社会信任、群体规范对农户生态自觉性的影响
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摘要
农户的生态自觉性对农村生态环境状况好坏产生直接影响,探讨并引导农户在农业生产中形成生态自觉性对破解农村环境治理难题意义重大。本文基于1 093份农户微观调查数据,运用结构方程模型(SEM),分析社会信任、群体规范对农户生态自觉性的影响。结果表明,在农业生产中,农户虽具有一定的生态价值认知和生态环保意识,但其生态行为采纳较为欠缺,生态自觉性整体较弱;社会信任、群体规范均对农户生态自觉性具有显著促进作用,其中,在信任和规范的集群中,来自于特殊信任的影响大于一般信任,非正式规范的影响大于正式规范,且群体规范在社会信任对农户生态自觉性的影响中发挥中介作用;社会信任、群体规范对不同代际农民生态自觉性的影响存在差异,表现为社会信任和非正式规范对老一代农民的生态自觉性影响更大,而正式规范则对新生代农民的生态自觉性影响更大。据此,应构建高度信任的社区环境,提高村庄各主体间信任水平,并在发挥正式规范对农户行为约束的基础上,也要充分重视以声誉机制为基础的非正式规范在推动农户生态自觉性培养中的重要作用。
Farmers' ecological consciousness has a direct impact on rural ecological environment. It is of great significance to solve the problem of rural environmental governance to explore and guide farmers to form ecological consciousness in agricultural production. Based on a micro survey data of 1 093 farmers, this paper adopted a structural equation model(SEM) to analyze the influences of social trust and group norms on farmers' ecological consciousness.Results indicate that in agricultural production, although farmers have a certain awareness of ecological value and environmental protection, their adoption behaviors of ecological protection are rather deficient and their ecological consciousness is weak in general. Social trust and group norms have significant roles in promoting farmers' ecological consciousness. Within the trust and normative group, the influence from special trust is greater than that of general trust, the influence of informal norms is greater than that of formal norms, and group norms play a mediating role in the influence of social trust on farmers' ecological consciousness. In addition, social trust and group norms have different effects on the ecological consciousness of different generations of farmers: social trust and informal norms have greater impacts on the ecological consciousness of the old generation and the formal norms have a greater impact on the ecological consciousness of the new generation. Therefore, to promote the cultivation of farmers' ecological consciousness, this paper suggests to build a highly trusted community environment, to improve the level of trust among the main bodies of the village, and to utilize the important role of informal norms on the basis of establishing a reputation mechanism.
Farmers' ecological consciousness has a direct impact on rural ecological environment. It is of great significance to solve the problem of rural environmental governance to explore and guide farmers to form ecological consciousness in agricultural production. Based on a micro survey data of 1 093 farmers, this paper adopted a structural equation model(SEM) to analyze the influences of social trust and group norms on farmers' ecological consciousness.Results indicate that in agricultural production, although farmers have a certain awareness of ecological value and environmental protection, their adoption behaviors of ecological protection are rather deficient and their ecological consciousness is weak in general. Social trust and group norms have significant roles in promoting farmers' ecological consciousness. Within the trust and normative group, the influence from special trust is greater than that of general trust, the influence of informal norms is greater than that of formal norms, and group norms play a mediating role in the influence of social trust on farmers' ecological consciousness. In addition, social trust and group norms have different effects on the ecological consciousness of different generations of farmers: social trust and informal norms have greater impacts on the ecological consciousness of the old generation and the formal norms have a greater impact on the ecological consciousness of the new generation. Therefore, to promote the cultivation of farmers' ecological consciousness, this paper suggests to build a highly trusted community environment, to improve the level of trust among the main bodies of the village, and to utilize the important role of informal norms on the basis of establishing a reputation mechanism.
引文
[1]He K,Zhang J B,Zeng Y M,et al.Households’willingness to accept compensation for agricultural waste recycling:Taking biogas production from livestock manure waste in Hubei,P.R.China as an example[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,131:410-420.
