新疆卡拉麦里山自然保护区社区牧民野生动物保护意识调查
|
摘要
通过到冬牧点与牧民面对面访谈,调查新疆卡拉麦里山(简称卡山)自然保护区越冬渡春牧业现况及其对野生动物的影响、冬牧点牧民保护荒漠有蹄类野生动物意识、冬季放牧与野生动物的竞争、生态补偿等方面。结果表明:①目前,卡山自然保护区社区牧民收入稳中增加者均占各乡(镇)总数的96. 67%以上,但传统畜牧业依然是主要的经济来源;②卡山自然保护区牧民保护荒漠有蹄类野生动物意识较高,认为雪灾和旱灾是影响荒漠有蹄类野生动物生存的主要因素;③卡山自然保护区受访牧民普遍感觉冬牧点周围荒漠有蹄类野生动物活动数量、范围等都开始增加,并对野生动物和家畜共存持认可态度;④社区牧民愿意定居、限牧乃至禁牧,但需要建立并实施生态补偿和安置补助政策。当地政府应与我部门联合,依托国家和自治区在退牧乃至禁牧等方面的生态补偿和奖补政策,积极推进卡山自然保护区荒漠有蹄类野生动物有效保护和社区牧民经济来源多元化。
The livelihoods of herdsmen and the influence of nomadic activities to the wildlife were investigated through face-to-face interviews with the herdsmen at winter-spring grazing sites in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve. The purposes of the study were to reveal the understanding and awareness of wildlife conservation,competitive relationship between the nomadic herding and wildlife survival,concerns about the ecological compensation and other impacts related to the livelihoods of herdsmen in the nature reserve. The results showed that: ① The economic income of 96. 67% herdsmen in the nature reserve was steadily increased,and the traditional stock farming was the main economic income. ② The herdsmen had strong awareness on wildlife conservation,and the main factors affecting the survival of ungulates in desert were snowstorms and droughts. ③ The community herdsmen in the nature reserve thought that the ungulates in the deserts around the winter grazing sites in the nature reserve were increased,and they were optimistic about the coexistence of wildlife and livestock. ④ The community herdsmen in the nature reserve were willing to take actions based on the national policies including settlements,grazing restriction and even grazing prohibition,but the local government should establish and implement the rational ecological compensation and resettlement mechanism after implementing the grazing restriction.
The livelihoods of herdsmen and the influence of nomadic activities to the wildlife were investigated through face-to-face interviews with the herdsmen at winter-spring grazing sites in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve. The purposes of the study were to reveal the understanding and awareness of wildlife conservation,competitive relationship between the nomadic herding and wildlife survival,concerns about the ecological compensation and other impacts related to the livelihoods of herdsmen in the nature reserve. The results showed that: ① The economic income of 96. 67% herdsmen in the nature reserve was steadily increased,and the traditional stock farming was the main economic income. ② The herdsmen had strong awareness on wildlife conservation,and the main factors affecting the survival of ungulates in desert were snowstorms and droughts. ③ The community herdsmen in the nature reserve thought that the ungulates in the deserts around the winter grazing sites in the nature reserve were increased,and they were optimistic about the coexistence of wildlife and livestock. ④ The community herdsmen in the nature reserve were willing to take actions based on the national policies including settlements,grazing restriction and even grazing prohibition,but the local government should establish and implement the rational ecological compensation and resettlement mechanism after implementing the grazing restriction.
引文
[1]潘岽生,王海京,李玉华,等.广东大峡谷自然保护区社区公众野生动物保护意识调查[J].野生动物学报,2010,31(4):218-220.[Pan Dongsheng,Wang Haijing,Li Yuhua,et al.Survey of public awareness on wildlife conservation in communities around Daxiagu Nature Reserve,Guangdong[J].Chinese Journal of Wildlife,2010,31(4):218-220.]
[2]刘静,苗鸿,郑华,等.卧龙自然保护区与当地社区关系模式探讨[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):259-271.[Liu Jing,Miao Hong,Zheng Hua,et al.Discussion about the relationship pattern between Wolong Nature Reserve and local community[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(1):259-271.]
[3]刘姝,初红军,王渊,等.普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)重引入区域的社区保护意识调查分析[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(1):135-143.[Liu Shu,Chu Hongjun,Wang Yuan,et al.Survey and analysis of the awareness of nomads in the peripheral communities in protecting the wild-back Equus przewalskii[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(1):135-143.]
