
[16]Kang K,Park H.Influence of government R&D support and inter-firm collaborations on innovation in Korean biotechnology SMEs[J].Technovation,2012,32(1):68-78.
[17]Cerulli G,Gabriele R,PotìB.The role of firm R&Deffort and collaboration as mediating drivers of innovation policy effectiveness[J].Industry and Innovation,2016,23(5):426-447.
[18]周江华,李纪珍,刘子諝,等.政府创新政策对企业创新绩效的影响机制[J].技术经济,2017(1):57-65.
[19]江苏省科学技术厅江苏省统计局.2015年江苏省高新技术产业主要数据统计公报[Z/OL].[2016-01-27].http://www.jssts.com/Item/572.aspx.
[20]江苏省科学技术厅.企业技术创新政策简明手册[Z/OL].[2011-01-28].http://www.jstd.gov.cn/zwgk/fggw/ck348/2009/04/11162315687.html.
[21]张宝刚,朱志凌.江苏省科技成果转化专项资金十年回顾[J].江苏科技信息,2015(4):14-16.
[22]任海玲,孙兴莲,邵笑冰,等.江苏省科技成果转化专项资金管理实践与成效[J].科技管理研究,2012(1):80-83.
[23]Wernerfelt B.A resource-based view of the firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1984,5(2):171-180.
[24]Yam R C,Guan J C,Pun K F,et al.An audit of technological innovation capabilities in Chinese firms:Some empirical findings in Beijing,China[J].Research Policy,2004,33(8):1123-1140.
[25]Radas S,Anit I,Tafro A,et al.The effects of public support schemes on small and medium enterprises[J].Technovation,2015(38):15-30.
[26]Rangan S,Samii R,Van Wassenhove L N.Constructive partnerships:When alliances between private firms and public actors can enable creative strategies[J].Academy of Management Review,2006,31(3):738-751.
[27]Amezcua A S,Grimes M G,Bradley S W,et al.Organizational sponsorship and founding environments:A contingency view on the survival of business-incubated firms,1994-2007[J].Academy of Management Journal,2013,56(6):1628-1654.
[28]Guo D,Guo Y,Jiang K.Government-subsidized R&Dand firm innovation:Evidence from China[J].Research Policy,2016,45(6):1129-1144.
[29]Xu K,Huang K,Xu E.Giving fish or teaching to fish?An empirical study of the effects of government research and development policies[J].R&D Management,2014,44(5):484-497.
[30]李凤梅,柳卸林,高雨辰,等.产业政策对我国光伏企业创新与经济绩效的影响[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017(11):47-60.
[31]Colander D.The death of neoclassical economics[J].Journal of the History of Economic Thought,2000,22(2):127-143.
[32]陈玲,杨文辉.政府研发补贴会促进企业创新吗?来自中国上市公司的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2016,34(3):433-442.
[33]Liu X,Li X,Li H.R&D subsidies and business R&D:Evidence from high-tech manufacturing firms in Jiangsu[J].China Economic Review,2016(41):1-22.
[34]戴小勇,成力为.财政补贴政策对企业研发投入的门槛效应[J].科研管理,2014(6):68-76.
[35]Clarysse B,Wright M,Mustar P.Behavioural additioality of R&D subsidies:A learning perspective[J].Research Policy,2009,38(10):1517-1533.
[36]Caloffi A,Rossi F,Russo M.What makes SMEs more likely to collaborate?Analyzing the role of regional innovation policy[J].European Planning Studies,2015,23(7):1245-1264.
[37]Oughton C,Landabaso M,Morgan K.The regional innovation paradox:Innovation policy and industrial policy[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27(1):97-110.
[38]Afcha S,Garcia-Quevedo J.The impact of R&D subsidies on R&D employment composition[J].Industrial and Corporate Chance,2016,25(6):955-975.
[39]Dyer J H,Singh H.The relational view:Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage[J].Academy of Management Review,1998,23(4):660-679.
[40]Motohashi K.The role of the science park in innovation performance of start-up firms:An empirical analysis of Tsinghua Science Park in Beijing[J].Asia Pacific Business Review,2013,19(4):578-599.
