浙东中新世Cinnamomum cf.bejolghota微细构造及其古环境意义
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摘要
化石采自浙江天台嵊县组.该地层含丰富被子植物压型化石及少量裸子植物化石.利用叶结构分析法,依据叶脉、叶尖、叶基等稳定性特征,对一种樟科植物化石的宏观形态进行了详细的研究;结合表皮特征分析,发现该化石与现生Cinnamomum bejolghota(Buch-Ham.)Sweet在叶形、叶脉特征以及表皮脉络细胞特征、气孔器类型和毛基特征等方面均很相似,因而将当前化石定名为Cinnamomum cf.bejolghota(钝叶桂相似种).通过分析化石钝叶桂的角质层微细构造特征,结合现生钝叶桂的分布范围和生存环境恢复了浙东地区中新世的古气候和古环境特征,推测当时的气候比现在更为炎热多雨,同时认为钝叶桂从中新世至今有南迁的趋势.
Leaf fossils are collected for this study from the Shengxian Formation in Tiantai,Zhejiang Province.There are abundant compressed angiosperm fossils and a few gymnosperm fossils in the Shengxian Formation.Based on steady macromorphology of leaf including the base,the apex,the vein and so on,one species of Lauraceae plant fossils is studied in detail by analyzing the leaf architecture and cuticle characteristics in this paper.The fossil leaves and living Cinnamomum bejolghota(Buch-Ham.)Sweet are found sharing resemblance on the leaf shape,leaf vein,vein cell,stomata type and the features of trichomes.So the fossil leaves are identified as Cinnamomum bejolghota.Based on cuticle characteristics of fossil leaves and the distribution area and survival environment of living Cinnamomum bejolghota,we come to the following conclusions on the paleoclimate and paleoenviroment in eastern Zhejiang,that it was hotter and moister than present,and the distribution area of Cinnamomum bejolghota moved southward from Miocene.
Leaf fossils are collected for this study from the Shengxian Formation in Tiantai,Zhejiang Province.There are abundant compressed angiosperm fossils and a few gymnosperm fossils in the Shengxian Formation.Based on steady macromorphology of leaf including the base,the apex,the vein and so on,one species of Lauraceae plant fossils is studied in detail by analyzing the leaf architecture and cuticle characteristics in this paper.The fossil leaves and living Cinnamomum bejolghota(Buch-Ham.)Sweet are found sharing resemblance on the leaf shape,leaf vein,vein cell,stomata type and the features of trichomes.So the fossil leaves are identified as Cinnamomum bejolghota.Based on cuticle characteristics of fossil leaves and the distribution area and survival environment of living Cinnamomum bejolghota,we come to the following conclusions on the paleoclimate and paleoenviroment in eastern Zhejiang,that it was hotter and moister than present,and the distribution area of Cinnamomum bejolghota moved southward from Miocene.
引文
Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Zhejiang Prov-ince,1989.Regional Geology Records of Zhejiang Prov-ince.Geological Publishing House,Beijing,189-204,572-573(in Chinese).
Christophel,D.C.,Kerrigan,R.,Rowett,A.I.,1996.TheUse of Cuticular Features in the Taxonomy of theLauraceae.Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,83(3):419-432.
Delectis Florae Reipublicae Popularis Sinica Agendae Aca-demiae Sinicae Edita,1982.Flora Reipublicae PopularisSinicae,Tomus31.Science Press,Beijing,166-229(inChinese).
Drinnan,A.N.,Crane,P.R.,Friis,E.M.,et al.,1990.Lauraceous Flowers from the Potomac Group(Mid-Cretaceous)of Eastern North America.Botanical Ga-zette,151(3):370-384.
Eklund,H.,Kvaek,J.,1998.Lauraceous Inflorescences andFlowers form the Cenomanian of Bohemia(Czech Re-public,Central Europe).International Journal ofPlant Sciences,159(4):668-686.doi:10.1086/297585
Jia,H.,Sun,B.N.,Li,X.C.,et al.,2009.Microstructures ofOne Species of Quercus from the Neogene in EasternZhejiang and Its Palaeoenvironmental Indication.EarthScience Frontier,16(5):79-90(in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract).
Jin,J.H.,Liao,W.B.,Wang,B.S.,et al.,2003.GlobalChange in Cenozoic and Evolution of Flora in China.Guihaia,23(3):217-225(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Kerp,H.,1990.The Study of Fossil Gymnosperms by Meansof Cuticular Analysis.Palaios,5(6):548-569.doi:10.2307/3514861
Kerp,H.,2002.Atmospheric CO2from Fossil Plant Cuti-cles.Nature,415(6867):38.doi:10.1038/415038a
Leng,Q.,2000.An Effective Method of Observing Fine Ve-nation from Compressed Angiosperm Fossil Leaves.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,39(1):157-158(in Chi-nese with English abstract).
Li,H.M.,1984.Eeogene Floras from East Zhengjiang,Chi-na.In:Whyte,R.O.,ed.,The Evolution of East AsianEnvironment.Vol II,Palaeogeography,Palaeoclima-tology and Palaeoecology,Central of Studies:The Uni-versity of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,461-466.
Li,J.,Li,X.W.,2004.Advances in Lauraceae SystematicResearch on the World Scale.Acta Botanica Yunnani-ca,26(1):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,M.T.,Sun,B.N.,Xiao,L.,et al.,2008.Discovery ofBetula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney from the Miocenein Eastern Zhejiang and Reconstruction of Palaeocli-mate.Advances in Earth Science,23(6):651-658(inChinese with English abstract).
Liu,Y.S.,1990.Cuticular Studies on Two Pleistocene Spe-cies of Lauraceae in Baise Basin,Guangxi.Acta Botani-ca Sinica,32(10):805-808(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Liu,Y.S.,Guo,S.X.,Ferguson,D.K.,1996.Catalogue ofCenozoic Megafossil Plants in China.Palaeontographi-ca Abt,238:141-179.
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,1982.Paleontological Atlas of East China Part3.Volume ofMesozoic and Cenozoic.Geological Publishing Press,Beijing,303-304(in Chinese).
Retallack,G.J.,2001.A300-Million-Year Record of Atmos-pheric Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Plant Cuticles.Na-ture,411(6835):287-290.doi:10.1038/35077041
South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1974.Flora Hainanica,Tome1.Science Press,Beijing,263-264(in Chinese).
Sun,B.N.,Cong,P.Y.,Yan,D.F.,et al.,2003.CuticularStructure of Two Angiosperm Fossils in Neogene fromTengchong,Yunnan Province and Its Palaeoenviron-mental Significance.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,42(2):216-222(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,B.N.,Dilcher,D.L.,Beerling,D.J.,et al.,2003.Vari-ation in Ginkgo Biloba L.Leaf Characters across a Cli-matic Gradient in China.Proceeding of National Acad-emy of Science of the United States of America,100(12):7141-7146.doi:10.1073/pnas.1232419100
Sun,B.N.,Yan,D.F.,Xie,S.P.,et al.,2009.General Dis-cussion on Cuticles of Fossil Plant in China.ActaPalaeontologica Sinica,48(3):347-356(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Sun,Q.G.,Song,S.Y.,Wang,Y.F.,et al.,1997.Introduc-tion to Terminology of Classification of DicotyledonousLeaf Architecture.Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,35(3):275-288(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tao,J.R.,Zhou,Z.K.,Liu,Y.S.,2000.The Evolution ofLate Cretaceous-Cenozoic Floras in China.SciencePress,Beijing,73-76,118-126(in Chinese).
The Writing Group of Stratigraphic Table of Zhejiang Prov-ince,1979.Stratigraphic Table of East China,Fasciculeof Zhejiang Province.Geological Publishing House,Bei-jing,144-146(in Chinese).
Wan,S.M.,Li,A.C.,Xu,K.H.,et al.,2008.Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Northern South China Seaand Its Implications for Evolution of East Asian Mon-soon since Miocene.Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geoscience,33(3):289-300(in Chinesewith an English abstract).
Wang,Y.F.,Tao,J.R.,1991.An Introduction to a NewSystem of Terminology for Plant Cuticular Analysis.Chinese Bulletin of Botany,8(4):6-13(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Wu,J.Y.,Sun,B.N.,Xie,S.P.,et al.,2008.Two NeogeneMachilus(Lauraceae)Fossils Leaves from Tengchong,Yunnan Province and Its Paleoenvironmental Signifi-cance.Geological Journal of China Universities,14(1):90-98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiao,L.,Sun,B.N.,Yan,D.F.,et al.,2006.CuticularStructure of Quercus Pannosa Hand-Mazz.From thePliocene in Baoshan,Yunnan Province and Its Palaeoen-vironmental Significance.Acta MicropalaeontologicaSinica,23(1):23-30(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Ye,M.N.,1981.On the Preparation Methods of Fossil Cuti-cle.In:Palaeontological Society of China,ed.,12th An-nual Conference of the Palaeontological Society of ChinaSelected Papers.Science Press,Beijing,170-181(inChinese).