[4]郭晓鸣,张鸣鸣,陈明红.自然保护区周边社区兽害情况调查分析[J].农村经济,2004(4):89-91.[Guo Xiaoming,Zhang Mingming,Chen Minghong.Investigation and analysis of animal diseases in the surrounding communities of nature reserves[J].Rural Economy,2004(4):89-91.]
[5]吴兵,初雯雯,吴洪潘,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区水源地野放普氏野马的活动节律---基于红外相机监测数据[J].动物学杂志,2017,52(4):545-554.[Wu Bing,Chu Wenwen,Wu Hongpan,et al.Activity rhythms of reintroducing przewalski’s horse(Equus przewalskii)at watering holes by camera traps in Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2017,52(4):545-554.]
[6]初红军,蒋志刚,葛炎,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群密度和数量[J].生物多样性,2009,17(4):414-422.[Chu Hongjun,Jiang Zhigang,Ge Yan,et al.Population densities and number of khulan and goitred gazelle in Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[J].Biodiversity Science,2009,17(4):414-422.]
[7]刘姝,初红军,韩丽丽,等.新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)与社区牧民冲突的调查分析[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(4):681-688.[Liu Shu,Chu Hongjun,Han Lili,et al.Conflicts between Canis lupus and community nomads in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(4):681-688.]
[8]陈祥军.游牧生态-环境知识与草原可持续发展---以新疆阿勒泰哈萨克为例[J].湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,30(5):52-56.[Chen Xiangjun.Nomad Ecologyknowledge of the environment and sustainable development of grassland:A Case Study of Xinjiang Altay Kazakh[J].Journal of Hubei University for Nationalities(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2012,30(5):52-56.]
[9]董海艳,邹红菲.哈尔滨市大学生爱护野生动物意识调查分析[J].野生动物学报,2003,24(2):44-45.[Dong Haiyan,Zou Hongfei.Investigation and analysis on the consciousness of college students’love and protection of wild animals in Harbin[J].Chinese Journal of Wildlife,2003,24(2):44-45.]
[10]刘姝.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区放归普氏野马生境选择及社区保护意识调查研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2013.[Liu Shu.Study on Habitat Selectivities and Community Protection Awareness of the Reintroduced Equus przewalskii in Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2013.]
[11]董潭成,初红军,刘冬志,等.新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼在夏季和秋季的食性[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(3):512-517.[Dong Tancheng,Chu Hongjun,Liu Dongzhi,et al.Food habits of wolves(Canis lupus)during summer and autumn in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(3):512-517.]
[12]凌威.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区普氏野马生境的动态分析与预测[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.[Ling Wei.Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Equus przewalskii Habitat in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.]
[13]胡忠军,于长青,徐宏发,等.道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(4):433-437.[Hu Zhongjun,Yu Changqing,Xu Hongfa,et al.Ecological effects of roads on terrestrial animals[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(4):433-437.]
[14]Alexander L E.Roads and their major ecological effects[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1998,29(4):207-231.
[15]Clevenger A P,Chruszcz B,Gunson K E.Spatial patterns and factors influencing small vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations[J].Biological Conservation,2003,109(1):15-26.
[16]Mumme R L,Schoech S J,Woolfenden G E,et al.Life and death in the fast lane:Demographic consequences of road mortality in the Florida scrub-jay[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(2):501-512.
[17]Jones M E.Road upgrade,road mortality and remedial measures:Impacts on a population of eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils[J].Wildlife Research,2000,27(3):289-296.
[18]Philcox C K,Grogan A L,Macdonald D W.Patterns of otter Lutra lutra road mortality in Britain[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,36(5):748-761.
[19]任志刚,彭向前.卡垃麦里山自然保护区野生动物保护对策[J].新疆林业,2013(2):13-15.[Ren Zhigang,Peng Xiangqian.Wildlife protection countermeasures in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[J].Forestry of Xinjiang,2013(2):13-15.]
[20]鲁春霞,刘铭,冯跃,等.羌塘地区草食性野生动物的生态服务价值评估---以藏羚羊为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(24):7 370-7 378.[Lu Chunxia,Liu Ming,Feng Yue,et al.Assessing ecological services value of herbivorous wild animals in Changtang grassland:A case study of Tibetan antelope[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(24):7 370-7 378.]
[21]冉景丞,陈会明,陈正仁,等.茂兰自然保护区内捕猎现状与野生动物保护[J].生物多样性,2001,9(4):482-486.[Ran Jingcheng,Chen Huiming,Chen Zhengren,et al.The present situation of poaching and wildlife conservation measure in Maolan Nature Reserve[J].Biodiversity Science,2001,9(4):482-486.]