[41]Wang Y,Li J,Furman J L.Firm performance and state innovation funding:Evidence from China's Innofund Program[J].Research Policy,2017,46(6):1142-1161.
[42]Kim B K,Park S K.The role of partner communication on cooperative R&D between SMEs and public research institutes in Korea[J].Asian Journal of Technology Innovation,2015,23(3):366-382.
[43]Armanios D E,Eesley C E,Li J,et al.How entrepreneurs leverage institutional intermediaries in emerging economies to acquire public resources[J].Strategic Management Journal,2017,38(7):1373-1390.
[44]Zeng S X,Xie X M,Tam C M.Relationship between cooperation networks and innovation performance of SMEs[J].Technovation,2010,30(3):181-194.
[45]Zheng W,Singh K,Mitchell W.Buffering and enabling:The impact of interlocking political ties on firm survival and sales growth[J].Strategic Management Journal,2015,36(11):1615-1636.
[46]Okamuro H,Nishimura J.Not just financial support?Another role of public subsidy in university-industry research collaborations[J].Economics of Innovation and New Technology,2015,24(7):633-659.
[47]L??f H,Brostr?m A.Does knowledge diffusion between university and industry increase innovativeness?[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2008,33(1):73-90.
[48]Czarnitzki D,Hottenrott H.Collaborative R&D as a Strategy to Attenuate Financing Constraints[R].Mannheim:ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research,2012.
[49]Cassiman B,Veugelers R.R&D cooperation and spillovers:Some empirical evidence from Belgium[J].American Economic Review,2002,92(4):1169-1184.
[50]Hottenrott H,Lopes-Bento C.(International)R&D collaboration and SMEs:The effectiveness of targeted public R&D support schemes[J].Research Policy,2014,43(6):1055-1066.
[51]Muscio A.The impact of absorptive capacity on SMEs'collaboration[J].Economics of Innovation and New Technology,2007,16(8):653-668.
[52]Cohen W M,Levinthal D A.Innovation and learning:The two faces of R&D[J].Economic Journal,1989,99(397):569-596.
[53]Cerulli G.Modelling and measuring the effect of public subsidies on business R&D:A critical review of the econometric literature[J].Economic Record,2010,86(274):421-449.
[54]Gonzalez X,Jaumandreu J,Pazo C.Barriers to innovation and subsidy effectiveness[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2005,36(4):930-950.
[55]Boeing P.The allocation and effectiveness of China's R&D subsidies:Evidence from listed firms[J].Research Policy,2016,45(9):1774-1789.
[56]Carboni O A.An empirical investigation of the determinants of R&D cooperation:An application of the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation[J].Research in Economics,2012,66(2):131-141.
[57]Li J,Xia J,Zajac E J.On the duality of political and economic stakeholder influence on firm innovation performance:Theory and evidence from Chinese firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2018,39(1):193-216.
[58]Soderblom A,Samuelsson M,Wiklund J,et al.Inside the black box of outcome additionality:Effects of early-stage government subsidies on resource accumulation and new venture performance[J].Research Policy,2015,44(8):1501-1512.
[59]Griliches Z.Patent statistics as economic indicators:Asurvey[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1990,28(4):1661-1707.
[60]Guan J,Yam R C M.Effects of government financial incentives on firms'innovation performance in China:Evidences from Beijing in the 1990s[J].Research Policy,2015,44(1):273-282.
[61]G?k A,Edler J.The use of behavioural additionality evaluation in innovation policy making[J].Research Evaluation,2012,21(4):306-318.
[62]Hussinger K.R&D and subsidies at the firm level:An application of parametric and semiparametric two-step selection models[J].Journal of Applied Econometrics,2008,23(6):729-747.
[63]Marzucchi A,Antonioli D,Montresor S.Industry-research co-operation within and across regional boundaries:What does innovation policy add?[J].Papers in Regional Science,2015,94(3):499-524.
[64]Powell W W.Learning from collaboration:Knowledge and networks in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries[J].California Management Review,1998,40(3):228-240.
[65]Qiu S,Liu X,Gao T.Do emerging countries prefer local knowledge or distant knowledge?Spillover effect of university collaborations on local firms[J].Research Policy,2017,46(7):1299-1311.
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