心理学视野中的谦虚及其研究
|
摘要
谦虚既是一种人格,也是一种社会行为。目前对谦虚的测量主要采用外显量表和内隐测试。谦虚在心理健康、人际关系和组织管理等方面都可以起到积极的作用。谦虚受到社会文化、情境等外部因素以及性别、信念等个体因素的影响。儿童谦虚观念的形成受到行为本身真实性和儿童对环境的认知这两方面的影响。该文从含义、测量、功能、影响因素、发展等方面对心理学界的谦虚相关文献进行了梳理,结果发现,相比国际心理学界日益增多的实证研究,本土对谦虚的探讨大多停留在理论层面而且缺乏理论建构。期望该文能唤起国内研究者对谦虚研究的重视,让传统价值在当代中国发挥新的作用。
In psychological perspective,modesty has been studied as either a personality trait or a social behavior and can be indexed with either explicit or implicit measures. Existing researches suggest that modesty plays an important role in improving psychological well-being,enhancing interpersonal relationships and benefiting organizational management. The manifestation of modesty is influenced by both external factors( e. g.,culture and circumstances) and internal factors( e. g.,gender and beliefs). Although modesty has recently been a veritable "hot"topic in empirical and theoretical research,its importance has rarely raised attention of Chinese psychologists. Thus,by comprehensively reviewing the definitions,measurements,functions,influential factors and development of modesty,we hope this review would deepen people's understanding of modesty,and provide insights for studying modesty in Chinese psychology.
In psychological perspective,modesty has been studied as either a personality trait or a social behavior and can be indexed with either explicit or implicit measures. Existing researches suggest that modesty plays an important role in improving psychological well-being,enhancing interpersonal relationships and benefiting organizational management. The manifestation of modesty is influenced by both external factors( e. g.,culture and circumstances) and internal factors( e. g.,gender and beliefs). Although modesty has recently been a veritable "hot"topic in empirical and theoretical research,its importance has rarely raised attention of Chinese psychologists. Thus,by comprehensively reviewing the definitions,measurements,functions,influential factors and development of modesty,we hope this review would deepen people's understanding of modesty,and provide insights for studying modesty in Chinese psychology.
引文
陈志方(2012).谦卑研究综述.商丘师范学院学报,28(2),128-130.
傅根跃,陈伟伟(2000).小学儿童谦虚的道德评价.心理科学,23(5),581-585.
傅根跃,王玲凤(2005).为集体或为个人情境下小学儿童对说谎或说真话的理解和道德评价.心理科学,28(4),859-862.
胡金生(2007).传统和现代视野中的自谦.心理学探新,27(3),19-21.
胡金生(2009).中国人自谦的动机及其与主观幸福感的关系.辽宁师范大学学报:社会科学版,32(5),48-51.
胡金生,黄希庭(2009).自谦:中国人一种重要的行事风格初探.心理学报,41(9),842-852.
刘肖岑,桑标,张文新(2007).自利和自谦归因影响大学生人际交往的实验研究.心理科学,30(5),1068-1072.
彭凯平,喻丰,柏阳(2011).实验伦理学:研究、贡献与挑战.中国社会科学,6,15-25.
汪凤炎,郑红(2007).孔子界定“君子人格”与“小人人格”的十三条标准.道德与文明,4,46-51.
吴佳辉(2006).中庸让我生活得更好:中庸思维对生活满意度之影响.华人心理学报,7,163-176.
谢威士,刘中和(2011).大学生谦虚心理现状及其特征分析.石家庄学院学报,13(3),99-102.
Allhoff,F.(2009).What is modesty?International Journal of Applied Philosophy,23(2),165-187.
Ashton,M.C.,Lee,K.,&Goldberg,L.R.(2004).A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87(5),707-721.
Ashton,M.C.,Lee,K.,Perugini,M.,Szarota,P.,De Vries,R.E.,Di Blas,L.,...&De Raad,B.(2004).Asix-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives:solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(2),356-366.
Ashton,M.C.,&Lee,K.(2008).The prediction of Honesty-Humility-related criteria by the HEXACO and FiveFactor Models of personality.Journal of Research in Personality,42(5),1216-1228.
Banerjee,R.(2000).The development of an understanding of modesty.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,18(4),499-517.
Banerjee,R.(2002).Audience effects on self-presentation in childhood.Social Development,11(4),487-507.
Baumeister,R.F,Campbell,J.D,Krueger,J.I.,&Vohs,K.D.(2003).Does high self-esteem cause better performance,interpersonal success,happiness,or healthier lifestyles?Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4(1),1-44.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Ilko,S.A.(1995).Shallow gratitude:Public and private acknowledgement of external help in accounts of success.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,16(1-2),191-209.
Baumeister,R.F,Vohs,K.D,De Wall,C.N.,&Zhang,L.(2007).How emotion shapes behavior:Feedback,anticipation,and reflection,rather than direct causation.Personality and Social Psychology Review,11(2),167-203.
Berg,J.H.,Stephan,W.G.,&Dodson,M.(1981).Attributional modesty in women.Psychology of Women Quarterly,5(s5),711-727.