[22]陈祥军.野马野放的生态人类学与恢复生态学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2007.[Chen Xiangjun.Ecological Anthropology and Restoration Ecology of the Reintroducd Equus przewalskii[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Normal University,2007.]
[23]韩徐芳,张吉,蔡平,等.青海省人与藏棕熊冲突现状、特点与解决对策[J].兽类学报,2018,38(1):28-35.[Han Xufang,Zhang Ji,Cai Ping,et al.The status and characteristics of,and solutions to,human-Tibetan brown bear conflicts in the Qinghai Province[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2018,38(1):28-35.]
[24]傅之屏,杨远兵,吕植,等.人类生态环境意识对大熊猫栖息地影响的研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),1998(6):952-956.[Fu Zhiping,Yang Yuanbing,LüZhi,et al.Impact of villagers’sconsciousness on panda’s habit[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Natural Science Edition),1998(6):952-956.]
[25]Thirgood S,Redpath S.Hen harriers and red grouse:Science,politics and human-wildlife conflict[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,45(5):1 550-1 554.
[26]Thorn M,Green M,Dalerum F,et al.What drives human-carnivore conflict in the North West Province of South Africa?[J].Biological Conservation,2012,150(1):23-32.
[27]Massei G,Cowan D.Fertility control to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts:A review[J].Wildlife Research,2016,41(1):1-21.
[28]何艳琳.阿勒泰地区草地退化成因研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014.[He Yanlin.Studies on Reasons of Grassland Degradation in the Altay Region[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2014.]
[29]俞婷.新疆阿勒泰市草地退化的原因及对策分析[J].经济研究导刊,2013(14):103-104.[Yu Ting.Analysis on the causes and countermeasures of grassland degradation in Altay City,Xinjiang[J].Economic Research Guide,2013(14):103-104.]
[2]刘静,苗鸿,郑华,等.卧龙自然保护区与当地社区关系模式探讨[J].生态学报,2009,29(1):259-271.[Liu Jing,Miao Hong,Zheng Hua,et al.Discussion about the relationship pattern between Wolong Nature Reserve and local community[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(1):259-271.]
[3]刘姝,初红军,王渊,等.普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)重引入区域的社区保护意识调查分析[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(1):135-143.[Liu Shu,Chu Hongjun,Wang Yuan,et al.Survey and analysis of the awareness of nomads in the peripheral communities in protecting the wild-back Equus przewalskii[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(1):135-143.]
[4]郭晓鸣,张鸣鸣,陈明红.自然保护区周边社区兽害情况调查分析[J].农村经济,2004(4):89-91.[Guo Xiaoming,Zhang Mingming,Chen Minghong.Investigation and analysis of animal diseases in the surrounding communities of nature reserves[J].Rural Economy,2004(4):89-91.]
[5]吴兵,初雯雯,吴洪潘,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区水源地野放普氏野马的活动节律---基于红外相机监测数据[J].动物学杂志,2017,52(4):545-554.[Wu Bing,Chu Wenwen,Wu Hongpan,et al.Activity rhythms of reintroducing przewalski’s horse(Equus przewalskii)at watering holes by camera traps in Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2017,52(4):545-554.]
[6]初红军,蒋志刚,葛炎,等.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群密度和数量[J].生物多样性,2009,17(4):414-422.[Chu Hongjun,Jiang Zhigang,Ge Yan,et al.Population densities and number of khulan and goitred gazelle in Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[J].Biodiversity Science,2009,17(4):414-422.]
[7]刘姝,初红军,韩丽丽,等.新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)与社区牧民冲突的调查分析[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(4):681-688.[Liu Shu,Chu Hongjun,Han Lili,et al.Conflicts between Canis lupus and community nomads in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(4):681-688.]
[8]陈祥军.游牧生态-环境知识与草原可持续发展---以新疆阿勒泰哈萨克为例[J].湖北民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,30(5):52-56.[Chen Xiangjun.Nomad Ecologyknowledge of the environment and sustainable development of grassland:A Case Study of Xinjiang Altay Kazakh[J].Journal of Hubei University for Nationalities(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2012,30(5):52-56.]
[9]董海艳,邹红菲.哈尔滨市大学生爱护野生动物意识调查分析[J].野生动物学报,2003,24(2):44-45.[Dong Haiyan,Zou Hongfei.Investigation and analysis on the consciousness of college students’love and protection of wild animals in Harbin[J].Chinese Journal of Wildlife,2003,24(2):44-45.]
