“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作网络比较研究
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摘要
本研究利用"一带一路"沿线国家跨国PCT专利合作申请信息构建5个技术领域科技合作网络,采用社会网络分析方法从网络可视图、网络整体结构指标和网络中心性指标三方面进行对比分析。研究结果表明,一方面,各技术领域科技合作网络中节点国家的合作广度和合作强度均表现出明显的不均衡性,网络均呈现网络规模较大、网络密度低、平均距离短的特征,网络中核心国家基本上都是经济较发达的国家;另一方面,5个技术领域科技合作网络中的大节点及高频合作国家有所区别,网络分属不同类型,网络中核心国家的分布与排序亦有所不同。上述研究结果对沿线各国制定适合的科技合作政策、开展各具特色的跨国科技合作有一定的借鉴意义。
Since the Belt and Road Initiative has been advanced in the year of 2013,more and more countries in this area have developed science and technology cooperation with each other. Some researchers have studied the science and technology cooperation among countries along the Belt and Road. Most of the existing literature explores the science and technology cooperation between China and some major countries along the Belt and Road by using the research method of scientometrics. However,it did not analyze the overall status of scientific and technical cooperation between all countries in the area with the research method of social network analysis. Moreover,although the existing literature studied the evolution of science and technology cooperation among countries along the Belt and Road by contracting the cooperation in different ages,it did not contract the scientific and technical cooperation among countries in the Area in different technical fields. Accordingly,based on the information of transnational PCT patent application collaboration of countries along the Belt and Road which was searched from Incopat patent information platform,this paper established the scientific and technical collaboration networks in five different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road. It analyzed the network visible graphs,network overall structure indicators and network centrality indicators with social network analysis method.On the basis of the findings,it explores the similarities and differences of science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road so as to provide suggestions for reference and promotions for countries in the area to make and implement a suitable science and technology collaboration policy.On the one hand,this article finds that the scientific and technical collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have three important similarities. First,the cooperation breadth and cooperation depth of nodes of each science and technology collaboration network in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road seem to be obviously different. Second,five science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have the followed common characteristics: relatively big network scale,low network density and short average distance. This illustrated that although most of the countries along the Belt and Road have taken part in the science and technology collaboration the collaboration relationship in the networks is not close enough and there are enormous opportunities for collaboration in the networks. Third,almost all of the core nods of science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road are richer countries in this area.On the other hand,this article finds that science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have three significant differences. First,big nodes and the collaborative pair of countries connecting by thick line are different in scientific and technical collaboration networks in five technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road. This means that the country which has collaborated with the most nodes and the pair of countries which have collaborated for the most times are different in science and technology collaboration networks in five technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road. Second,science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road are classified into different types. The science and technology collaboration networks in the fields of instruments and other fields have low network scale and low network density. Thus,both of the networks in the two fields are grouped into Newborn Model network. The strategy for developing Newborn Model network is to enlarge the number of nodes of the science and technology network. The science and technology collaboration networks in the fields of electrical engineering and mechanic engineering have relatively high network scale and relative low network density and are defined as Youngster Model. Youngster Model network should not only enlarge the number the nodes but also strength the collaboration between the existing nodes. The science and technology collaboration networks in the field of chemistry is close to Adult Model because this network has relatively high network scale and relatively high network density. Adult Model network should focus on increasing the existing collaborating between nodes in the network. Third,the distribution and order of core nodes of science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road are different. For example,the first core node of science and technology collaboration networks in fields of chemistry,mechanic engineering,instrument and other fields is Russia,yet that of science and technology collaboration network in field of electrical engineering is China.The finding above shows that,all of the science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have the problem that few richer countries have more powerful influence in the network and the overall collaboration relationship is not close enough. Science and technology collaboration networks in five technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have various differences. The development of scientific and technical collaboration network in chemistry of countries along the Belt and Road is relatively mature compared with those of other technical fields. Besides,most countries along the Belt and Road may have different influence scientific and technical collaboration networks in different technical fields. According to the research results,this article points out that countries along the Belt and Road should make a reasonable choice of strategic technical fields on the basis of their own development need,and make a proper policy so as to push forward transnational science and technology collaboration with their own characteristics step by step.
Since the Belt and Road Initiative has been advanced in the year of 2013,more and more countries in this area have developed science and technology cooperation with each other. Some researchers have studied the science and technology cooperation among countries along the Belt and Road. Most of the existing literature explores the science and technology cooperation between China and some major countries along the Belt and Road by using the research method of scientometrics. However,it did not analyze the overall status of scientific and technical cooperation between all countries in the area with the research method of social network analysis. Moreover,although the existing literature studied the evolution of science and technology cooperation among countries along the Belt and Road by contracting the cooperation in different ages,it did not contract the scientific and technical cooperation among countries in the Area in different technical fields. Accordingly,based on the information of transnational PCT patent application collaboration of countries along the Belt and Road which was searched from Incopat patent information platform,this paper established the scientific and technical collaboration networks in five different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road. It analyzed the network visible graphs,network overall structure indicators and network centrality indicators with social network analysis method.On the basis of the findings,it explores the similarities and differences of science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road so as to provide suggestions for reference and promotions for countries in the area to make and implement a suitable science and technology collaboration policy.On the one hand,this article finds that the scientific and technical collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have three important similarities. First,the cooperation breadth and cooperation depth of nodes of each science and technology collaboration network in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road seem to be obviously different. Second,five science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have the followed common characteristics: relatively big network scale,low network density and short average distance. This illustrated that although most of the countries along the Belt and Road have taken part in the science and technology collaboration the collaboration relationship in the networks is not close enough and there are enormous opportunities for collaboration in the networks. Third,almost all of the core nods of science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road are richer countries in this area.On the other hand,this article finds that science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have three significant differences. First,big nodes and the collaborative pair of countries connecting by thick line are different in scientific and technical collaboration networks in five technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road. This means that the country which has collaborated with the most nodes and the pair of countries which have collaborated for the most times are different in science and technology collaboration networks in five technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road. Second,science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road are classified into different types. The science and technology collaboration networks in the fields of instruments and other fields have low network scale and low network density. Thus,both of the networks in the two fields are grouped into Newborn Model network. The strategy for developing Newborn Model network is to enlarge the number of nodes of the science and technology network. The science and technology collaboration networks in the fields of electrical engineering and mechanic engineering have relatively high network scale and relative low network density and are defined as Youngster Model. Youngster Model network should not only enlarge the number the nodes but also strength the collaboration between the existing nodes. The science and technology collaboration networks in the field of chemistry is close to Adult Model because this network has relatively high network scale and relatively high network density. Adult Model network should focus on increasing the existing collaborating between nodes in the network. Third,the distribution and order of core nodes of science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road are different. For example,the first core node of science and technology collaboration networks in fields of chemistry,mechanic engineering,instrument and other fields is Russia,yet that of science and technology collaboration network in field of electrical engineering is China.The finding above shows that,all of the science and technology collaboration networks in different technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have the problem that few richer countries have more powerful influence in the network and the overall collaboration relationship is not close enough. Science and technology collaboration networks in five technical fields of countries along the Belt and Road have various differences. The development of scientific and technical collaboration network in chemistry of countries along the Belt and Road is relatively mature compared with those of other technical fields. Besides,most countries along the Belt and Road may have different influence scientific and technical collaboration networks in different technical fields. According to the research results,this article points out that countries along the Belt and Road should make a reasonable choice of strategic technical fields on the basis of their own development need,and make a proper policy so as to push forward transnational science and technology collaboration with their own characteristics step by step.
引文
[1]吴建南,杨若愚,郑长旭.中国与发达国家及“一带一路”国家科技合作态势对比分析[J].情报杂志,2015,34(11):79-83.Wu Jiannan,Yang Ruoyu,Zheng Changxu.Study of science and technology cooperation among China,the developed countries and countries in one belt and one road area[J].Journal of Intelligence,2015,34(11):79-83.
[2]吴建南,杨若愚.中国与“一带一路”国家的科技合作态势研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2016,37(1):14-20.Wu Jiannan,Yang Ruoyu.Study of science and technology cooperation among China and countries in one belt and one road initiative area[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2016,37(1):14-20.
[3]周静梅,黄颖,汪雪锋等.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科研合作态势研究-基于Web of Science的计量分析[J].情报工程,2016,2(4):69-79.Zhou Jingmei,Huang Ying,Wang Xuefeng,Chen Yun,Fu Yun,Ma Pingping.Study of scientific research collaboration between China and other countries along the“One Belt One Road”routes[J].Technology Intelligence Engineering,2016,2(4):69-79.
[4]王友发,罗建强,周献中.近40年来中国与“一带一路”国家科技合作态势演变分析[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(24):01-08.Wang Youfa,Luo Jianqiang,Zhou Xianzhong.Evolution ofscience and technology cooperation among China and countries in the belt and road initiative area over the past 40 Years[J].Science and Technology Progress&Policy,2016,33(24):01-08.
[5]叶阳平,马文聪,张光宇.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作现状研究-基于专利和论文的比较分析[J].图书情报知识,2016,172(4):60-68.Ye Yangping,Ma Wencong,Zhang Guangyu.Research on thecurrent situation of science and technology cooperation between China and countries along the belt and road[J].Documentation,Information&Knowledge,2016,172(4):60-68.
[6]丁洁兰,杨立英,孙海荣等.基于文献计量的“一带一路”区域及沿线国家科研合作态势研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(6):626-636.Ding Jielan,Yang Liying,Sun Hairong,etc.Bibliometric study on research collaboration among the belt and road areas and countries[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,32(6):626-636.
[7]张萃,欧阳冬平.“一带一路”战略下中国国际科研合作影响因素研究-基于Web of Science数据库中外合作科研论文的实证分析[J].国际贸易问题,2017(4):74-82.Zhang Cui,Ou Yang Dongping.The determinants of China’s international research cooperation under“The Belt and Road”strategy[J].Journal of International Trade,2017(4):74-82.
[8]金卓,杨若愚.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作中高影响力文献特征研究--基于ESI数据库高被引论文的计量分析[J].科技管理研究,2017,37(20):14-20.Jin Zhuo,Yang Ruoyu.Study of high influence papers in China’s S&T cooperation with countries in"the Belt and Road"initiative area:Bibliometrics of highly cited papers based on ESI database[J].Science and Technology Management Research,37(20):14-20.
[9]张明倩,邓敏敏.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家跨国专利合作特征研究[J].情报杂志,2016,35(4):37-42.Zhang Mingqian,Deng Minmin.Research on the characteristics of international patent cooperation between China and countries alongside one Belt and one Road area[J].Journal of Intelligence,2016,35(4):37-42.
[10]王继民,王若佳,曾兰馨等.1996-2015年“一带一路”沿线国家科研合作网络的演化分析[J].图书情报工作,2017,61(16):76-83.Wang Jimin,Wang Ruojia,Zeng Lanxin etc.Analysis ofdynamical evolution of scientific collaboration networks among countries along the“the Belt and Road Initiative”from 1996to 2015[J].Library and Information Science,2017,61(16):76-83.
[11]张明倩,柯莉.“一带一路”跨国专利合作网络及影响因素研究[J].软科学,2018,32(6):21-29.Zhang Mingqian,Ke Li.Study on the belt and road network oftransnational patent cooperation and its influencing factors[J].Soft Science,2018,32(6):21-29.
[12]顾力刚,张文帝.基于联合申请专利的企业研发合作网络研究[J].科技进步与对策,2015(5):73-78.Gu Ligang,Zhang Wendi.Research on enterprises R&D cooperation network based on joint application for patents[J].Science and Technology Progress&Policy,2015(5):73-78.
[13]World Patent Report.World intellectual property organization.[EB/OL](2012-05-21).http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/enstatistics/patents.
[14]温芳芳.专利合作模式的计量研究[D].武汉大学,2012.Wen Fangfang.Quantitive research on patent collaboration modules[D].Wuhan University,2012.
[2]吴建南,杨若愚.中国与“一带一路”国家的科技合作态势研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2016,37(1):14-20.Wu Jiannan,Yang Ruoyu.Study of science and technology cooperation among China and countries in one belt and one road initiative area[J].Science of Science and Management of S.&T.,2016,37(1):14-20.
[3]周静梅,黄颖,汪雪锋等.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科研合作态势研究-基于Web of Science的计量分析[J].情报工程,2016,2(4):69-79.Zhou Jingmei,Huang Ying,Wang Xuefeng,Chen Yun,Fu Yun,Ma Pingping.Study of scientific research collaboration between China and other countries along the“One Belt One Road”routes[J].Technology Intelligence Engineering,2016,2(4):69-79.
[4]王友发,罗建强,周献中.近40年来中国与“一带一路”国家科技合作态势演变分析[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(24):01-08.Wang Youfa,Luo Jianqiang,Zhou Xianzhong.Evolution ofscience and technology cooperation among China and countries in the belt and road initiative area over the past 40 Years[J].Science and Technology Progress&Policy,2016,33(24):01-08.
[5]叶阳平,马文聪,张光宇.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作现状研究-基于专利和论文的比较分析[J].图书情报知识,2016,172(4):60-68.Ye Yangping,Ma Wencong,Zhang Guangyu.Research on thecurrent situation of science and technology cooperation between China and countries along the belt and road[J].Documentation,Information&Knowledge,2016,172(4):60-68.
[6]丁洁兰,杨立英,孙海荣等.基于文献计量的“一带一路”区域及沿线国家科研合作态势研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2017,32(6):626-636.Ding Jielan,Yang Liying,Sun Hairong,etc.Bibliometric study on research collaboration among the belt and road areas and countries[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017,32(6):626-636.
[7]张萃,欧阳冬平.“一带一路”战略下中国国际科研合作影响因素研究-基于Web of Science数据库中外合作科研论文的实证分析[J].国际贸易问题,2017(4):74-82.Zhang Cui,Ou Yang Dongping.The determinants of China’s international research cooperation under“The Belt and Road”strategy[J].Journal of International Trade,2017(4):74-82.
[8]金卓,杨若愚.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家科技合作中高影响力文献特征研究--基于ESI数据库高被引论文的计量分析[J].科技管理研究,2017,37(20):14-20.Jin Zhuo,Yang Ruoyu.Study of high influence papers in China’s S&T cooperation with countries in"the Belt and Road"initiative area:Bibliometrics of highly cited papers based on ESI database[J].Science and Technology Management Research,37(20):14-20.
[9]张明倩,邓敏敏.中国与“一带一路”沿线国家跨国专利合作特征研究[J].情报杂志,2016,35(4):37-42.Zhang Mingqian,Deng Minmin.Research on the characteristics of international patent cooperation between China and countries alongside one Belt and one Road area[J].Journal of Intelligence,2016,35(4):37-42.
[10]王继民,王若佳,曾兰馨等.1996-2015年“一带一路”沿线国家科研合作网络的演化分析[J].图书情报工作,2017,61(16):76-83.Wang Jimin,Wang Ruojia,Zeng Lanxin etc.Analysis ofdynamical evolution of scientific collaboration networks among countries along the“the Belt and Road Initiative”from 1996to 2015[J].Library and Information Science,2017,61(16):76-83.
[11]张明倩,柯莉.“一带一路”跨国专利合作网络及影响因素研究[J].软科学,2018,32(6):21-29.Zhang Mingqian,Ke Li.Study on the belt and road network oftransnational patent cooperation and its influencing factors[J].Soft Science,2018,32(6):21-29.
[12]顾力刚,张文帝.基于联合申请专利的企业研发合作网络研究[J].科技进步与对策,2015(5):73-78.Gu Ligang,Zhang Wendi.Research on enterprises R&D cooperation network based on joint application for patents[J].Science and Technology Progress&Policy,2015(5):73-78.
[13]World Patent Report.World intellectual property organization.[EB/OL](2012-05-21).http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/enstatistics/patents.
[14]温芳芳.专利合作模式的计量研究[D].武汉大学,2012.Wen Fangfang.Quantitive research on patent collaboration modules[D].Wuhan University,2012.