Bonanno,G.A.,Rennicke,Co.,&Dekel,S.(2005).Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack:Resilience or social maladjustment?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,88(6),984-998.
Bond,M.H.,Leung,K.,&Wan,K.C.(1982).The social impact of self-effacing attributions:The Chinese case.The Journal of Social Psychology,118(2),157-166.
Bond,M.H.,Lun,V.M.-C.,Chan,J.,Chan,W.W.-Y.,&Wong,D.(2012).Enacting modesty in Chinese culture:The joint contribution of personal characteristics and contextual features.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,15(1),14-25.
Bond,M.H.,Kwan,V.S.-Y.,&Li,C.(2000).Decomposing a sense of superiority:The differential social impact of self-regard and regard for others.Journal of Research in Personality,34(4),537-553.
Brown,L.B.,Uebelacker,L.,&Heatherington,L.(1998).Men,women,and the self-presentation of achievement.Sex Roles,38(3-4),253-268.
Burson,A.,Crocker,J.,&Mischkowski,D.(2012).Two types of value-affirmation implications for self-control following social exclusion.Social Psychological and Personality Science,3(4),510-516.
Cai,H.,Brown,J.D.,Deng,C.,&Oakes,M.A.(2007).Self-esteem and culture:Differences in cognitive self-evaluations or affective self-regard?.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,10(3),162-170.
Cai,H.,Kwan,V.,&Sedikides,C.(2012).A Sociocultural approach to narcissism:the case of modern China.European Journal of Personality,26(5),529-535.
Cai,H.,Sedikides,C.,Gaertner,L.,Wang,C.,Carvallo,M.,Xu,Y.,...Jackson,L.E.(2011).Tactical Self-Enhancement in China Is Modesty at the Service of SelfEnhancement in East Asian Culture?Social Psychological and Personality Science,2(1),59-64.
Chancellor,J.,&Lyubomirsky,S.(2013).Humble beginnings:Current trends,state perspectives,and hallmarks of humility.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,7(11),819-833.
Chen,S.X.,Bond,M.H.,Chan,B.,Tang,D.,&Buchtel,E.E.(2009).Behavioral manifestations of modesty.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,40(4),603-626.
Chodorow,N.(1989).Feminism and psychoanalytic theory:Yale University Press.
Cialdini,R.B.,Wosinska,W.,Dabul,A.J.,WhestoneDion,R.,&Heszen,I..(1998).When role salience leads to social role rejection:Modest self-presentation among women and men in two cultures.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(5),473-481.
Costa,P.T.,&Mc Crae,R.R.(1985).The NEO Personality Inventory manual.Odessa,FL:Psychological Resources.
Costa,P.T.,&Mc Crae,R.R.(1992).Normal personality assessment in clinical practice:the NEO Personality Inventory.Psychological Assessment,4(1),5-13.
Davis,D.E.,Hook,J.N.,Worthington Jr,E.L.,Van Tongeren,D.R.,Gartner,A.L,Jennings,D.J.,&Emmons,R.A.(2011).Relational humility:Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment.Journal of Personality Assessment,93(3),225-234.
Davis,D.E.,&Hook,J.N.(2014).Humility,religion,and spirituality:An endpiece.Journal of Psychology and Theology,42(1),111-117.
Davis,D.E.,Rice,K.,Mc Elroy,S.,De Blaere,C.,Choe,E.,Van Tongeren,D.R.,&Hook,J.N.(2016).Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility.The Journal of Positive Psychology,11(2),215-224.
Davis,D.E.,Worthington Jr,E.L.,Hook,J.N.,Emmons,R.A.,Hill,P.C.,Bollinger,R.A.,&Van Tongeren,D.R.(2013).Humility and the development and repair of social bonds:Two longitudinal studies.Self and Identity,12(1),58-77.
de Vries,R.E.,Lee,K.,&Ashton,M.C.(2008).The Dutch HEXACO Personality Inventory:Psychometric properties,self-other agreement,and relations with psychopathy among low and high acquaintanceship dyads.Journal of Personality Assessment,90,142-151.
Dwiwardani,C.,Hill,P.C.,Bollinger,R.A.,Marks,L.E.,Steele,J.R.,Doolin,H.N.,…Davis,D.E.(2014).Virtues develop from a secure base:Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility,gratitude and forgiveness.Journal of Psychology and Theology,42(1),83-90.
Exline,J.J.(2008).Taming the wild ego:The challenge of humility.In H.A.Wayment&J.J.Bauer(Ed.),Transcending self-interest:Psychological explorations of the quiet ego(pp.53-62).Washington,DC:American Psychological Association.
Exline,J.J.,Campbell,W.K.,Baumeister,R.F.,Joiner,T,&Krueger,J.(2004).Humility and modesty.In C.Perterson&M.Seligman(Eds.),The values In Action(VIA)classification of strenths(pp.461-475).Cincinnati OH:Values in Action Institute.
Exline,J.J.,&Hill,P.C.(2012).Humility:A consistent and robust predictor of generosity.The Journal of Positive Psychology,7(3),208-218.