[10]刘姝.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区放归普氏野马生境选择及社区保护意识调查研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2013.[Liu Shu.Study on Habitat Selectivities and Community Protection Awareness of the Reintroduced Equus przewalskii in Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2013.]
[11]董潭成,初红军,刘冬志,等.新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼在夏季和秋季的食性[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(3):512-517.[Dong Tancheng,Chu Hongjun,Liu Dongzhi,et al.Food habits of wolves(Canis lupus)during summer and autumn in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(3):512-517.]
[12]凌威.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区普氏野马生境的动态分析与预测[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.[Ling Wei.Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Equus przewalskii Habitat in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.]
[13]胡忠军,于长青,徐宏发,等.道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(4):433-437.[Hu Zhongjun,Yu Changqing,Xu Hongfa,et al.Ecological effects of roads on terrestrial animals[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(4):433-437.]
[14]Alexander L E.Roads and their major ecological effects[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1998,29(4):207-231.
[15]Clevenger A P,Chruszcz B,Gunson K E.Spatial patterns and factors influencing small vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations[J].Biological Conservation,2003,109(1):15-26.
[16]Mumme R L,Schoech S J,Woolfenden G E,et al.Life and death in the fast lane:Demographic consequences of road mortality in the Florida scrub-jay[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(2):501-512.
[17]Jones M E.Road upgrade,road mortality and remedial measures:Impacts on a population of eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils[J].Wildlife Research,2000,27(3):289-296.
[18]Philcox C K,Grogan A L,Macdonald D W.Patterns of otter Lutra lutra road mortality in Britain[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,36(5):748-761.
[19]任志刚,彭向前.卡垃麦里山自然保护区野生动物保护对策[J].新疆林业,2013(2):13-15.[Ren Zhigang,Peng Xiangqian.Wildlife protection countermeasures in the Mt.Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve[J].Forestry of Xinjiang,2013(2):13-15.]
[20]鲁春霞,刘铭,冯跃,等.羌塘地区草食性野生动物的生态服务价值评估---以藏羚羊为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(24):7 370-7 378.[Lu Chunxia,Liu Ming,Feng Yue,et al.Assessing ecological services value of herbivorous wild animals in Changtang grassland:A case study of Tibetan antelope[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(24):7 370-7 378.]
[21]冉景丞,陈会明,陈正仁,等.茂兰自然保护区内捕猎现状与野生动物保护[J].生物多样性,2001,9(4):482-486.[Ran Jingcheng,Chen Huiming,Chen Zhengren,et al.The present situation of poaching and wildlife conservation measure in Maolan Nature Reserve[J].Biodiversity Science,2001,9(4):482-486.]
[22]陈祥军.野马野放的生态人类学与恢复生态学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2007.[Chen Xiangjun.Ecological Anthropology and Restoration Ecology of the Reintroducd Equus przewalskii[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Normal University,2007.]
[23]韩徐芳,张吉,蔡平,等.青海省人与藏棕熊冲突现状、特点与解决对策[J].兽类学报,2018,38(1):28-35.[Han Xufang,Zhang Ji,Cai Ping,et al.The status and characteristics of,and solutions to,human-Tibetan brown bear conflicts in the Qinghai Province[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2018,38(1):28-35.]
[24]傅之屏,杨远兵,吕植,等.人类生态环境意识对大熊猫栖息地影响的研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),1998(6):952-956.[Fu Zhiping,Yang Yuanbing,LüZhi,et al.Impact of villagers’sconsciousness on panda’s habit[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Natural Science Edition),1998(6):952-956.]
[25]Thirgood S,Redpath S.Hen harriers and red grouse:Science,politics and human-wildlife conflict[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,45(5):1 550-1 554.
[26]Thorn M,Green M,Dalerum F,et al.What drives human-carnivore conflict in the North West Province of South Africa?[J].Biological Conservation,2012,150(1):23-32.
[27]Massei G,Cowan D.Fertility control to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts:A review[J].Wildlife Research,2016,41(1):1-21.
[28]何艳琳.阿勒泰地区草地退化成因研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014.[He Yanlin.Studies on Reasons of Grassland Degradation in the Altay Region[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2014.]
[29]俞婷.新疆阿勒泰市草地退化的原因及对策分析[J].经济研究导刊,2013(14):103-104.[Yu Ting.Analysis on the causes and countermeasures of grassland degradation in Altay City,Xinjiang[J].Economic Research Guide,2013(14):103-104.]
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |