天津市春季样方法道路扬尘碳组分特征及来源分析
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摘要
为研究天津市春季道路扬尘PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中碳组分特征及来源,于2015年4月用样方法采集天津市道路扬尘样品,利用再悬浮采样器将样品悬浮到滤膜上,经热光碳分析仪测定有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),利用非参数检验、OC/EC比值分析、相关分析及聚类分析对其污染特征和来源进行探讨.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中ω(TC)为4. 89%(次干道)～18. 83%(快速路),ω(OC)为3. 57%(次干道)～15. 39%(快速路),ω(EC)为1. 32%(次干道)～3. 44%(快速路); PM_(10)中ω(TC)为8. 14%(次干道)～19. 71%(快速路),ω(OC)为5. 91%(次干道)～16. 28%(快速路),ω(EC)为1. 96%(主干道)～3. 43%(快速路);快速路中各碳组分质量分数均较高,次干道中各碳组分质量分数均较低,可能是由于快速路中车流量较大,机动车尾气排放量较大,而次干道车流量较小;各类型道路中ω(OC)明显大于ω(EC),ω(EC)在不同道路类型中差异不大;两相关样本非参数检验表明,各碳组分质量分数在PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)间均无显著性差异;相关性分析表明道路扬尘中OC、EC来源大致相同.通过OC/EC比值分析及聚类分析可知,天津市春季道路扬尘中碳组分主要来源于燃煤、机动车尾气以及生物质燃烧.
In order to study the characteristics and sources of carbon fractions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) of road dust in Tianjin,samples of road dust were collected by the quadrat sampling method in April 2015 in Tianjin,and samples were re-suspended on filters by using a NK-ZXF sampler. A Thermal Optical Carbon Analyzer(IMPROVE-TOR) was employed to measure the concentrations of organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC),and the pollution characteristics and sources were investigated by non-parametric tests and OC/EC ratio,correlation,and cluster analyses. The results showed that ω(total carbon,TC) in PM_(2.5) of road dust amounted to 4. 89%(secondary road)-18. 83%(expressway),ω(OC) amounted to 3. 57%(secondary road)-15. 39%(expressway),and ω(EC) amounted to 1. 32%(secondary road)-3. 44%(expressway); meanwhile,ω(TC) in PM_(10) of road dust was 8. 14%(secondary road)-19. 71%(expressway),ω(OC) was 5. 91%(secondary road)-16. 28%(expressway),and ω(EC) was 1. 96%(main road)-3. 43%(expressway). The mass fraction of each carbon component for the expressway was relatively high,and that for the secondary trunk road was relatively low,which may have been due to the large traffic volume on the expressway and corresponding large amounts of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles,whereas there were fewer vehicles on the secondary trunk road. Additionally,ω(OC) was significantly larger than ω(EC) for all types of roads,and ω(EC) did not vary much among the different road types. The non-parametric tests of two related samples showed that there was no significant difference in the mass fraction of each carbon component between PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). The correlation analysis showed that the sources of OC and EC in road dust were roughly the same. The OC/EC ratio analysis and cluster analysis showed that the main sources of the carbon components in the dust of roads in Tianjin in spring were coal combustion,motor vehicle exhaust,and biomass burning.
In order to study the characteristics and sources of carbon fractions in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) of road dust in Tianjin,samples of road dust were collected by the quadrat sampling method in April 2015 in Tianjin,and samples were re-suspended on filters by using a NK-ZXF sampler. A Thermal Optical Carbon Analyzer(IMPROVE-TOR) was employed to measure the concentrations of organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC),and the pollution characteristics and sources were investigated by non-parametric tests and OC/EC ratio,correlation,and cluster analyses. The results showed that ω(total carbon,TC) in PM_(2.5) of road dust amounted to 4. 89%(secondary road)-18. 83%(expressway),ω(OC) amounted to 3. 57%(secondary road)-15. 39%(expressway),and ω(EC) amounted to 1. 32%(secondary road)-3. 44%(expressway); meanwhile,ω(TC) in PM_(10) of road dust was 8. 14%(secondary road)-19. 71%(expressway),ω(OC) was 5. 91%(secondary road)-16. 28%(expressway),and ω(EC) was 1. 96%(main road)-3. 43%(expressway). The mass fraction of each carbon component for the expressway was relatively high,and that for the secondary trunk road was relatively low,which may have been due to the large traffic volume on the expressway and corresponding large amounts of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles,whereas there were fewer vehicles on the secondary trunk road. Additionally,ω(OC) was significantly larger than ω(EC) for all types of roads,and ω(EC) did not vary much among the different road types. The non-parametric tests of two related samples showed that there was no significant difference in the mass fraction of each carbon component between PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). The correlation analysis showed that the sources of OC and EC in road dust were roughly the same. The OC/EC ratio analysis and cluster analysis showed that the main sources of the carbon components in the dust of roads in Tianjin in spring were coal combustion,motor vehicle exhaust,and biomass burning.
引文
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[2]周海军,刘涛,都达古拉,等.包头市大气污染特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(2):202-213.Zhou H J,Liu T,Dudagula,et al. Characteristics of atmospheric pollutants and influencing factors in Baotou[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(2):202-213.
[3]佘峰.兰州地区大气颗粒物的化学特征及沙尘天气对其影响研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.
[4]尹晓梅,李梓铭,熊亚军,等. 2014~2017北京市气象条件和人为排放变化对空气质量改善的贡献评估[J].环境科学,2019,40(3):1011-1023.Yin X M,Li Z M,Xiong Y J,et al. Contribution assessment of meteorology conditions and emission change for air quality improvement in Beijing during 2014-2017[J]. Environmental Science,2019,40(3):1011-1023.