Exline,J.J.,&Geyer,A.L.(2004).Perceptions of humility:A preliminary study.Self and Identity,3(2),95-114.
Exline,J.J.,&Lobel,M.(1999).The perils of outperformance:sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison.Psychological Bulletin,125(3),307-337.
Franck,E.,&De Raedt,R.(2007).Self-esteem reconsidered:Unstable self-esteem outperforms level of self-esteem as vulnerability marker for depression.Behaviour Research and Therapy,45(7),1531-1541.
Greenwald,A.G.,&Farnham,S.D.(2000).Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and selfconcept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(6),1022-1038.
Gregg,A.P.,Hart,C.M.,Sedikides,C.,&Kumashiro,M.(2008).Everyday conceptions of modesty:A prototype analysis.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(7),978-992.
Gu,Y.(1990).Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese.Journal of pragmatics,14(2),237-257.
Han,K.-H.(2011).The self-enhancing function of Chinese modesty:From a perspective of social script.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,14(4),258-268.
Heatherington,L.,Burns,A.B,&Gustafson,T.B.(1998).When another stumbles:Gender and self-presentation to vulnerable others.Sex Roles,38(11-12),889-913.
Heine,S.J.,&Hamamura,T.(2007).In search of East Asian self-enhancement.Personality and Social Psychology Review,11(1),4-27.
Hilbig,B.E,&Zettler,I.(2009).Pillars of cooperation:Honesty-Humility,social value orientations,and economic behavior.Journal of Research in Personality,43(3),516-519.
Hook,J.N.,Davis,D.E.,Owen,J.,Worthington,E.L.,Jr.,&Utsey,S.O.(2013).Cultural humility:Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.Journal of Counseling Psychology,60(3),353-366.
Jankowski,P.J.,Sandage,S.J.,&Hill,P.C.(2013).Differentiation-based models of forgivingness,mental health and social justice commitment:Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility.The Journal of Positive Psychology,8(5),412-424.
Johnson,M.K.,Rowatt,W.C.,&Petrini,L.(2011).Anew trait on the market:Honesty-Humility as a unique predictor of job performance ratings.Personality and Individual Differences,50(6),857-862.
Juvonen,J.,&Murdock,T.B.(1995).Grade-level differences in the social value of effort:Implications for selfpresentation tactics of early adolescents.Child Development,66(6),1694-1705.
Kesebir,P.(2014).A quiet ego quiets death anxiety:Humility as an existential anxiety buffer.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(4),610-623.
Kim,Y.-H.,Chiu,C.-Y.,Peng,S.,Cai,H.,&Tov,W.(2010).Explaining east-west differences in the likelihood of making favorable self-evaluations:The role of evaluation apprehension and directness of expression.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,41(1),62-75.
Kitayama,S.,&Uchida,Y.(2003).Explicit self-criticism and implicit self-regard:Evaluating self and friend in two cultures.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,39(5),476-482.
Krause,N.(2010).Religious involvement,humility,and self-rated health.Social Indicators Research,98(1),23-39.
Krause,N.(2014).Exploring the relationships among humility,negative interaction in the church,and depressed affect.Aging&Mental Health,18(8),970-979.
Krause,N.,Pargament,K.I.,Hill,P.C.,&Ironson,G.(2016).Humility,stressful life events,and psychological well-being:Findings from the landmark spirituality and health survey.The Journal of Positive Psychology,11(5),499-510.
Kruse,E.,Chancellor,J.,Ruberton,P.M.,&Lyubomirsky,S.(2014).An upward spiral between gratitude and humility.Social Psychological and Personality Science,5(7),805-814.
Kurman,J.(2001).Is self-enhancement related to modesty or to individualism-collectivism?A test with four israeli groups.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,4(3),225-237.
Kurman,J.,&Sriram,N.(2002).Inter relationships among vertical and horizontal collectivism,modesty,and self-enhancement.Journal of Cross-Cultural,33(1),71-86.
La Bouff,J.P.,Rowatt,W.C,Johnson,M.K,Tsang,J.-A.,&Willerton,G.M..(2012).Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons:Evidence from three studies.The Journal of Positive Psychology,7(1),16-29.
Landrum,R.E.(2011).Measuring dispositional humility:A first approximation.Psychological Reports,108(1),217-22.
Lee,K.,Cameron,C.A.,Xu,F.,Fu,G.,&Board,J.(1997).Chinese and Canadian children's evaluations of lying and truth telling:Similarities and dfferences in the context of pro-and antisocial behaviors.Child Development,68(5),924-934.
Lee,K,Xu,F.,Fu,G.,Cameron,C.A.,&Chen,S.(2001).Taiwan and Mainland Chinese and Canadian children's categorization and evaluation of lie-and truthtelling:A modesty effect.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,19(4),525-542.
Matsumoto,D.,Yoo,S.H.,&Fontaine,J.(2008).Mapping expressive differences around the world the relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,39(1),55-74.
Mc Elroy,S.E.,Rice,K.G.,Davis,D.E.,Hook,J.N.,Hill,P.C.,Worthington,E.L.,Jr.,&Van Tongeren,D.R.(2014).Intellectual humility:Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership.Journal of Psychology and Theology,42(1),19-30.
Means,J.R.,Wilson,G.L.,Sturm,C.,Biron,J.E.,&Bach,P.J.(1990).Humility as a psychotherapeutic formulation.Counselling Psychology Quarterly,3(2),211-215.
Morris,J.A.,Brotheridge,C.M.,&Urbanski,J.C.(2005).Bringing humility to leadership:Antecedents and consequences of leader humility.Human Relations,58(10),1323-1350.
Nielsen,R.,Marrone,J.A.,&Slay,H.S.(2010).A new look at humility:Exploring the humility concept and its role in socialized charismatic leadership.Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies,17(1),33-43.
Owens,B.P.,&Hekman,D.R.(2012).Modeling how to grow:An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors,contingencies,and outcomes.Academy of Management Journal,55(4),787-818.
Owen,B.P.,Johnson,M.D.,&Mitchell,T.R.(2013).Expressed humility in organizations:Implications for performance,teams,and leadership.Organization Science,24(5),1517-1538.
Peters,A.S.,Rowat,W.C.,&Johnson,M.K.(2011).Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality.Psychology,2(3),155-161.
Powers,C.,Nam,R.K.,Rowatt,W.C.,&Hill,P.C.(2007).Associations between humility,spiritual transcendence,and forgiveness.Research in the social scientific study of religion,18,75-94.
Rowatt,W.C.,Powers,C.,Targhetta,V.,Comer,J.,Kennedy,S.,&Labouff,J.(2006).Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance.The Journal of Positive Psychology,1(4),198-211.
Saroglou,V.,Buxant,C.,&Tilquin,J.(2008).Positive emotions as leading to religion and spirituality.The Journal of Positive Psychology,3(3),165-173.
Sedikides,C.,Gregg,A.P.,&Hart,C.M.(2007).The importance of being modest.In Sedikides,C.,&Spencer,S.J.(Eds).The self,Frontiers of social psychology(pp.163-184):New York,USA:Psychology Press.
Seligman,M.E.P.,Dahlsgaard,K.,&Peterson,C.(2005).Shared virtue:the convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history.Review of General Psychology,9(3),203-213.
Shi,Y.,Sedikides,C.,Liu,Y.,Yang,Z.&Cai,H.(2017)Disowning the self:Modesty the cultural value of modesty can attenuate self-positivity.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,70,1023-1032.
Shi,Y.,Sedikides,C.,Gregg,A.P.,&Cai,H.(2016)Prototype of Chinese Modesty.Unpublished manuscript.Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Silvia,P.J.,Kaufman,J.C.,Reiter-Palmon,R.,&Wigert,B.(2011).Cantankerous creativity:Honesty-Humility,Agreeableness,and the HEXACO structure of creative achievement.Personality and Individual Differences,51(5),687-689.
Stein,J.(2013).Millennials:The Me Me Me Generation.TIME Magazine,20.
Takata,T.(2003).Self-enhancement and self-criticism in Japanese culture an experimental analysis.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,34(5),542-551.
Tangney,J.P.(2000).Humility:Theoretical perspectives,empirical findings and directions for future research.Journal of Social&Clinical Psychology,19(1),70-82.
Tangney,J.P.(2002).Humility.Snyder,C.R.(Ed);Lopez,Shane J.(Ed)(2002).Handbook of positive psychology.(pp.411-419).New York,NY,US:Oxford University Press.
Tice,D.M,Butler,J.L,Muraven,M.B,&Stillwell,A.M.(1995).When modesty prevails:Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69(6),1120-1138.
Tong,E.W.M.,Tan,K.W.T.,Chor,A.A.B.,Koh,E.P.S.,Lee,J.S.Y.,&Tan,R.W.Y.(2016).Humility facilitates higher self-control.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,62,30-39.
Twenge,J.M.,Konrath,S.,Foster,J.D.,Campbell,W.K.,&Bushman,B.J.(2008).Egos inflating over time:a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality,76(4),875-902.
Vera,D.,&Rodriguez-Lopez,A.(2004).Strategic virtues:Humility as a source of competitive advantage.Organizational Dynamics,33(4),393-408.
Wayment,Heidi A,&Bauer,Jack J.(2008).Transcending self-interest:Psychological explorations of the quiet ego:American Psychological Association.
Weidman,A.C.,Cheng,J.T.,&Tracy,J.L.(2016).The psychological structure of humility.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology.Advance online publication.
Weidman,A.C.,&Tracy,J.L.(in press).Is Humility a Sentiment?Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Weiss,H.M.,&Knight,P.A.(1980).The utility of humility:Self-esteem,information search,and problem-solving efficiency.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,25(2),216-223.
Whetstone,M.R.,Okun,M.A.,&Cialdini,R.B.(1992).The modest responding scale.Paper presented at the Poster presented at the convention of the American Psychological Society,Washington,DC.