Yin,J.R.,Cui,Z.J.,Ge,D.K.,et al.,1996.PaleoecologicalAnalysis of Quateranry Fossil Assemblages from Kun-lun Pass Area,and Geological Significance for KunlunMountains Rising.Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,21(3):241-248(in Chinesewith an English abstract).
Yu,G.H.Fang,B.X.,Ma,W.P.,et al.,1996.Stratigraphy(Litostratic)of Zhejiang Province.China University ofGeosciences Press,Wuhan,178-180(in Chinese).
地质矿产部南京地质矿产研究所,1982.华东地区古生物图册(三)中、新生代分册.北京:地质出版社,303-304.
广东省植物研究所,1974.海南植物志(第1卷).科学出版社,263-264.
贾慧,孙柏年,李向传,等,2009.浙东新近纪一种栎属植物化石微细特征及其古环境指示.地学前缘,16(5):79-90.
金建华,廖文波,王伯荪,等,2003.新生代全球变化与中国古植物区系的演变.广西植物,23(3):217-225.
冷琴,2000.一种观察被子植物压膜化石细微叶结构特征的有效方法.古生物学报,39(1):157-158.
李捷,李锡文,2004.世界樟科植物系统学研究进展.云南植物研究,26(1):1-11.
李明涛,孙柏年,肖良,等,2008.浙东中新世Betula miolumi-nifera Hu et Chaney的发现及古气候重建.地球科学进展,23(6):651-658.
刘裕生,1990.广西百色盆地更新世樟科两种植物角质层研究.植物学报,32(10):805-808.
孙柏年,丛培允,闫德飞,等,2003.云南腾冲新近纪两种被子植物化石的角质层构造及其古环境意义.古生物学报,42(2):216-222.
孙柏年,闫德飞,谢三平,等,2009.中国植物化石角质层研究综述.古生物学报,48(30):347-356.
孙启高,宋书银,王宇飞,等,1997.介绍双子叶植物叶结构分类术语.植物分类学报,35(3):275-288.
陶君容,周浙昆,刘裕生,2000.中国晚白垩世至新生代植物区系发展演变.北京:科学出版社,73-76,118-126.
万世明,李安春,胥可辉,等,2008.南海北部中新世以来粘土矿物特征及东亚古季风记录.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,33(3):289-300.
王宇飞,陶君容,1991.植物角质层分析术语新体系.植物学通报,8(4):6-13.
吴靖宇,孙柏年,解三平,等,2008.云南腾冲新近纪樟科润楠属两种化石及其古环境意义.高校地质学报,14(1):90-98.
肖良,孙柏年,阎德飞,等,2006.云南保山上新统黄背栎Quercus pannosa Hand.-Mazz.角质层特征及古环境意义.微体古生物学报,23(1):23-30.
叶美娜,1981.关于化石角质层的研究和技术处理方法.见:中国古生物协会编,中国古生物学会十二届学术年会论文选集.北京:科学出版社,170-181.
阴家润,崔之久,葛道凯,等,1996.昆仑山口第四纪化石组合的生态环境分析及其对昆仑山隆升的意义.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,21(3):241-248.
俞国华,方炳兴,马武平,等,1996.浙江省岩石地层.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,178-180.
浙江省地质矿产局,1989.浙江省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,189-204,572-573.
浙江省区域地层表编写组,1979.华东地区区域地层表浙江省分册.北京:地质出版社,144-146.
中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会,1982.中国植物志,第三十一卷.北京:科学出版社,166-229.
Christophel,D.C.,Kerrigan,R.,Rowett,A.I.,1996.TheUse of Cuticular Features in the Taxonomy of theLauraceae.Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,83(3):419-432.
Delectis Florae Reipublicae Popularis Sinica Agendae Aca-demiae Sinicae Edita,1982.Flora Reipublicae PopularisSinicae,Tomus31.Science Press,Beijing,166-229(inChinese).
Drinnan,A.N.,Crane,P.R.,Friis,E.M.,et al.,1990.Lauraceous Flowers from the Potomac Group(Mid-Cretaceous)of Eastern North America.Botanical Ga-zette,151(3):370-384.
