黑河“97”分水方案适应性分析
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摘要
黑河"97"分水方案自2000年实施以来,流入下游水量明显增加,缓解了下游生态环境恶化趋势,但在丰水年难以完成分水指标,其适应性受到各方关注。本文在分析"97"分水方案的技术特点及背景条件变化对分水方案适应性影响的基础上,通过构建黑河水资源配置模拟模型,对分水方案在不同需水条件和黄藏寺水库建成运行后长系列年(1958-2012年)实施情况进行了模拟,分析评价了黑河"97"分水方案的适应性。研究表明,由于分水方案制定和实施前后黑河经济社会、水系连通性等背景条件发生了较大变化,在现状工程和需水条件下,不能完成"97"分水方案的分水要求;在中游退耕至2000年水平和黄藏寺水库建成的情况下,虽然可以完成"97"分水方案的分水要求,但仍存在地下水超采情况,因此,基于20世纪80年代中期黑河经济社会和1955-1986年水文条件的"97"分水方案与黑河流域现状存在一定的不适应性。
The water diversion scheme is important for the sustainable development of the economic, social and ecological environment in different parts of the basin, especially for the rivers in arid areas. In order to curb the trend of ecological degradation in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, the Heihe River water diversion scheme, approved in 1997 by the Chinese government, was carried out in 2000. With the implementation of the water separation scheme,the allocation of domestic water, production and ecological water tends to be reasonable, and the trend of ecological environment deterioration has been relieved. However, there are still queries on the rationality of water diversion schemes because it is difficult to complete water diversion indicators in wet years. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the implementation of the water diversion scheme and evaluate its adaptability in the Heihe River under the changing background. In this paper, based on the analysis of the impact of water diversion scheme, the technical characteristics and adaptability of water diversion under the changing background were analyzed. By establishing water resource allocation model of the Heihe River, the implementation of water resource allocation under different water demands and the operation of Huangzangsi(Huangzang Temple) Reservoir for long-time series(from1958 to 2012) were simulated, and then the adaptability of water diversion schemes was analyzed. The result shows that the Heihe River water diversion scheme cannot meet the requirements of water diversion under the current condition due to the changes of economic society and river connectivity in the Heihe River basin. Water diversion indicators can be accomplished when the area of farmland in the middle reaches decreases to the level of 2000 and the construction of Huangzangsi Reservoir is finished, but there is still over exploitation of groundwater in the middle reaches. In conclusion, "97" water diversion plan is inadaptable to the current situation to some extent on the basis of the economic, social and hydrologic conditions of the Heihe River in the mid-1980s.
The water diversion scheme is important for the sustainable development of the economic, social and ecological environment in different parts of the basin, especially for the rivers in arid areas. In order to curb the trend of ecological degradation in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, the Heihe River water diversion scheme, approved in 1997 by the Chinese government, was carried out in 2000. With the implementation of the water separation scheme,the allocation of domestic water, production and ecological water tends to be reasonable, and the trend of ecological environment deterioration has been relieved. However, there are still queries on the rationality of water diversion schemes because it is difficult to complete water diversion indicators in wet years. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the implementation of the water diversion scheme and evaluate its adaptability in the Heihe River under the changing background. In this paper, based on the analysis of the impact of water diversion scheme, the technical characteristics and adaptability of water diversion under the changing background were analyzed. By establishing water resource allocation model of the Heihe River, the implementation of water resource allocation under different water demands and the operation of Huangzangsi(Huangzang Temple) Reservoir for long-time series(from1958 to 2012) were simulated, and then the adaptability of water diversion schemes was analyzed. The result shows that the Heihe River water diversion scheme cannot meet the requirements of water diversion under the current condition due to the changes of economic society and river connectivity in the Heihe River basin. Water diversion indicators can be accomplished when the area of farmland in the middle reaches decreases to the level of 2000 and the construction of Huangzangsi Reservoir is finished, but there is still over exploitation of groundwater in the middle reaches. In conclusion, "97" water diversion plan is inadaptable to the current situation to some extent on the basis of the economic, social and hydrologic conditions of the Heihe River in the mid-1980s.
引文
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[16]You Jinjun,Wang Hao,Gan Hong.Current Status and prospect of study on simulation model of water resources system.Advances in Water Science,2006,17(3):425-429.[游进军,王浩,甘泓.水资源系统模拟模型研究进展.水科学进展,2006,17(3):425-429.]
[17]Niels T,Peng H Y,Ahmed J R,et al.Water allocation and water consumption of irrigated agriculture andnatural vegetation in the Aksu-Tarim river basin,Xinjiang,China.Journal of Arid Environments,2015,112:87-97.
[18]Fang Chuanglin,Bao Chao.The coupling model of water-ecology-economy coordinated development and its application in Heihe River basin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(5):781-790.[方创琳,鲍超.黑河流域水-生态-经济发展耦合模型及应用.地理学报,2004,59(5):781-790.]
[19]Li Jiang,Mao Xiaomin,Li Mo.Modeling hydrological processes in oasis of Heihe River Basin by landscape unit-based conceptual models integrated with FEFLOW and GIS.Agricultural Water Management,2017,179:338-351.
[20]Lu Zhixiang,Wei Yongping,Xiao Honglang,et al.Trade-offs between midstream agricultural production and downstream ecological sustainability in the Heihe River Basin in the past half century.Agricultural Water Management,2015,152:233-242.
[21]Zhang Yongyong,Huang Qiang,Zhang Hongbo,et al.Research on joint operation of cascade reservoirs in the upstream Heihe River.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2010,29(4):52-57.[张永永,黄强,张洪波,等.黑河上游梯级水库联合调度研究.水力发电学报,2010,29(4):52-57.]
[22]Liu Junfeng,Chen Rensheng,Qing Wenwu,et al.Study on the vertical distribution of precipitation of precipitation in mountains regions using TRMM data.Advances in Water Science,2011,22(4):447-454.[刘俊峰,陈仁升,卿文武,等,基于TRMM降水数据的山区降水垂直分布特征.水科学进展,2011,22(4):447-454.]
[2]Zhou Ting,Zheng Hang.Review of water right allocation in Colorado River and its enlightenment.Advances in Water Science,2015,26(6):893-901.[周婷,郑航.科罗拉多河水权分配历程及其启示.水科学进展,2015,26(6):893-901.]
[3]Quentin G R,Hoang L C,Michael S,et al.Optimal dynamic water allocation:Irrigation extractions and environmental tradeoffs in the Murray River,Australia.Water Resources Research,2011,47:2913-2926.
[4]Assaf C,Adam A,Nir B.A tale of two rivers:Pathways for improving water management in the Jordan and Colorado River basins.Journal of Arid Environment,2015,112:109-123.
[5]Niels Thevs,Haiyan Peng,Ahmedjan Rozi,et al.Water allocation and water consumption of irrigated agriculture and natural vegetation in the Aksu-Tarim river basin,Xinjiang,China.Journal of Arid Environments,2015,112:87-97.
[6]Huai Baojuan,Li Zhongqin,Sun Meiping,et al.RS analysis of glaciers change in the Heihe River Basin in the last 50years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,69(3):365-377.[怀保娟,李忠勤,孙美平,等.近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析.地理学报,2016,69(3):365-377.]
[7]Zhou Yanzhao,Li Xin,Yang Kun,et al.Assessing the impacts of an ecological water diversion project on water consumption through high-resolution estimations of actual evapotranspiration in the downstream regions of the Heihe River Basin China.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,249:210-227.
[8]Zhang Mengmeng,Wang Shuai,Fu Bojie,et al.Ecological effects and potential risks of the water diversion project in the Heihe River Basin.Science of the Total Environment,2018,619/620:794-803.
[9]Jiang Xiaohui,Liu Changming.The response of vegetation to water transport in the lower reaches of the Heihe River.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(7):791-797.[蒋晓辉,刘昌明.黑河下游植被对调水的响应.地理学报,2009,64(7):791-797.]
[10]Zhang Yichi,Yu Jingjie,Qiao Maoyun,et al.Effect of eco-water transfer on changes of vegetation in the lower Heihe River basin.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(7):757-765.[张一驰,于静洁,乔茂云,等.黑河流域生态输水对下游植被变化影响研究.水利学报,2011,42(7):757-765.]
[11]Lu Zhenyuan,Tang Deshan,Zheng Bin,et al.Post-evaluation of the ecological impact of water diversion and recent management in the downstream Heihe River.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(7):1556-1561.[卢振园,唐德善,郑斌,等.黑河下游调水及近期治理生态影响后评价.环境科学学报,2011,31(7):1556-1561.]
[12]Zhao Qing,Huang Weidong.Analysis and evaluation on effect of water integrated regulation and comprehensive river basin management of Heihe River.Yellow River,2015,37(8):60-63.[赵清,黄维东.黑河水量统一调度及流域治理成效分析评价.人民黄河,2015,37(8):60-63.]
[13]Liu Xiaolong,Wang Lingzhao.Study on the Heihe River water diversion scheme and scheduling curve.Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Technology,2012,48(10):16-18.[柳小龙,王令钊.对黑河干流调度方案及调水曲线的探讨.甘肃水利水电技术,2012,48(10):16-18.]
[14]Wu B,Zheng Y,Wu X,et al.Optimizing water resources management in large river basins with integrated surface watergroundwater modeling:A surrogate-based approach.Water Resources Research,2014,51:2153-2173.
[15]Wu X,Zheng Y,Wu B,et al.Optimizing conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater for irrigation to address human-nature water conflicts:A surrogate modeling approach.Agricultural Water Management,2015,163:380-392.
[16]You Jinjun,Wang Hao,Gan Hong.Current Status and prospect of study on simulation model of water resources system.Advances in Water Science,2006,17(3):425-429.[游进军,王浩,甘泓.水资源系统模拟模型研究进展.水科学进展,2006,17(3):425-429.]
[17]Niels T,Peng H Y,Ahmed J R,et al.Water allocation and water consumption of irrigated agriculture andnatural vegetation in the Aksu-Tarim river basin,Xinjiang,China.Journal of Arid Environments,2015,112:87-97.
[18]Fang Chuanglin,Bao Chao.The coupling model of water-ecology-economy coordinated development and its application in Heihe River basin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(5):781-790.[方创琳,鲍超.黑河流域水-生态-经济发展耦合模型及应用.地理学报,2004,59(5):781-790.]
[19]Li Jiang,Mao Xiaomin,Li Mo.Modeling hydrological processes in oasis of Heihe River Basin by landscape unit-based conceptual models integrated with FEFLOW and GIS.Agricultural Water Management,2017,179:338-351.
[20]Lu Zhixiang,Wei Yongping,Xiao Honglang,et al.Trade-offs between midstream agricultural production and downstream ecological sustainability in the Heihe River Basin in the past half century.Agricultural Water Management,2015,152:233-242.
[21]Zhang Yongyong,Huang Qiang,Zhang Hongbo,et al.Research on joint operation of cascade reservoirs in the upstream Heihe River.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2010,29(4):52-57.[张永永,黄强,张洪波,等.黑河上游梯级水库联合调度研究.水力发电学报,2010,29(4):52-57.]
[22]Liu Junfeng,Chen Rensheng,Qing Wenwu,et al.Study on the vertical distribution of precipitation of precipitation in mountains regions using TRMM data.Advances in Water Science,2011,22(4):447-454.[刘俊峰,陈仁升,卿文武,等,基于TRMM降水数据的山区降水垂直分布特征.水科学进展,2011,22(4):447-454.]
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