[5] Andre?o W L,Albuquerque T T,Kumar P. Excess deaths associated with fine particulate matter in Brazilian cities[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,194:71-81.
[6]王庚辰,王普才.中国PM2. 5污染现状及其对人体健康的危害[J].科技导报,2014,32(26):72-78.Wang G C, Wang P C. PM2. 5pollution in China and its harmfulness to human health[J]. Science&Technology Review,2014,32(26):72-78.
[7]陶燕,刘亚梦,米生权,等.大气细颗粒物的污染特征及对人体健康的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(3):592-597.Tao Y, Liu Y M, Mi S Q, et al. Atmospheric pollution characteristics of fine particles and their effects on human health[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(3):592-597.
[8] Mohammed M O A,Song W W,Ma W L,et al. Potential toxicological and cardiopulmonary effects of PM2. 5exposure and related mortality:Findings of recent studies published during2003-2013[J]. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences,2016,29(1):66-79.
[9] Zou M L, Zhang C X, Li X P. Preliminary analysis of influencing factors of low visibility on a hazy day in winter in Binzhou City[J]. Meteorological and Environmental Research,2018,9(2):16-19.
[10] Pui D Y H, Chen S C, Zuo Z L. PM2. 5in China:Measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation[J]. Particuology,2014,13:1-26.
[11] Nair P R,George S K,Sunilkumara S V,et al. Chemical composition of aerosols over peninsular India during winter[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(34):6477-6493.
[12] Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Zhang S J,et al. Determination of silt loading distribution characteristics using a rapid silt loading testing system in Tianjin,China[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2017,17(9):2129-2138.
[13]张诗建.基于快速检测法的天津市道路扬尘排放清单研究[D].天津:南开大学,2016.
[14]许妍,周启星.天津城市交通道路扬尘排放特征及空间分布研究[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2168-2173.Xu Y, Zhou Q X. Emission characteristics and spatial distribution of road fugitive dust in Tianjin,China[J]. China Environmental Science,2012,32(12):2168-2173.
[15]赵静琦,姬亚芹,张蕾,等.基于样方法的天津市春季道路扬尘PM2. 5中水溶性离子特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):1994-1999.Zhao J Q,Ji Y Q,Zhang L,et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble inorganic ions in road dust PM2. 5during spring in Tianjin using the quadrat sampling method[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):1994-1999.
[16]王士宝,姬亚芹,李树立,等.天津市春季道路降尘PM2. 5和PM10中的元素特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):990-996.Wang S B,Ji Y Q,Li S L,et al. Characteristics of elements in PM2. 5and PM10in road dust fall during spring in Tianjin[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):990-996.
[17]李越洋,姬亚芹,王士宝,等.天津市春季道路降尘PM2. 5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(5):853-859.Li Y Y,Ji Y Q,Wang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound heavy metals in road dust deposition during spring in Tianjin City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(5):853-859.
[18]李树立,姬亚芹,朱振宇,等.天津市秋季道路降尘粒度乘数的分布特征[J].环境化学,2017,36(3):480-485.Li S L,Ji Y Q,Zhu Z Y,et al. Distribution of the particle size multiplier of road dust fall during autumn in Tianjin[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(3):480-485.
[19]张伟,姬亚芹,李树立,等.天津市春季道路降尘PM2. 5和PM10中碳组分特征[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(2):239-244.Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Li S L,et al. Characteristics of carbon fractions in PM2. 5and PM10of road dust fall during spring in Tianjin City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(2):239-244.
[20] Chow J C,Watson J G,Pritchett L C,et al. The dri thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system:description,evaluation and applications in U. S. Air quality studies[J].Atmospheric Environment. Part A:General Topics,1993,27(8):1185-1201.
[21]赵静琦,姬亚芹,李越洋,等.天津市道路车流量特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2019,32(3):399-405.Zhao J Q,Ji Y Q,Li Y Y,et al. Distribution characteristics of traffic volume for typical roads in Tianjin[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2019,32(3):399-405.
[22]史国良,陈刚,田瑛泽,等.天津大气PM2. 5中碳组分特征和来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2016,38(1):1-7.Shi G L,Chen G,Tian Y Z,et al. Characteristic and sources of carbon fractions in PM2. 5in Tianjin urban area[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2016,38(1):1-7.
[23]安塞,肖捷颖,刘娟,等.石家庄市夏季道路交通扬尘排放特征研究[J].环境污染与防治,2017,39(9):1010-1016.An S,Xiao J Y,Liu J,et al. Emission characteristics of road dust during summer in Shijiazhuang[J]. Environmental Pollution&Control,2017,39(9):1010-1016.
[24]张伟,姬亚芹,张军,等.辽宁省典型城市道路尘PM2. 5成分谱研究[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(2):412-417.Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Zhang J,et al. Study on the road dust source profile of PM2. 5in Liaoning Province typical cities[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(2):412-417.
[25]陈筱佳,程金平,江璇,等.上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘组分特征及来源解析[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(6):10-13.Chen X J,Cheng J P,Jiang X,et al. Study on the chemical compositions characteristics and source apportionment in road dust of main roads in Shanghai central district[J]. Environmental Pollution&Control,2015,37(6):10-13.
[26]王燕.大气颗粒物开放源尘成分谱特征分析及重金属风险评价[D].太原:太原理工大学,2016.
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