Eklund,H.,Kvaek,J.,1998.Lauraceous Inflorescences andFlowers form the Cenomanian of Bohemia(Czech Re-public,Central Europe).International Journal ofPlant Sciences,159(4):668-686.doi:10.1086/297585
Jia,H.,Sun,B.N.,Li,X.C.,et al.,2009.Microstructures ofOne Species of Quercus from the Neogene in EasternZhejiang and Its Palaeoenvironmental Indication.EarthScience Frontier,16(5):79-90(in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract).
Jin,J.H.,Liao,W.B.,Wang,B.S.,et al.,2003.GlobalChange in Cenozoic and Evolution of Flora in China.Guihaia,23(3):217-225(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Kerp,H.,1990.The Study of Fossil Gymnosperms by Meansof Cuticular Analysis.Palaios,5(6):548-569.doi:10.2307/3514861
Kerp,H.,2002.Atmospheric CO2from Fossil Plant Cuti-cles.Nature,415(6867):38.doi:10.1038/415038a
Leng,Q.,2000.An Effective Method of Observing Fine Ve-nation from Compressed Angiosperm Fossil Leaves.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,39(1):157-158(in Chi-nese with English abstract).
Li,H.M.,1984.Eeogene Floras from East Zhengjiang,Chi-na.In:Whyte,R.O.,ed.,The Evolution of East AsianEnvironment.Vol II,Palaeogeography,Palaeoclima-tology and Palaeoecology,Central of Studies:The Uni-versity of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,461-466.
Li,J.,Li,X.W.,2004.Advances in Lauraceae SystematicResearch on the World Scale.Acta Botanica Yunnani-ca,26(1):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,M.T.,Sun,B.N.,Xiao,L.,et al.,2008.Discovery ofBetula mioluminifera Hu et Chaney from the Miocenein Eastern Zhejiang and Reconstruction of Palaeocli-mate.Advances in Earth Science,23(6):651-658(inChinese with English abstract).
Liu,Y.S.,1990.Cuticular Studies on Two Pleistocene Spe-cies of Lauraceae in Baise Basin,Guangxi.Acta Botani-ca Sinica,32(10):805-808(in Chinese with Englishabstract).
Liu,Y.S.,Guo,S.X.,Ferguson,D.K.,1996.Catalogue ofCenozoic Megafossil Plants in China.Palaeontographi-ca Abt,238:141-179.
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,1982.Paleontological Atlas of East China Part3.Volume ofMesozoic and Cenozoic.Geological Publishing Press,Beijing,303-304(in Chinese).
Retallack,G.J.,2001.A300-Million-Year Record of Atmos-pheric Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Plant Cuticles.Na-ture,411(6835):287-290.doi:10.1038/35077041
South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1974.Flora Hainanica,Tome1.Science Press,Beijing,263-264(in Chinese).
Sun,B.N.,Cong,P.Y.,Yan,D.F.,et al.,2003.CuticularStructure of Two Angiosperm Fossils in Neogene fromTengchong,Yunnan Province and Its Palaeoenviron-mental Significance.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,42(2):216-222(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,B.N.,Dilcher,D.L.,Beerling,D.J.,et al.,2003.Vari-ation in Ginkgo Biloba L.Leaf Characters across a Cli-matic Gradient in China.Proceeding of National Acad-emy of Science of the United States of America,100(12):7141-7146.doi:10.1073/pnas.1232419100
Sun,B.N.,Yan,D.F.,Xie,S.P.,et al.,2009.General Dis-cussion on Cuticles of Fossil Plant in China.ActaPalaeontologica Sinica,48(3):347-356(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Sun,Q.G.,Song,S.Y.,Wang,Y.F.,et al.,1997.Introduc-tion to Terminology of Classification of DicotyledonousLeaf Architecture.Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,35(3):275-288(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tao,J.R.,Zhou,Z.K.,Liu,Y.S.,2000.The Evolution ofLate Cretaceous-Cenozoic Floras in China.SciencePress,Beijing,73-76,118-126(in Chinese).
The Writing Group of Stratigraphic Table of Zhejiang Prov-ince,1979.Stratigraphic Table of East China,Fasciculeof Zhejiang Province.Geological Publishing House,Bei-jing,144-146(in Chinese).
Wan,S.M.,Li,A.C.,Xu,K.H.,et al.,2008.Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Northern South China Seaand Its Implications for Evolution of East Asian Mon-soon since Miocene.Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geoscience,33(3):289-300(in Chinesewith an English abstract).
Wang,Y.F.,Tao,J.R.,1991.An Introduction to a NewSystem of Terminology for Plant Cuticular Analysis.Chinese Bulletin of Botany,8(4):6-13(in Chinesewith English abstract).