[2]杨浩勃,黄斌欢,姚茂华.乡村环境的协同治理:生态政治学与社会的生产[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(1):28-33.Yang H B,Hang B H,Yao M H.Collaborative governance of rural environment:Ecological politics and the production of society[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(1):28-33.
[3]吴义根,冯开文,李谷成.人口增长、结构调整与农业面源污染--基于空间面板STIRPAT模型的实证研究[J].农业技术经济,2017(3):75-87.Wu Y G,Feng K W,Li G C.Population growth,structural adjustment and agricultural non-point source pollution:An empirical study based on spatial panel STIRPAT model[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2017(3):75-87.
[4]田云,张俊飚,何可,等.农户农业低碳生产行为及其影响因素分析--以化肥施用和农药使用为例[J].中国农村观察,2015(4):61-70.Tian Y,Zhang J B,He K,et al.Analysis of farmers’low carbon production behavior and its influencing factors:A case study of chemical fertilizer application and pesticide use[J].China Rural Survey,2015(4):61-70.
[5]文长存,汪必旺,吴敬学.农户采用不同属性“两型农业”技术的影响因素分析--基于辽宁省农户问卷的调查[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(4):701-708.Wen C C,Wang B W,Wu J X.Factors affecting the adoption of different technologies by“the Two-Oriented Agriculture”:Acase study of grain farmers in Liaoning,China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(4):701-708.
[6]俞白桦,罗贤宇.基于提升生态自觉的美丽乡村建设研究[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,16(7):17-21.Yu B H,Luo X Y.On beautiful rural construction based on promoting ecological consciousness[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2017,16(7):17-21.
[7]朱新华,蔡俊.感知价值、可行能力对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响及其代际差异[J].中国土地科学,2016,30(9):64-72.Zhu X H,Cai J.The influences of perceived values and capability approach on farmers’willingness to exit rural residential land and its intergenerational difference[J].China Land Sciences,2016,30(9):64-72.
[8]杨志海,王雨濛.不同代际农民耕地质量保护行为研究--基于鄂豫两省829户农户的调研[J].农业技术经济,2015(10):48-56.Yang Z H,Wang Y M.Research on the protection behavior of different generations of farmers’cultivated land quality:Based on the survey of 829 households in Hubei and Henan provinces[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015(10):48-56.
[9]Panov V I.Ecological thinking,consciousness,responsibility[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013,86:379-383.
[10]Biriukova N A.The formation of an ecological consciousness[J].Russian Education and Society,2005,47(12):34-45.
[11]Lingis A.Ecological consciousness[J].Discourse,2002,24(2):3-17.
[12]于冰.论生态自觉[J].山东社会科学,2012(10):17-20.Yu B.On ecological consciousness[J].Shandong Social Sciences,2012(10):17-20.
[13]王昕,陆迁.农户生态行为影响因素的实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3):43-46.Wang X,Lu Q.Empirical analysis on determinants of peasant households’eco-actions[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2011(3):43-46.
[14]史恒通,睢党臣,吴海霞,等.社会资本对农户参与流域生态治理行为的影响:以黑河流域为例[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):34-45.Shi H T,Sui D C,Wu H X,et al.The influence of social capital on farmers’participation in watershed ecological management behavior:Evidence from Heihe Basin[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018(1):34-45.
[15]蔡颖萍,杜志雄.家庭农场生产行为的生态自觉性及其影响因素分析--基于全国家庭农场监测数据的实证检验[J].中国农村经济,2016(12):33-45.Cai Y P,Du Z X.Ecological consciousness of family farm production behavior and its influencing factors:An empirical study based on national family farm monitoring data[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2016(12):33-45.
[16]余谋昌.生态意识及其主要特点[J].生态学杂志,1991(4):70-73.Yu M C.Ecological consciousness and its main characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1991(4):70-73.
[17]Putnam R D.Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1993.
