俯冲边界成矿作用研究进展及若干问题
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摘要
板块俯冲作用是板块运动的重要形式,其在板块边缘产生以弧盆体系为特征的地质构造单元及相关的成矿作用,如火山弧及相关的斑岩型铜矿床、弧后盆地及相关的火山岩赋存块状硫化物矿床等。板块俯冲边界形成的矿床多具有规模大、带状聚集分布,金属种类多样和易开采等特点,对全球铜、金、铁等资源储量贡献巨大。近些年来俯冲边界成矿作用取得了很多进展,如:基本建立了斑岩及浅成低温成矿模式和勘查模型;确认了古今VMS型成矿系统并建立相应的成矿模式;重新确立了一些与俯冲作用相关的新矿床类型等。但是,俯冲边界成矿作用仍然存在较多的科学问题,如:斑岩铜矿的成矿机制,特别是成矿背景、成矿岩浆作用的特点、金属来源和萃取机理等方面争议较大;不同俯冲边界(如环太平洋安第斯、西南太平洋、北美西部、中国东部等成矿带)成矿差异性机制以及古弧盆体系后期改造的过程与影响等。这些尚未解决的科学问题正引领着俯冲边界成矿作用研究的前沿。
Subduction is one of the major tectonic components on the Earth and commonly produced volcanic arc-back basin systems and associated ore deposits,such as arc-related porphyry Cu and back basin-related VMS deposits.These deposits usually have large size,clustering distribution and easily to be mined and thus make a significant contribution for metals production.In the past decades,remarkable progresses have been achieved,e.g.,establishment of ore-forming models of porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits;identification of ancient and modern seafloor VMS mineralization systems and associated deposit models;confirmation of some new-defined deposit types.However,some critical issues are still hotly argued,e.g.,ore-forming mechanism of porphyry Cu deposits,particularly focusing on tectonic background,distinguishing between mineralized and barren intrusions,metal sources and processes for metals extracting and movement;mechanism for variable mineralization attitude on different subduction margins(e.g.,Andes,SW Pacific,North America and Eastern China belts along the Pacific subduction margins);and overlapping and modification of ancient arcback basin metallogenic systems.These arguments are indeed showing the major"hotpots"for the future studies of metallogenesis on the subduction margins.
Subduction is one of the major tectonic components on the Earth and commonly produced volcanic arc-back basin systems and associated ore deposits,such as arc-related porphyry Cu and back basin-related VMS deposits.These deposits usually have large size,clustering distribution and easily to be mined and thus make a significant contribution for metals production.In the past decades,remarkable progresses have been achieved,e.g.,establishment of ore-forming models of porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits;identification of ancient and modern seafloor VMS mineralization systems and associated deposit models;confirmation of some new-defined deposit types.However,some critical issues are still hotly argued,e.g.,ore-forming mechanism of porphyry Cu deposits,particularly focusing on tectonic background,distinguishing between mineralized and barren intrusions,metal sources and processes for metals extracting and movement;mechanism for variable mineralization attitude on different subduction margins(e.g.,Andes,SW Pacific,North America and Eastern China belts along the Pacific subduction margins);and overlapping and modification of ancient arcback basin metallogenic systems.These arguments are indeed showing the major"hotpots"for the future studies of metallogenesis on the subduction margins.
引文
[1]Sillitoe R H.Porphyry copper systems[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(1):3-41.
[2]谢桂青,李瑞玲,王瑞廷,等.全球铜矿资源的分布与潜力陈华勇,肖兵/地学前缘(Earth Science Frontiers)2014,21(5)21http://www.earthsciencefrontiers.net.cn,2014,21(5)调研报告[R].北京:中国地质科学院,2007:230.
[3]Hedenquist J W,Arribas A J,Gonzales-Urien E.Exploration for epithermal gold deposits[J].Reviews in Economic Geology,2000,13:245-277.
[4]Richards J R,Boyce A J,Pringle M S.Geologic evolution of the Escondida area,Northern Chile:A model for spatial and temporal localization of porphyry copper mineralization[J].Economic Geology,2001,96(2):271-305.
[5]Seedorff E,Dilles J H,Proffett J M,et al.Porphyry deposits:Characteristics and origin of hypogene features[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:251-298.
[6]Franklin J M,Gibson H L,Jonasson I R,et al.Volcanogenic massive sulfi de deposits[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:523-560.
[7]Hannington M,Jamieson J,Monecke T,et al.The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide deposits[J].Geology,2011,39(12):1155-1158.