Wosinska,W.,Dabul,A.J.,Whetstone-Dion,R.,&Cialdini,R.B.(1996).Self-presentational responses to success in the organization:The costs and benefits of modesty.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,18(2),229-242.
Xie,J.-L.,Chen,Z.,&Roy,J.-P.(2006).Cultural and personality determinants of leniency in self-rating among chinese people.Management and Organization Review,2(2),181-207.
Yamagishi,T.,Hashimoto,H.,Cook,K.S.,Kiyonari,T.,Shinada,M.,Mifune,N.,...&Li,Y.(2012).Modesty in self-presentation:A comparison between the USA and Japan.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,15(1),60-68.
Yang,K-S.(1981).Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan.The Journal of social psychology,113(2),159-170.
Yik,M.S.M,Bond,M.H.,&Paulhus,D.L.(1998).Do Chinese self-enhance or self-efface?It's a matter of domain.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24,399-406.
Yu,J.,&Murphy,K.R.(1993).Modesty bias in self-ratings of performance:A test of the cultural relativity hypothesis.Personnel Psychology,46(2),357-363.
傅根跃,陈伟伟(2000).小学儿童谦虚的道德评价.心理科学,23(5),581-585.
傅根跃,王玲凤(2005).为集体或为个人情境下小学儿童对说谎或说真话的理解和道德评价.心理科学,28(4),859-862.
胡金生(2007).传统和现代视野中的自谦.心理学探新,27(3),19-21.
胡金生(2009).中国人自谦的动机及其与主观幸福感的关系.辽宁师范大学学报:社会科学版,32(5),48-51.
胡金生,黄希庭(2009).自谦:中国人一种重要的行事风格初探.心理学报,41(9),842-852.
刘肖岑,桑标,张文新(2007).自利和自谦归因影响大学生人际交往的实验研究.心理科学,30(5),1068-1072.
彭凯平,喻丰,柏阳(2011).实验伦理学:研究、贡献与挑战.中国社会科学,6,15-25.
汪凤炎,郑红(2007).孔子界定“君子人格”与“小人人格”的十三条标准.道德与文明,4,46-51.
吴佳辉(2006).中庸让我生活得更好:中庸思维对生活满意度之影响.华人心理学报,7,163-176.
谢威士,刘中和(2011).大学生谦虚心理现状及其特征分析.石家庄学院学报,13(3),99-102.
Allhoff,F.(2009).What is modesty?International Journal of Applied Philosophy,23(2),165-187.
Ashton,M.C.,Lee,K.,&Goldberg,L.R.(2004).A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87(5),707-721.
Ashton,M.C.,Lee,K.,Perugini,M.,Szarota,P.,De Vries,R.E.,Di Blas,L.,...&De Raad,B.(2004).Asix-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives:solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(2),356-366.
Ashton,M.C.,&Lee,K.(2008).The prediction of Honesty-Humility-related criteria by the HEXACO and FiveFactor Models of personality.Journal of Research in Personality,42(5),1216-1228.
Banerjee,R.(2000).The development of an understanding of modesty.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,18(4),499-517.
Banerjee,R.(2002).Audience effects on self-presentation in childhood.Social Development,11(4),487-507.
Baumeister,R.F,Campbell,J.D,Krueger,J.I.,&Vohs,K.D.(2003).Does high self-esteem cause better performance,interpersonal success,happiness,or healthier lifestyles?Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4(1),1-44.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Ilko,S.A.(1995).Shallow gratitude:Public and private acknowledgement of external help in accounts of success.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,16(1-2),191-209.
Baumeister,R.F,Vohs,K.D,De Wall,C.N.,&Zhang,L.(2007).How emotion shapes behavior:Feedback,anticipation,and reflection,rather than direct causation.Personality and Social Psychology Review,11(2),167-203.
Berg,J.H.,Stephan,W.G.,&Dodson,M.(1981).Attributional modesty in women.Psychology of Women Quarterly,5(s5),711-727.
Bonanno,G.A.,Rennicke,Co.,&Dekel,S.(2005).Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack:Resilience or social maladjustment?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,88(6),984-998.
Bond,M.H.,Leung,K.,&Wan,K.C.(1982).The social impact of self-effacing attributions:The Chinese case.The Journal of Social Psychology,118(2),157-166.
Bond,M.H.,Lun,V.M.-C.,Chan,J.,Chan,W.W.-Y.,&Wong,D.(2012).Enacting modesty in Chinese culture:The joint contribution of personal characteristics and contextual features.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,15(1),14-25.
Bond,M.H.,Kwan,V.S.-Y.,&Li,C.(2000).Decomposing a sense of superiority:The differential social impact of self-regard and regard for others.Journal of Research in Personality,34(4),537-553.
Brown,L.B.,Uebelacker,L.,&Heatherington,L.(1998).Men,women,and the self-presentation of achievement.Sex Roles,38(3-4),253-268.
Burson,A.,Crocker,J.,&Mischkowski,D.(2012).Two types of value-affirmation implications for self-control following social exclusion.Social Psychological and Personality Science,3(4),510-516.
