鱼类通过混流式水轮机转轮时受压强及剪切损伤的概率分析
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摘要
鱼类在通过混流式水轮机流道时会遭遇最低压强及压强梯度引发的压强损伤以及剪切应力引发的剪切损伤。为了辨识混流式转轮中压强损伤和剪切损伤的主次关系,进而有针对性的开展混流式转轮的鱼类生态友好性能优化,该文基于计算流体动力学分析方法研究了不同水头条件下混流式转轮内超出压强以及剪切损伤阈值的体积分布规律,并获得了不同工况下混流式转轮内压强、压强梯度以及剪切应力引发鱼类受损的概率。结果表明:鱼类受压强及剪切损伤的概率与流量成正相关关系,对于该文分析的混流式转轮,鱼类受最低压强损伤的概率在最小水头的最大流量工况下达到最大值9.1%,剪切损伤及高压强梯度损伤的概率在额定工况下达到最大,分别为0.823%和8.31%。在相同工况下进行3种损伤概率的对比后发现,在大流量工况下,鱼类受最低压强和高压强梯度损伤的概率更大,在小流量工况下则是压强梯度损伤概率相对较高,所以综合分析结果可知最低压强和高压强梯度是开展亲鱼型混流式转轮优化时需要考虑的主要因素,而剪切应变率则是次要因素。
Hydropower is a major source of renewable, noncarbon-based electrical energy. Although hydropower has many environmental advantages, hydropower dams alter the natural ecohydrological conditions of the rivers and cause significant ecological impact, especially for fish that live in or migrate through impounded river systems. Injury and mortality of fish that pass through hydraulic turbines and other downstream passage routes can result from several mechanisms, such as rapid and extreme pressure changes, shear stress, strike, cavitation, and grinding. For example, a large or fast pressure drop can lead to internal bleeding of fish, rupture of the swim bladder or vapor bubbles in eyes, which will result in direct mortality and reduces the ability to escape predators in the tailrace. Shear stress can causes fish scales flake, muscle tissue tearing, bruising, and even the fish body are cut off. So understanding the biological responses of fish to the conditions of hydraulic turbine is important for designing advanced fish-friendly turbines. Since the injury of fish may be caused by a combination of multiple damage mechanisms, it is necessary to identify primary and secondary damage mechanisms by research. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamic analyze method was adopted to simulate the three dimensional turbulent flow in an francis turbine. The simulation was conducted at different discharge conditions of maximum, rated and minimum head. The rated head of the turbine Hr is 106 m, the maximum head Hmax is 120 m and the minimum head Hmin is 73 m. The whole flow passage of the turbine was discretized by hexahedron structured mesh, and the SST k-ω turbulence model was used in the simulations. Then, the fish friendly threshold for pressure, pressure change rate and shear strain rate were used to analyze the volume size and distribution that may lead to the damage of fish. The ratio of the volume exceeding the fish friendly threshold to the total volume of the runner channel was defined as the fish damage probability. Finally, according to the calculation results, the main and secondary mechanisms of fish damage under different conditions were identified. Meanwhile, the law between the probability of fish injury caused by these mechanisms and the working conditions was further analyzed. From the results it can be seen that the volume which the pressure beyond the threshold in runner is mainly distributed at the outlet of the suction side of the runner blade, and the volume which the pressure change rate beyond the threshold is distributed at the leading and trailing edge of the runner blade. Besides, the volume which the shear strain rate beyond the threshold is distributed near the wall of the crown, band and runner blade. The fish damage probability caused by pressure, shear stress and pressure change rate were defined as P(A), P(B) and P(C) respectively in this paper. Based on the results of this paper, the probability P(A) reaches the maximum value at the condition L1. And the probability P(B) and P(C) reach the maximum value at the rated condition R1. The maximum value of P(A), P(B) and P(C) are 9.1%, 0.823% and 8.31% respectively. By comparing the fish damage probability of pressure, pressure change rate and shear stress under different discharge conditions at the same head, it can be concluded that the minimum pressure and the pressure change rate are the two important factors to prevent fish damage. The shear stress is less important than that of them. Therefore, in the process of designing fish friendly francis turbine runner, the pressure in the runner must be raised as much as possible. Meanwhile, the pressure change rate in runner must also be decreased.
Hydropower is a major source of renewable, noncarbon-based electrical energy. Although hydropower has many environmental advantages, hydropower dams alter the natural ecohydrological conditions of the rivers and cause significant ecological impact, especially for fish that live in or migrate through impounded river systems. Injury and mortality of fish that pass through hydraulic turbines and other downstream passage routes can result from several mechanisms, such as rapid and extreme pressure changes, shear stress, strike, cavitation, and grinding. For example, a large or fast pressure drop can lead to internal bleeding of fish, rupture of the swim bladder or vapor bubbles in eyes, which will result in direct mortality and reduces the ability to escape predators in the tailrace. Shear stress can causes fish scales flake, muscle tissue tearing, bruising, and even the fish body are cut off. So understanding the biological responses of fish to the conditions of hydraulic turbine is important for designing advanced fish-friendly turbines. Since the injury of fish may be caused by a combination of multiple damage mechanisms, it is necessary to identify primary and secondary damage mechanisms by research. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamic analyze method was adopted to simulate the three dimensional turbulent flow in an francis turbine. The simulation was conducted at different discharge conditions of maximum, rated and minimum head. The rated head of the turbine Hr is 106 m, the maximum head Hmax is 120 m and the minimum head Hmin is 73 m. The whole flow passage of the turbine was discretized by hexahedron structured mesh, and the SST k-ω turbulence model was used in the simulations. Then, the fish friendly threshold for pressure, pressure change rate and shear strain rate were used to analyze the volume size and distribution that may lead to the damage of fish. The ratio of the volume exceeding the fish friendly threshold to the total volume of the runner channel was defined as the fish damage probability. Finally, according to the calculation results, the main and secondary mechanisms of fish damage under different conditions were identified. Meanwhile, the law between the probability of fish injury caused by these mechanisms and the working conditions was further analyzed. From the results it can be seen that the volume which the pressure beyond the threshold in runner is mainly distributed at the outlet of the suction side of the runner blade, and the volume which the pressure change rate beyond the threshold is distributed at the leading and trailing edge of the runner blade. Besides, the volume which the shear strain rate beyond the threshold is distributed near the wall of the crown, band and runner blade. The fish damage probability caused by pressure, shear stress and pressure change rate were defined as P(A), P(B) and P(C) respectively in this paper. Based on the results of this paper, the probability P(A) reaches the maximum value at the condition L1. And the probability P(B) and P(C) reach the maximum value at the rated condition R1. The maximum value of P(A), P(B) and P(C) are 9.1%, 0.823% and 8.31% respectively. By comparing the fish damage probability of pressure, pressure change rate and shear stress under different discharge conditions at the same head, it can be concluded that the minimum pressure and the pressure change rate are the two important factors to prevent fish damage. The shear stress is less important than that of them. Therefore, in the process of designing fish friendly francis turbine runner, the pressure in the runner must be raised as much as possible. Meanwhile, the pressure change rate in runner must also be decreased.
引文
[1]Deng Zhiqun,Mueller R P,Richmond M C,et al.Injury and mortality of juvenile salmon entrained in a submerged jet entering still water[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,2010,30(3):623-628.
[2]Winter H V,Van Densen W L T.Assessing the opportunities for upstream migration of non-salmonid fishes in the weir-regulated River Vecht[J].Fisheries Management&Ecology,2010,8(6):513-532.
[3]Zigler S J,Dewey M R,Knights B C,et al.Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the upper mississippi river[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2004,133(1):160-172.
[4]易雨君,王兆印.大坝对长江流域洄游鱼类的影响[J].水利水电技术,2009,40(1):29-33.Yi Yujun,Wang Zhaoyin.Impact from dam construction on migration fishes in Yangtze River Basin[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2009,40(1):29-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Odeh M,Sommers G.New design concepts for fish friendly turbines[J].International Journal on Hydropower&Dams,2000,7(3):64-70.
[6]杨春霞,郑源,张玉全,等.鱼类友好型水轮机设计研究综述[J].中国工程科学,2018,20(3):96-101.Yang Chunxia,Zheng Yuan,Zhang Yuquan,et al.A review of research on the design of fish-friendly hydraulic turbines[J].Engineering Sciences,2018,20(3):96-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]潘强,张德胜,施卫东.基于叶片撞击模型的鱼友好型轴流泵优化设计[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(12):102-108.Pan Qiang,Zhang Desheng,Shi Weidong.Optimization design of fish-friendly axial-flow pump based on blade strike model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(12):102-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]潘强,施卫东,张德胜,等.泵站用轴流泵鱼友好型设计及鱼类存活率预测[J].排灌机械工程学报,2017,35(1):42-49.Pan Qiang,Shi Weidong,Zhang Desheng,et al.Axial-flow pump fish-friendly design and prediction of fish survival rate in pumping station[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2017,35(1):42-49.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]廖翠林,陆力,李铁友,等.鱼友型水轮机研究进展及建议[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2014,12(4):414-420.Liao Cuilin,Lu Li,Li Tieyou,et al.Research progress and suggestion of fish friendly turbine[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2014,12(4):414-420.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王煜,姜德政,戴会超.对“亲鱼型水轮机”的思考[J].水电能源科学,2010,28(2):131-133.Wang Yu,Jiang Dezheng,Dai Huicaho.Thinking of“fish friendly turbine”[J].Water Resources And Power,2010,28(2):131-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Brown R S,Carlson T J,Welch A E,et al.Assessment of barotrauma from rapid decompression of depth-acclimated juvenile chinook salmon bearing radiotelemetry transmitters[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2009(6):1285-1301.
[12]Brown R S,Carlson T J,Gingerich A J,et al.Quantifying mortal injury of juvenile chinook salmon exposed to simulated hydro-turbine passage[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2012,141(1):147-157.
[13]Abernethy C S,Amidan B G,?ada G F.Simulated passage through a modified Kaplan turbine pressure regime:Asupplement to“Laboratory studies of the effects of pressure and dissolved gas supersaturation on turbine passed fish”[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2003,73(1):1-16.
[14]Neitzel D A,Richmond M C,Dauble D D,et al.Laboratory studies on the effects of shear on fish:Final report[R].USA:The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,Richland,2000.
[15]Neitzel D A,Dauble D D,?ada G F,et al.Survival estimates for juvenile fish subjected to a laboratory generated shear environment[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2004,133(2):447-454.
[16]Guensch G R,Mueller R P,Mckinstry C A,et al.Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to a high-velocity jet[R].USA:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,2002.
[17]Normandeaus I,Skalski J R.Fish survival investigation relative to turbine rehabilitation at Wanapum Dam,Columbia River,Washington[R].Ephrata,Washington:Report Prepared for Grant County Public Utility District No.2,1996.
[18]邵奇,李海锋,吴玉林,等.水力机械内压力变化梯度对鱼类损伤的模拟试验[J].机械工程学报,2002,38(10):7-12.Shao Qi,Li Haifeng,Wu Yulin,et al.The experiment of the damage to fishes from the changing of the pressure gradient[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2002,38(10):7-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]李成,王煜.水轮机转轮结构与过机幼鱼受压强损伤相关性研究[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(10):110-120.Li Cheng,Wang Yu.Study on correlation between turbine runner structure and pressure injury of juvenile[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2017,36(10):110-120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]罗兴锜,李文锋,冯建军,等.贯流式水轮机飞逸过渡过程瞬态特性CFX二次开发模拟[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(13):97-103.Luo Xingqi,Li Wenfeng,Feng Jianjun,et al.Simulation of runaway transient characteristics of tubular turbine based on CFX secondary development[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(13):97-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]冯建军,李文锋,席强,等.混流式水轮机主轴中心孔补水对尾水管性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):66-72.Feng Jianjun,Li Wenfeng,Xi Qiang,et al.Influence of water admission through main shaft central hole on performance of Francis turbine draft tube[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(3):66-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]郑小波,翁凯,王玲军.叶片尾部形状对双向贯流式水轮机性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):76-81.Zheng Xiaobo,Weng Kai,Wang Lingjun.Effect of blade tail's shape on hydraulic performance of bidirectional bulb turbine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(6):76-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Hydraulic turbines,storage pumps and pump-turbines model acceptance tests:CEI/IEC 60193:1999[S].[1991-11]..
[24]冯建军,罗兴锜,吴广宽,等.间隙流动对混流式水轮机效率预测的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):53-58.Feng Jianjun,Luo Xingqi,Wu Guangkuan,et al.Influence of clearance flow on efficiency prediction of Francis turbines[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(5):53-58.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Hecker G E,Cook T C.Development and evaluation of a new helical fish-friendly hydroturbine[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,131(10):835-844.
[26]Cook T C,Hecker G E,Faulkner H B,et al.Development of a more fish tolerant turbine runner,advanced hydropower turbine project[R].Office of Scientific&Technical Information Technical Reports,1997.
[27]朱国俊,吉龙娟,冯建军,等.混流式转轮叶片数对鱼类撞击死亡率的影响[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(8):153-160.Zhu Guojun,Ji Longjuan,Feng Jianjun,et al.Effect of blade numbers of francis runners on fish strike mortality[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(8):153-160.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Winter H V,Van Densen W L T.Assessing the opportunities for upstream migration of non-salmonid fishes in the weir-regulated River Vecht[J].Fisheries Management&Ecology,2010,8(6):513-532.
[3]Zigler S J,Dewey M R,Knights B C,et al.Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the upper mississippi river[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2004,133(1):160-172.
[4]易雨君,王兆印.大坝对长江流域洄游鱼类的影响[J].水利水电技术,2009,40(1):29-33.Yi Yujun,Wang Zhaoyin.Impact from dam construction on migration fishes in Yangtze River Basin[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2009,40(1):29-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Odeh M,Sommers G.New design concepts for fish friendly turbines[J].International Journal on Hydropower&Dams,2000,7(3):64-70.
[6]杨春霞,郑源,张玉全,等.鱼类友好型水轮机设计研究综述[J].中国工程科学,2018,20(3):96-101.Yang Chunxia,Zheng Yuan,Zhang Yuquan,et al.A review of research on the design of fish-friendly hydraulic turbines[J].Engineering Sciences,2018,20(3):96-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]潘强,张德胜,施卫东.基于叶片撞击模型的鱼友好型轴流泵优化设计[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(12):102-108.Pan Qiang,Zhang Desheng,Shi Weidong.Optimization design of fish-friendly axial-flow pump based on blade strike model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(12):102-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]潘强,施卫东,张德胜,等.泵站用轴流泵鱼友好型设计及鱼类存活率预测[J].排灌机械工程学报,2017,35(1):42-49.Pan Qiang,Shi Weidong,Zhang Desheng,et al.Axial-flow pump fish-friendly design and prediction of fish survival rate in pumping station[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2017,35(1):42-49.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]廖翠林,陆力,李铁友,等.鱼友型水轮机研究进展及建议[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2014,12(4):414-420.Liao Cuilin,Lu Li,Li Tieyou,et al.Research progress and suggestion of fish friendly turbine[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2014,12(4):414-420.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王煜,姜德政,戴会超.对“亲鱼型水轮机”的思考[J].水电能源科学,2010,28(2):131-133.Wang Yu,Jiang Dezheng,Dai Huicaho.Thinking of“fish friendly turbine”[J].Water Resources And Power,2010,28(2):131-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Brown R S,Carlson T J,Welch A E,et al.Assessment of barotrauma from rapid decompression of depth-acclimated juvenile chinook salmon bearing radiotelemetry transmitters[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2009(6):1285-1301.
[12]Brown R S,Carlson T J,Gingerich A J,et al.Quantifying mortal injury of juvenile chinook salmon exposed to simulated hydro-turbine passage[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2012,141(1):147-157.
[13]Abernethy C S,Amidan B G,?ada G F.Simulated passage through a modified Kaplan turbine pressure regime:Asupplement to“Laboratory studies of the effects of pressure and dissolved gas supersaturation on turbine passed fish”[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2003,73(1):1-16.
[14]Neitzel D A,Richmond M C,Dauble D D,et al.Laboratory studies on the effects of shear on fish:Final report[R].USA:The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,Richland,2000.
[15]Neitzel D A,Dauble D D,?ada G F,et al.Survival estimates for juvenile fish subjected to a laboratory generated shear environment[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2004,133(2):447-454.
[16]Guensch G R,Mueller R P,Mckinstry C A,et al.Evaluation of fish-injury mechanisms during exposure to a high-velocity jet[R].USA:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,2002.
[17]Normandeaus I,Skalski J R.Fish survival investigation relative to turbine rehabilitation at Wanapum Dam,Columbia River,Washington[R].Ephrata,Washington:Report Prepared for Grant County Public Utility District No.2,1996.
[18]邵奇,李海锋,吴玉林,等.水力机械内压力变化梯度对鱼类损伤的模拟试验[J].机械工程学报,2002,38(10):7-12.Shao Qi,Li Haifeng,Wu Yulin,et al.The experiment of the damage to fishes from the changing of the pressure gradient[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2002,38(10):7-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]李成,王煜.水轮机转轮结构与过机幼鱼受压强损伤相关性研究[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(10):110-120.Li Cheng,Wang Yu.Study on correlation between turbine runner structure and pressure injury of juvenile[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2017,36(10):110-120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]罗兴锜,李文锋,冯建军,等.贯流式水轮机飞逸过渡过程瞬态特性CFX二次开发模拟[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(13):97-103.Luo Xingqi,Li Wenfeng,Feng Jianjun,et al.Simulation of runaway transient characteristics of tubular turbine based on CFX secondary development[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(13):97-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]冯建军,李文锋,席强,等.混流式水轮机主轴中心孔补水对尾水管性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):66-72.Feng Jianjun,Li Wenfeng,Xi Qiang,et al.Influence of water admission through main shaft central hole on performance of Francis turbine draft tube[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(3):66-72.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]郑小波,翁凯,王玲军.叶片尾部形状对双向贯流式水轮机性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(6):76-81.Zheng Xiaobo,Weng Kai,Wang Lingjun.Effect of blade tail's shape on hydraulic performance of bidirectional bulb turbine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(6):76-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Hydraulic turbines,storage pumps and pump-turbines model acceptance tests:CEI/IEC 60193:1999[S].[1991-11]..
[24]冯建军,罗兴锜,吴广宽,等.间隙流动对混流式水轮机效率预测的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):53-58.Feng Jianjun,Luo Xingqi,Wu Guangkuan,et al.Influence of clearance flow on efficiency prediction of Francis turbines[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(5):53-58.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Hecker G E,Cook T C.Development and evaluation of a new helical fish-friendly hydroturbine[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,131(10):835-844.
[26]Cook T C,Hecker G E,Faulkner H B,et al.Development of a more fish tolerant turbine runner,advanced hydropower turbine project[R].Office of Scientific&Technical Information Technical Reports,1997.
[27]朱国俊,吉龙娟,冯建军,等.混流式转轮叶片数对鱼类撞击死亡率的影响[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(8):153-160.Zhu Guojun,Ji Longjuan,Feng Jianjun,et al.Effect of blade numbers of francis runners on fish strike mortality[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(8):153-160.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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