Wu,J.Y.,Sun,B.N.,Xie,S.P.,et al.,2008.Two NeogeneMachilus(Lauraceae)Fossils Leaves from Tengchong,Yunnan Province and Its Paleoenvironmental Signifi-cance.Geological Journal of China Universities,14(1):90-98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xiao,L.,Sun,B.N.,Yan,D.F.,et al.,2006.CuticularStructure of Quercus Pannosa Hand-Mazz.From thePliocene in Baoshan,Yunnan Province and Its Palaeoen-vironmental Significance.Acta MicropalaeontologicaSinica,23(1):23-30(in Chinese with English ab-stract).
Ye,M.N.,1981.On the Preparation Methods of Fossil Cuti-cle.In:Palaeontological Society of China,ed.,12th An-nual Conference of the Palaeontological Society of ChinaSelected Papers.Science Press,Beijing,170-181(inChinese).
Yin,J.R.,Cui,Z.J.,Ge,D.K.,et al.,1996.PaleoecologicalAnalysis of Quateranry Fossil Assemblages from Kun-lun Pass Area,and Geological Significance for KunlunMountains Rising.Earth Science—Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,21(3):241-248(in Chinesewith an English abstract).
Yu,G.H.Fang,B.X.,Ma,W.P.,et al.,1996.Stratigraphy(Litostratic)of Zhejiang Province.China University ofGeosciences Press,Wuhan,178-180(in Chinese).
地质矿产部南京地质矿产研究所,1982.华东地区古生物图册(三)中、新生代分册.北京:地质出版社,303-304.
广东省植物研究所,1974.海南植物志(第1卷).科学出版社,263-264.
贾慧,孙柏年,李向传,等,2009.浙东新近纪一种栎属植物化石微细特征及其古环境指示.地学前缘,16(5):79-90.
金建华,廖文波,王伯荪,等,2003.新生代全球变化与中国古植物区系的演变.广西植物,23(3):217-225.
冷琴,2000.一种观察被子植物压膜化石细微叶结构特征的有效方法.古生物学报,39(1):157-158.
李捷,李锡文,2004.世界樟科植物系统学研究进展.云南植物研究,26(1):1-11.
李明涛,孙柏年,肖良,等,2008.浙东中新世Betula miolumi-nifera Hu et Chaney的发现及古气候重建.地球科学进展,23(6):651-658.
刘裕生,1990.广西百色盆地更新世樟科两种植物角质层研究.植物学报,32(10):805-808.
孙柏年,丛培允,闫德飞,等,2003.云南腾冲新近纪两种被子植物化石的角质层构造及其古环境意义.古生物学报,42(2):216-222.
孙柏年,闫德飞,谢三平,等,2009.中国植物化石角质层研究综述.古生物学报,48(30):347-356.
孙启高,宋书银,王宇飞,等,1997.介绍双子叶植物叶结构分类术语.植物分类学报,35(3):275-288.
陶君容,周浙昆,刘裕生,2000.中国晚白垩世至新生代植物区系发展演变.北京:科学出版社,73-76,118-126.
万世明,李安春,胥可辉,等,2008.南海北部中新世以来粘土矿物特征及东亚古季风记录.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,33(3):289-300.
王宇飞,陶君容,1991.植物角质层分析术语新体系.植物学通报,8(4):6-13.
吴靖宇,孙柏年,解三平,等,2008.云南腾冲新近纪樟科润楠属两种化石及其古环境意义.高校地质学报,14(1):90-98.
肖良,孙柏年,阎德飞,等,2006.云南保山上新统黄背栎Quercus pannosa Hand.-Mazz.角质层特征及古环境意义.微体古生物学报,23(1):23-30.
叶美娜,1981.关于化石角质层的研究和技术处理方法.见:中国古生物协会编,中国古生物学会十二届学术年会论文选集.北京:科学出版社,170-181.
阴家润,崔之久,葛道凯,等,1996.昆仑山口第四纪化石组合的生态环境分析及其对昆仑山隆升的意义.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,21(3):241-248.
俞国华,方炳兴,马武平,等,1996.浙江省岩石地层.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,178-180.
浙江省地质矿产局,1989.浙江省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,189-204,572-573.
浙江省区域地层表编写组,1979.华东地区区域地层表浙江省分册.北京:地质出版社,144-146.
中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会,1982.中国植物志,第三十一卷.北京:科学出版社,166-229.