政治问责及相关概念辨析
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摘要
基于问责的语义分析与学理阐释可知,作为机制的问责是指问责对象有义务就其行为、政策或职责表现等向问责主体告知、回答、解释与证明,如果问责对象存在失责行为则应接受问责主体的惩罚或制裁。政治以公共决策为重要内容,以行使公共权力为主要方式。在此意义上,可将狭义的政治问责界定为政治官员有义务就其在公共决策与推动公共政策执行中的行为与绩效,向社会公众、代议机关或执政党告知、回答、解释与证明,如果存在违法或不符合民意等失责行为,则应承担政治信任流失甚至公共决策权力丧失的后果。此外,政治问责与行政问责、民主问责、公共问责、社会问责等相关概念既有区别又存在交叉重叠,对其进行比较分析,有助于促进问责领域概念使用的规范化。
引文
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[2] Jonathan GS Koppell.Pathologies of Accountability:ICANN and the Challenge of “Multiple Accountabilities Disorder”[J].Public Administration Review,2005,65(1):94-108.
[3] Richard Mulgan.“Accountability”:An Ever-Expanding Concept?[J].Public Administration,2000,78(3):555-573.
[4] 马骏.政治问责研究:新的进展[J].公共行政评论,2009,(4):22-47.
[5] Oxford English Dictionary[EB/OL].[2019-05-01].http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/1195.
[6] Oxford English Dictionary[EB/OL].[2019-05-01].http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/1198.
[7] Oxford English Dictionary[EB/OL].[2019-05-01].http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/1197.
[8] Herman Finer.Administrative Responsibility in Democratic Government[J].Public Administration Review,1941,1(4):335-350.
[9] Barbara S.Romzek.Living Accountability:Hot Rhetoric,Cool Theory and Uneven Practice[J].Political Science & Politics,2015,48(1):27-34.
[10] Mark Bovens,Robert E.Goodin,Thomas Schillemans.The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014.
[11] Mark Bovens.Two Concepts of Accountability:Accountability as a Virtue and as a Mechanism[J].West European Politics,2010,33(5):946-967.
[12] Andreas Schedler.Conceptualizing Accountability[M] // Andreas Schedler,Larry Diamond,Marc F.Plattner.The Self-Restraining State:Power and Accountability in New Democracy.Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers,1999.
[13] Arnold W.Green.The Concept of Responsibility[J].Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,1943,33(5):392-394.John Uhr.Redesigning Accountability:From Muddles to Maps[J].The Australian Quarterly,1993,65(2):1-16.
[14] Robet D.Behn.Rethinking Democratic Accountability[M].Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2001:4.
[15] 江宜桦.西方“政治”概念之分析[C]//应奇,张培伦.厚薄之间的政治概念:《政治与社会哲学评论》文选:卷二.长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2015:1-2.
[16] [美]戴维·伊斯顿.政治生活的系统分析[M].王浦劬,等,译.北京:人民出版社,2012:20.
[17] [英]韦农·波格丹诺.布莱克维尔政治制度百科全书[M].邓正来,等,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2011:516.
[18] [德]马克斯·韦伯.学术与政治:韦伯的两篇演说[M].冯克利,译.北京:读书·生活·新知三联书店,2013:55.
[19] [美]哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔,亚伯拉罕·卡普兰.权力与社会:一项政治研究的框架[M].王菲易,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2012:5.
[20] 列宁全集:第37卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1986:60.
[21] 列宁全集:第31卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1985:128.
[22] 姜海如.中外公务员制度比较[M].北京:商务印书馆,2013:85-96.
[23] 史云贵.西方“政治—行政二分法”对我国公务员分类管理的启示——兼论防治“一把手”腐败的新思路[J].四川大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2013,(3):26-32.
[24] Johan P.Olsen.Democratic accountability,Political Order and Change[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017:1.
[25] Francis Fukuyama.Political Order and Political Decay:From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy[M].New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2014.
[26] 世界银行专家组.公共部门的社会问责:理念探讨及模式分析[M].宋涛,译校.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007.