Cai,H.,Brown,J.D.,Deng,C.,&Oakes,M.A.(2007).Self-esteem and culture:Differences in cognitive self-evaluations or affective self-regard?.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,10(3),162-170.
Cai,H.,Kwan,V.,&Sedikides,C.(2012).A Sociocultural approach to narcissism:the case of modern China.European Journal of Personality,26(5),529-535.
Cai,H.,Sedikides,C.,Gaertner,L.,Wang,C.,Carvallo,M.,Xu,Y.,...Jackson,L.E.(2011).Tactical Self-Enhancement in China Is Modesty at the Service of SelfEnhancement in East Asian Culture?Social Psychological and Personality Science,2(1),59-64.
Chancellor,J.,&Lyubomirsky,S.(2013).Humble beginnings:Current trends,state perspectives,and hallmarks of humility.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,7(11),819-833.
Chen,S.X.,Bond,M.H.,Chan,B.,Tang,D.,&Buchtel,E.E.(2009).Behavioral manifestations of modesty.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,40(4),603-626.
Chodorow,N.(1989).Feminism and psychoanalytic theory:Yale University Press.
Cialdini,R.B.,Wosinska,W.,Dabul,A.J.,WhestoneDion,R.,&Heszen,I..(1998).When role salience leads to social role rejection:Modest self-presentation among women and men in two cultures.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(5),473-481.
Costa,P.T.,&Mc Crae,R.R.(1985).The NEO Personality Inventory manual.Odessa,FL:Psychological Resources.
Costa,P.T.,&Mc Crae,R.R.(1992).Normal personality assessment in clinical practice:the NEO Personality Inventory.Psychological Assessment,4(1),5-13.
Davis,D.E.,Hook,J.N.,Worthington Jr,E.L.,Van Tongeren,D.R.,Gartner,A.L,Jennings,D.J.,&Emmons,R.A.(2011).Relational humility:Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment.Journal of Personality Assessment,93(3),225-234.
Davis,D.E.,&Hook,J.N.(2014).Humility,religion,and spirituality:An endpiece.Journal of Psychology and Theology,42(1),111-117.
Davis,D.E.,Rice,K.,Mc Elroy,S.,De Blaere,C.,Choe,E.,Van Tongeren,D.R.,&Hook,J.N.(2016).Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility.The Journal of Positive Psychology,11(2),215-224.
Davis,D.E.,Worthington Jr,E.L.,Hook,J.N.,Emmons,R.A.,Hill,P.C.,Bollinger,R.A.,&Van Tongeren,D.R.(2013).Humility and the development and repair of social bonds:Two longitudinal studies.Self and Identity,12(1),58-77.
de Vries,R.E.,Lee,K.,&Ashton,M.C.(2008).The Dutch HEXACO Personality Inventory:Psychometric properties,self-other agreement,and relations with psychopathy among low and high acquaintanceship dyads.Journal of Personality Assessment,90,142-151.
Dwiwardani,C.,Hill,P.C.,Bollinger,R.A.,Marks,L.E.,Steele,J.R.,Doolin,H.N.,…Davis,D.E.(2014).Virtues develop from a secure base:Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility,gratitude and forgiveness.Journal of Psychology and Theology,42(1),83-90.
Exline,J.J.(2008).Taming the wild ego:The challenge of humility.In H.A.Wayment&J.J.Bauer(Ed.),Transcending self-interest:Psychological explorations of the quiet ego(pp.53-62).Washington,DC:American Psychological Association.
Exline,J.J.,Campbell,W.K.,Baumeister,R.F.,Joiner,T,&Krueger,J.(2004).Humility and modesty.In C.Perterson&M.Seligman(Eds.),The values In Action(VIA)classification of strenths(pp.461-475).Cincinnati OH:Values in Action Institute.
Exline,J.J.,&Hill,P.C.(2012).Humility:A consistent and robust predictor of generosity.The Journal of Positive Psychology,7(3),208-218.
Exline,J.J.,&Geyer,A.L.(2004).Perceptions of humility:A preliminary study.Self and Identity,3(2),95-114.
Exline,J.J.,&Lobel,M.(1999).The perils of outperformance:sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison.Psychological Bulletin,125(3),307-337.
Franck,E.,&De Raedt,R.(2007).Self-esteem reconsidered:Unstable self-esteem outperforms level of self-esteem as vulnerability marker for depression.Behaviour Research and Therapy,45(7),1531-1541.
Greenwald,A.G.,&Farnham,S.D.(2000).Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and selfconcept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(6),1022-1038.
Gregg,A.P.,Hart,C.M.,Sedikides,C.,&Kumashiro,M.(2008).Everyday conceptions of modesty:A prototype analysis.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(7),978-992.
Gu,Y.(1990).Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese.Journal of pragmatics,14(2),237-257.
Han,K.-H.(2011).The self-enhancing function of Chinese modesty:From a perspective of social script.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,14(4),258-268.
Heatherington,L.,Burns,A.B,&Gustafson,T.B.(1998).When another stumbles:Gender and self-presentation to vulnerable others.Sex Roles,38(11-12),889-913.