[8]Halbach P,Nakamura K,Wahsner M,et al.Probable modern analogue of Kuroko-type massive sulphide deposits in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin[J].Nature,1989,338:496-499.
[9]Meinert L D,Dipple G M,Nicolescu S.World skarn deposits[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:299-336.
[10]Hitzman M W,Oreskes N,Einaudi M T.Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide(Cu-UAu-REE)deposits[J].Precambrian Research,1992,58(1):241-287.
[11]Williams P J,Barton M D,Johnson D A,et al.Iron-oxide copper-gold deposits:Geology,space-time distribution,and possible modes of origin[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:371-405.
[12]Sillitoe R H.Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits:An Andean view[J].Mineralium Deposita,2003,38(7):787-812.
[13]Chen H Y,Kyser T K,Clark A H.Contrasting fluids and reservoirs in the contiguous Marcona and Mina Justa iron oxide-Cu(-Ag-Au)deposits,south-central Perú[J].Mineralium Deposita,2011,46(7):677-706.
[14]Richards J P.Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits:Products of remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere[J].Geology,2009,37(3):247-250.
[15]侯增谦,潘小菲,杨志明等.初论大陆环境斑岩铜矿[J].现代地质,2007,21(2):332-351.
[16]Mitchell A H G.Metallogenic belts and angle of dip of Benioff zones[J].Nature,1973,245:49-52.
[17]Cooke D R,Hollings P,Walshe J L.Giant porphyry deposits:Chracteristics,distribution and tectonic controls[J].Economic Geology,2005,100(5):801-818.
[18]Sun W D,Ling M X,Yang X Y,et al.Ridge subduction and porphyry copper gold mineralization:An overview[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2010,53(4):475-484.
[19]Sillitoe R H.A plate tectonic model for the origin of porphyry copper deposits[J].Economic Geology,1972,67(2):184-197.
[20]Richards J P.Tectono-magmatic precursors for porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au)deposit formation[J].Economic Geology,2003,98(8):1515-1533.
[21]Shen P,Shen Y C,Liu T B,et al.Geochemical signature of porphyries in the Baogutu porphyry copper belt,western Junggar,NW China[J].Gondwana Research,2009,16(2):227-242.
[22]Cline J S,Bodnar R J.Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated by a typical calc-alkaline melt[J]?Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1991,96(B5):8113-8126.
[23]Robb L.Introduction to Ore-forming Processes[M].London:Blackwell Publishing,2005.
[24]Wang Q,Xu J F,Jian P,et al.Petrogenesis of adakitic porphyries in an extensional setting,Dexing,South China:Implications for the genesis of porphyry copper mineralization[J].Journal of Petrology,2006,47(1):119-144.
[25]Mungall J E.Roasting the mantle:Slab melting and the genesis of major Au and Au-rich Cu deposits[J].Geology,2002,30(10):915-918.
[26]Wang Q,Wyman D A,Xu J F,et al.Partial melting of a thickened or delaminated lower crust in the middle of Eastern China:Implications for Cu-Au mineralization[J].Journal of Geology,2007,115(2):149-161.
[27]Sun W D,Zhang H,Ling M X,et al.The genetic association of adakites and Cu-Au ore deposits[J].International Geology Review,2011,53(5/6):691-703.
[28]Richards J P.Magmatic to hydrothermal metal fluxes in convergent and collided margins[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2011,40(1):1-26.
[29]Force E R.Laramide alteration of Proterozoic diabase:A likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the Dripping Spring Mountains area,southeastern Arizona[J].Economic Geology,1998,93(2):171-183.
[30]Sillitoe R H.Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circumPacific region[J].Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,1997,44(3):373-388.
[31]Ulrich T,Günther D,Heinrich C A.Gold concentrations of magmatic brines and the metal budget of porphyry copper de-posits[J].Nature,1999,399:676-679.
[32]Bouse R M,Ruiz J,Titley S R,et al.Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona:Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits[J].Economic Geology,1999,94(2):211-244.
[33]Titley S R.Crustal affinities of metallogenesis in the American Southwest[J].Economic Geology,2001,96(6):1323-1342.
[34]Heinrich C A.Fluid-fluid interactions in magmatic-hydrothermal ore formation[J].Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2007,65(1):363-387.
[35]Seo J H,Heinrich C A.Selective copper diffusion into quartz-hosted vapor inclusions:Evidence from other host minerals,driving forces,and consequences for Cu-Au ore formation[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2013,113:60-69.