Heine,S.J.,&Hamamura,T.(2007).In search of East Asian self-enhancement.Personality and Social Psychology Review,11(1),4-27.
Hilbig,B.E,&Zettler,I.(2009).Pillars of cooperation:Honesty-Humility,social value orientations,and economic behavior.Journal of Research in Personality,43(3),516-519.
Hook,J.N.,Davis,D.E.,Owen,J.,Worthington,E.L.,Jr.,&Utsey,S.O.(2013).Cultural humility:Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.Journal of Counseling Psychology,60(3),353-366.
Jankowski,P.J.,Sandage,S.J.,&Hill,P.C.(2013).Differentiation-based models of forgivingness,mental health and social justice commitment:Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility.The Journal of Positive Psychology,8(5),412-424.
Johnson,M.K.,Rowatt,W.C.,&Petrini,L.(2011).Anew trait on the market:Honesty-Humility as a unique predictor of job performance ratings.Personality and Individual Differences,50(6),857-862.
Juvonen,J.,&Murdock,T.B.(1995).Grade-level differences in the social value of effort:Implications for selfpresentation tactics of early adolescents.Child Development,66(6),1694-1705.
Kesebir,P.(2014).A quiet ego quiets death anxiety:Humility as an existential anxiety buffer.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(4),610-623.
Kim,Y.-H.,Chiu,C.-Y.,Peng,S.,Cai,H.,&Tov,W.(2010).Explaining east-west differences in the likelihood of making favorable self-evaluations:The role of evaluation apprehension and directness of expression.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,41(1),62-75.
Kitayama,S.,&Uchida,Y.(2003).Explicit self-criticism and implicit self-regard:Evaluating self and friend in two cultures.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,39(5),476-482.
Krause,N.(2010).Religious involvement,humility,and self-rated health.Social Indicators Research,98(1),23-39.
Krause,N.(2014).Exploring the relationships among humility,negative interaction in the church,and depressed affect.Aging&Mental Health,18(8),970-979.
Krause,N.,Pargament,K.I.,Hill,P.C.,&Ironson,G.(2016).Humility,stressful life events,and psychological well-being:Findings from the landmark spirituality and health survey.The Journal of Positive Psychology,11(5),499-510.
Kruse,E.,Chancellor,J.,Ruberton,P.M.,&Lyubomirsky,S.(2014).An upward spiral between gratitude and humility.Social Psychological and Personality Science,5(7),805-814.
Kurman,J.(2001).Is self-enhancement related to modesty or to individualism-collectivism?A test with four israeli groups.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,4(3),225-237.
Kurman,J.,&Sriram,N.(2002).Inter relationships among vertical and horizontal collectivism,modesty,and self-enhancement.Journal of Cross-Cultural,33(1),71-86.
La Bouff,J.P.,Rowatt,W.C,Johnson,M.K,Tsang,J.-A.,&Willerton,G.M..(2012).Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons:Evidence from three studies.The Journal of Positive Psychology,7(1),16-29.
Landrum,R.E.(2011).Measuring dispositional humility:A first approximation.Psychological Reports,108(1),217-22.
Lee,K.,Cameron,C.A.,Xu,F.,Fu,G.,&Board,J.(1997).Chinese and Canadian children's evaluations of lying and truth telling:Similarities and dfferences in the context of pro-and antisocial behaviors.Child Development,68(5),924-934.
Lee,K,Xu,F.,Fu,G.,Cameron,C.A.,&Chen,S.(2001).Taiwan and Mainland Chinese and Canadian children's categorization and evaluation of lie-and truthtelling:A modesty effect.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,19(4),525-542.
Matsumoto,D.,Yoo,S.H.,&Fontaine,J.(2008).Mapping expressive differences around the world the relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,39(1),55-74.
Mc Elroy,S.E.,Rice,K.G.,Davis,D.E.,Hook,J.N.,Hill,P.C.,Worthington,E.L.,Jr.,&Van Tongeren,D.R.(2014).Intellectual humility:Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership.Journal of Psychology and Theology,42(1),19-30.
Means,J.R.,Wilson,G.L.,Sturm,C.,Biron,J.E.,&Bach,P.J.(1990).Humility as a psychotherapeutic formulation.Counselling Psychology Quarterly,3(2),211-215.
Morris,J.A.,Brotheridge,C.M.,&Urbanski,J.C.(2005).Bringing humility to leadership:Antecedents and consequences of leader humility.Human Relations,58(10),1323-1350.
Nielsen,R.,Marrone,J.A.,&Slay,H.S.(2010).A new look at humility:Exploring the humility concept and its role in socialized charismatic leadership.Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies,17(1),33-43.
Owens,B.P.,&Hekman,D.R.(2012).Modeling how to grow:An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors,contingencies,and outcomes.Academy of Management Journal,55(4),787-818.
Owen,B.P.,Johnson,M.D.,&Mitchell,T.R.(2013).Expressed humility in organizations:Implications for performance,teams,and leadership.Organization Science,24(5),1517-1538.
Peters,A.S.,Rowat,W.C.,&Johnson,M.K.(2011).Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality.Psychology,2(3),155-161.
Powers,C.,Nam,R.K.,Rowatt,W.C.,&Hill,P.C.(2007).Associations between humility,spiritual transcendence,and forgiveness.Research in the social scientific study of religion,18,75-94.
Rowatt,W.C.,Powers,C.,Targhetta,V.,Comer,J.,Kennedy,S.,&Labouff,J.(2006).Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance.The Journal of Positive Psychology,1(4),198-211.
Saroglou,V.,Buxant,C.,&Tilquin,J.(2008).Positive emotions as leading to religion and spirituality.The Journal of Positive Psychology,3(3),165-173.
Sedikides,C.,Gregg,A.P.,&Hart,C.M.(2007).The importance of being modest.In Sedikides,C.,&Spencer,S.J.(Eds).The self,Frontiers of social psychology(pp.163-184):New York,USA:Psychology Press.
Seligman,M.E.P.,Dahlsgaard,K.,&Peterson,C.(2005).Shared virtue:the convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history.Review of General Psychology,9(3),203-213.
Shi,Y.,Sedikides,C.,Liu,Y.,Yang,Z.&Cai,H.(2017)Disowning the self:Modesty the cultural value of modesty can attenuate self-positivity.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,70,1023-1032.
Shi,Y.,Sedikides,C.,Gregg,A.P.,&Cai,H.(2016)Prototype of Chinese Modesty.Unpublished manuscript.Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Silvia,P.J.,Kaufman,J.C.,Reiter-Palmon,R.,&Wigert,B.(2011).Cantankerous creativity:Honesty-Humility,Agreeableness,and the HEXACO structure of creative achievement.Personality and Individual Differences,51(5),687-689.
Stein,J.(2013).Millennials:The Me Me Me Generation.TIME Magazine,20.
Takata,T.(2003).Self-enhancement and self-criticism in Japanese culture an experimental analysis.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,34(5),542-551.
Tangney,J.P.(2000).Humility:Theoretical perspectives,empirical findings and directions for future research.Journal of Social&Clinical Psychology,19(1),70-82.
Tangney,J.P.(2002).Humility.Snyder,C.R.(Ed);Lopez,Shane J.(Ed)(2002).Handbook of positive psychology.(pp.411-419).New York,NY,US:Oxford University Press.
Tice,D.M,Butler,J.L,Muraven,M.B,&Stillwell,A.M.(1995).When modesty prevails:Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69(6),1120-1138.
Tong,E.W.M.,Tan,K.W.T.,Chor,A.A.B.,Koh,E.P.S.,Lee,J.S.Y.,&Tan,R.W.Y.(2016).Humility facilitates higher self-control.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,62,30-39.
Twenge,J.M.,Konrath,S.,Foster,J.D.,Campbell,W.K.,&Bushman,B.J.(2008).Egos inflating over time:a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.Journal of Personality,76(4),875-902.
Vera,D.,&Rodriguez-Lopez,A.(2004).Strategic virtues:Humility as a source of competitive advantage.Organizational Dynamics,33(4),393-408.
Wayment,Heidi A,&Bauer,Jack J.(2008).Transcending self-interest:Psychological explorations of the quiet ego:American Psychological Association.
Weidman,A.C.,Cheng,J.T.,&Tracy,J.L.(2016).The psychological structure of humility.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology.Advance online publication.
Weidman,A.C.,&Tracy,J.L.(in press).Is Humility a Sentiment?Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Weiss,H.M.,&Knight,P.A.(1980).The utility of humility:Self-esteem,information search,and problem-solving efficiency.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,25(2),216-223.
Whetstone,M.R.,Okun,M.A.,&Cialdini,R.B.(1992).The modest responding scale.Paper presented at the Poster presented at the convention of the American Psychological Society,Washington,DC.
Wosinska,W.,Dabul,A.J.,Whetstone-Dion,R.,&Cialdini,R.B.(1996).Self-presentational responses to success in the organization:The costs and benefits of modesty.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,18(2),229-242.
Xie,J.-L.,Chen,Z.,&Roy,J.-P.(2006).Cultural and personality determinants of leniency in self-rating among chinese people.Management and Organization Review,2(2),181-207.
Yamagishi,T.,Hashimoto,H.,Cook,K.S.,Kiyonari,T.,Shinada,M.,Mifune,N.,...&Li,Y.(2012).Modesty in self-presentation:A comparison between the USA and Japan.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,15(1),60-68.
Yang,K-S.(1981).Social orientation and individual modernity among Chinese students in Taiwan.The Journal of social psychology,113(2),159-170.
Yik,M.S.M,Bond,M.H.,&Paulhus,D.L.(1998).Do Chinese self-enhance or self-efface?It's a matter of domain.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24,399-406.
Yu,J.,&Murphy,K.R.(1993).Modesty bias in self-ratings of performance:A test of the cultural relativity hypothesis.Personnel Psychology,46(2),357-363.