[36]Atherton M P,Pitcher W S,Warden V.The Mesozoic marginal basin of central Peru[J].Nature,1983,305:303-306.
[37]Sillitoe R H,PerellóJ.Andean copper province:Tectonomagmatic settings,deposit types,metallogeny,exploration,and discovery[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:845-890.
[38]Chen H Y,Clark A H,Kyser T K,et al.Evolution of the giant Marcona-Mina Justa iron oxide-copper-gold district,south-central Perú[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(1):155-185.
[39]Kay S M,Godoy E,Kurtz A.Episodic arc migration,crustal thickening,subduction erosion,and magmatism in the southcentral Andes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2005,117(1/2):67-88.
[40]Bissig T,Clark A H,Lee J K W,et al.Miocene landscape evolution and geomorphologic controls on epithermal processes in the El Indio-Pascua Au-Ag-Cu belt,Chile and Argentina[J].Economic Geology,2002,97(5):971-996.
[41]Cooke D R,Hollings P,Chang Z S.Philippine porphyry and epithermal deposits:An introduction[J].Economic Geology,2011,106(8):1253-1256.
[42]Solomon M.Subduction,arc reversal,and the origin of porphyry copper-gold deposits in island arcs[J].Geology,1990,18(7):630-633.
[43]Colpron M,Nelson J L,Murphy D C.Northern Cordilleran terranesand their interactions through time[J].GSA Today,2007,17(4/5):4-10.
[44]Goldfarb R J,Phillips G N,Nokleberg W J.Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim[J].Ore Geology Reviews,1998,13(1):185-218.
[45]Mao J W,Xie G Q,Duan C,et al.A tectono-genetic model for porphyry-skarn-stratabound Cu-Au-Mo-Fe and magnetiteapatite deposits along the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley,Eastern China[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2011,43(1):294-314.
[46]Sun W D,Ding X,Hu Y H,et al.The golden transformation of the Cretaceous plate subduction in the west Pacific[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,262(3/4):533-542.
[47]毛景文,陈懋弘,袁顺达,等.华南地区钦杭成矿带地质特征和矿床时空分布规律[J].地质学报,2011,85(5):636-658.
[48]周涛发,范裕,袁峰.长江中下游成矿带成岩成矿作用研究进展[J].岩石学报,2008,24(8):1665-1678.
[49]Zhang H,Ling M X,Liu Y L,et al.High oxygen fugacity and slab melting linked to Cu mineralization:Evidence from Dexing porphyry Cu deposits,southeastern China[J].The Journal of Geology,2013,121(3):289-305.
[50]Hou Z Q,Pan X F,Li Q Y,et al.The giant Dexing porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in east China:Product of melting of juvenile lower crust in an intracontinental setting[J].Mineralium Deposita,2013,48(8):1019-1045.
[51]Ling M X,Wang F Y,Ding X,et al.Cretaceous ridge subduction along the Lower Yangtze River Belt,eastern China[J].Economic Geology,2009,104(2):303-321.
[52]Qin K Z,Ishihara S.On the possibility of porphyry copper mineralization in Japanese Islands[J].International Geology Review,1998,40(6):539-551.
[53]Smith A D.A plate model for Jurassic to recent intraplate volcanism in the Pacific Ocean basin[J].Plates,Plumes,and Planetary Processes:Geological Society of America Special Paper,2007,430:471-495.
[54]Larson R L.Latest pulse of Earth:Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume[J].Geology,1991,19(6):547-550.
[55]Zheng Y,Zhang L,Chen Y J,et al.Metamorphosed Pb-Zn-(Ag)ores of the Keketale VMS deposit,NW China:Evidence from ore textures,fluid inclusions,geochronology and pyrite compositions[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2013,54:167-180.
[2]谢桂青,李瑞玲,王瑞廷,等.全球铜矿资源的分布与潜力陈华勇,肖兵/地学前缘(Earth Science Frontiers)2014,21(5)21http://www.earthsciencefrontiers.net.cn,2014,21(5)调研报告[R].北京:中国地质科学院,2007:230.
[3]Hedenquist J W,Arribas A J,Gonzales-Urien E.Exploration for epithermal gold deposits[J].Reviews in Economic Geology,2000,13:245-277.
[4]Richards J R,Boyce A J,Pringle M S.Geologic evolution of the Escondida area,Northern Chile:A model for spatial and temporal localization of porphyry copper mineralization[J].Economic Geology,2001,96(2):271-305.
[5]Seedorff E,Dilles J H,Proffett J M,et al.Porphyry deposits:Characteristics and origin of hypogene features[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:251-298.
[6]Franklin J M,Gibson H L,Jonasson I R,et al.Volcanogenic massive sulfi de deposits[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:523-560.
[7]Hannington M,Jamieson J,Monecke T,et al.The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide deposits[J].Geology,2011,39(12):1155-1158.
[8]Halbach P,Nakamura K,Wahsner M,et al.Probable modern analogue of Kuroko-type massive sulphide deposits in the Okinawa Trough back-arc basin[J].Nature,1989,338:496-499.
[9]Meinert L D,Dipple G M,Nicolescu S.World skarn deposits[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:299-336.
[10]Hitzman M W,Oreskes N,Einaudi M T.Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide(Cu-UAu-REE)deposits[J].Precambrian Research,1992,58(1):241-287.
[11]Williams P J,Barton M D,Johnson D A,et al.Iron-oxide copper-gold deposits:Geology,space-time distribution,and possible modes of origin[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:371-405.
[12]Sillitoe R H.Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits:An Andean view[J].Mineralium Deposita,2003,38(7):787-812.
[13]Chen H Y,Kyser T K,Clark A H.Contrasting fluids and reservoirs in the contiguous Marcona and Mina Justa iron oxide-Cu(-Ag-Au)deposits,south-central Perú[J].Mineralium Deposita,2011,46(7):677-706.
[14]Richards J P.Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits:Products of remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere[J].Geology,2009,37(3):247-250.
[15]侯增谦,潘小菲,杨志明等.初论大陆环境斑岩铜矿[J].现代地质,2007,21(2):332-351.
[16]Mitchell A H G.Metallogenic belts and angle of dip of Benioff zones[J].Nature,1973,245:49-52.
[17]Cooke D R,Hollings P,Walshe J L.Giant porphyry deposits:Chracteristics,distribution and tectonic controls[J].Economic Geology,2005,100(5):801-818.
[18]Sun W D,Ling M X,Yang X Y,et al.Ridge subduction and porphyry copper gold mineralization:An overview[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2010,53(4):475-484.
[19]Sillitoe R H.A plate tectonic model for the origin of porphyry copper deposits[J].Economic Geology,1972,67(2):184-197.
[20]Richards J P.Tectono-magmatic precursors for porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au)deposit formation[J].Economic Geology,2003,98(8):1515-1533.
[21]Shen P,Shen Y C,Liu T B,et al.Geochemical signature of porphyries in the Baogutu porphyry copper belt,western Junggar,NW China[J].Gondwana Research,2009,16(2):227-242.
[22]Cline J S,Bodnar R J.Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated by a typical calc-alkaline melt[J]?Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1991,96(B5):8113-8126.
[23]Robb L.Introduction to Ore-forming Processes[M].London:Blackwell Publishing,2005.
[24]Wang Q,Xu J F,Jian P,et al.Petrogenesis of adakitic porphyries in an extensional setting,Dexing,South China:Implications for the genesis of porphyry copper mineralization[J].Journal of Petrology,2006,47(1):119-144.
[25]Mungall J E.Roasting the mantle:Slab melting and the genesis of major Au and Au-rich Cu deposits[J].Geology,2002,30(10):915-918.
[26]Wang Q,Wyman D A,Xu J F,et al.Partial melting of a thickened or delaminated lower crust in the middle of Eastern China:Implications for Cu-Au mineralization[J].Journal of Geology,2007,115(2):149-161.
[27]Sun W D,Zhang H,Ling M X,et al.The genetic association of adakites and Cu-Au ore deposits[J].International Geology Review,2011,53(5/6):691-703.
[28]Richards J P.Magmatic to hydrothermal metal fluxes in convergent and collided margins[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2011,40(1):1-26.
[29]Force E R.Laramide alteration of Proterozoic diabase:A likely contributor of copper to porphyry systems in the Dripping Spring Mountains area,southeastern Arizona[J].Economic Geology,1998,93(2):171-183.
[30]Sillitoe R H.Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circumPacific region[J].Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,1997,44(3):373-388.
[31]Ulrich T,Günther D,Heinrich C A.Gold concentrations of magmatic brines and the metal budget of porphyry copper de-posits[J].Nature,1999,399:676-679.
[32]Bouse R M,Ruiz J,Titley S R,et al.Lead isotope compositions of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks and sulfide minerals in Arizona:Implications for the sources of plutons and metals in porphyry copper deposits[J].Economic Geology,1999,94(2):211-244.
[33]Titley S R.Crustal affinities of metallogenesis in the American Southwest[J].Economic Geology,2001,96(6):1323-1342.
[34]Heinrich C A.Fluid-fluid interactions in magmatic-hydrothermal ore formation[J].Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2007,65(1):363-387.
[35]Seo J H,Heinrich C A.Selective copper diffusion into quartz-hosted vapor inclusions:Evidence from other host minerals,driving forces,and consequences for Cu-Au ore formation[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2013,113:60-69.
[36]Atherton M P,Pitcher W S,Warden V.The Mesozoic marginal basin of central Peru[J].Nature,1983,305:303-306.
[37]Sillitoe R H,PerellóJ.Andean copper province:Tectonomagmatic settings,deposit types,metallogeny,exploration,and discovery[C]∥Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.Iittletown,Colorado:Society of Economic Geologists,2005:845-890.
[38]Chen H Y,Clark A H,Kyser T K,et al.Evolution of the giant Marcona-Mina Justa iron oxide-copper-gold district,south-central Perú[J].Economic Geology,2010,105(1):155-185.
[39]Kay S M,Godoy E,Kurtz A.Episodic arc migration,crustal thickening,subduction erosion,and magmatism in the southcentral Andes[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2005,117(1/2):67-88.
[40]Bissig T,Clark A H,Lee J K W,et al.Miocene landscape evolution and geomorphologic controls on epithermal processes in the El Indio-Pascua Au-Ag-Cu belt,Chile and Argentina[J].Economic Geology,2002,97(5):971-996.
[41]Cooke D R,Hollings P,Chang Z S.Philippine porphyry and epithermal deposits:An introduction[J].Economic Geology,2011,106(8):1253-1256.
[42]Solomon M.Subduction,arc reversal,and the origin of porphyry copper-gold deposits in island arcs[J].Geology,1990,18(7):630-633.
[43]Colpron M,Nelson J L,Murphy D C.Northern Cordilleran terranesand their interactions through time[J].GSA Today,2007,17(4/5):4-10.
[44]Goldfarb R J,Phillips G N,Nokleberg W J.Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim[J].Ore Geology Reviews,1998,13(1):185-218.
[45]Mao J W,Xie G Q,Duan C,et al.A tectono-genetic model for porphyry-skarn-stratabound Cu-Au-Mo-Fe and magnetiteapatite deposits along the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley,Eastern China[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2011,43(1):294-314.
[46]Sun W D,Ding X,Hu Y H,et al.The golden transformation of the Cretaceous plate subduction in the west Pacific[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2007,262(3/4):533-542.
[47]毛景文,陈懋弘,袁顺达,等.华南地区钦杭成矿带地质特征和矿床时空分布规律[J].地质学报,2011,85(5):636-658.
[48]周涛发,范裕,袁峰.长江中下游成矿带成岩成矿作用研究进展[J].岩石学报,2008,24(8):1665-1678.
[49]Zhang H,Ling M X,Liu Y L,et al.High oxygen fugacity and slab melting linked to Cu mineralization:Evidence from Dexing porphyry Cu deposits,southeastern China[J].The Journal of Geology,2013,121(3):289-305.
[50]Hou Z Q,Pan X F,Li Q Y,et al.The giant Dexing porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in east China:Product of melting of juvenile lower crust in an intracontinental setting[J].Mineralium Deposita,2013,48(8):1019-1045.
[51]Ling M X,Wang F Y,Ding X,et al.Cretaceous ridge subduction along the Lower Yangtze River Belt,eastern China[J].Economic Geology,2009,104(2):303-321.
[52]Qin K Z,Ishihara S.On the possibility of porphyry copper mineralization in Japanese Islands[J].International Geology Review,1998,40(6):539-551.
[53]Smith A D.A plate model for Jurassic to recent intraplate volcanism in the Pacific Ocean basin[J].Plates,Plumes,and Planetary Processes:Geological Society of America Special Paper,2007,430:471-495.
[54]Larson R L.Latest pulse of Earth:Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume[J].Geology,1991,19(6):547-550.
[55]Zheng Y,Zhang L,Chen Y J,et al.Metamorphosed Pb-Zn-(Ag)ores of the Keketale VMS deposit,NW China:Evidence from ore textures,fluid inclusions,geochronology and pyrite compositions[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2013,54:167-180.
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