[18]颜廷武,何可,张俊飚.社会资本对农民环保投资意愿的影响分析--来自湖北农村农业废弃物资源化的实证研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):158-164.Yan T W,He K,Zhang J B.Analysis of social capital influencing farmers’willingness of environmental protection investment:Evidence from empirical study on reusing agricultural wastes in Hubei rural areas[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(1):158-164.
[19]蔡起华,朱玉春.社会信任、关系网络与农户参与农村公共产品供给[J].中国农村经济,2015(7):57-69.Cai Q H,Zhu Y C.Social trust,relationship network and farmers’participation in rural public goods supply[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2015(7):57-69.
[20]Bohr J.Barriers to environmental sacrifice:The interaction of free rider fears with education,income,and ideology[J].Sociological Spectrum,2014,34(4):362-379.
[21]何可,张俊飚,张露,等.人际信任、制度信任与农民环境治理参与意愿--以农业废弃物资源化为例[J].管理世界,2015(5):75-88.He K,Zhang J B,Zhang L,et al.Interpersonal trust,institutional trust and farmers’willingness to participate in environmental governance:A case study of agricultural waste recycling[J].Management World,2015(5):75-88.
[22]科尔曼.社会理论的基础[M].邓方,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.Coleman J S.Foundations of Social Theory[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.
[23]Blau P M.Exchange and Power in Social Life[M].New York:Wiley,1964.
[24]Crawford S E S,Ostrom E.A grammar of institutions[J].American Political Science Review.1995,89(3):582-600.
[25]North D C.Institutions,Institutional Change and Economic Performance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[26]李伯华,窦银娣,刘沛林.制度约束、行为变迁与乡村人居环境演化[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2014,14(3):28-33.Li B H,Dou Y D,Liu P L.Study on institutional constraints,behavior changes and rural human settlement evolution[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Social Science Edition),2014,14(3):28-33.
[27]Buckholtz J W.Social norms,self-control,and the value of antisocial behavior[J].Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,2015,3:122-129.
[28]Nolan J M.Environmental policies can buttress conservation norms[J].Society and Natural Resources,2016,30(2):228-244.
[29]徐志刚,张炯,仇焕广.声誉诉求对农户亲环境行为的影响研究--以家禽养殖户污染物处理方式选择为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(10):44-52.Xu Z G,Zhang J,Qiu H G.Effects of reputation demands on farmers’pro-environmental behavior:Taking the farmers’disposal behavior of poultry waste as an example[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(10):44-52.
[30]费孝通.乡土中国(第五版)[M].观察社,1948.Fei X T.Rural China(Fifth Edition)[M].Observation Society,1948.
[31]Hartmann E,Herb S.Opportunism risk in service triads-a social capital perspective[J].International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management,2014,44(3):242-256.
[32]Sonia San Martin Gutierrez.Trust,satisfaction,relational norms,opportunism and dependence as antecedents of employee organizational commitment[J].Contaduriay administracion,2013,58(2):11-38.
[33]中华人民共和国农业部.农业部关于打好农业面源污染防治攻坚战的实施意见[Z].2015-04-10.Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC.Opinions of the ministry of agriculture on implementing the strong battle of agricultural nonpoint source pollution prevention and control[Z].2015-04-10.
[34]吴明隆.结构方程模型:AMOS的操作与应用[M].重庆大学出版社,2010.Wu M L.Structural Equation Modeling:Operation and Application of AMOS[M].Chongqing University Press,2010.
[35]Gonzalez R.Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences[J].The American Statistician,2003,57(1):68-69.
[36]杨柳,朱玉春.社会信任、合作能力与农户参与小农水供给行为--基于黄河灌区五省数据的验证[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(3):163-170.Yang L,Zhu Y C.Effects of social trust and cooperative ability on farmers’participation behavior in supply of small-scale farmland water conservancy:Based on the data of five provinces in Yellow River Irrigation District[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(3):163-170.
[37]李涛,黄纯纯,何兴强,等.什么影响了居民的社会信任水平?--来自广东省的经验证据[J].经济研究,2008(1):137-152.Li T,Huang C C,He X Q,et al.What affects people’s social trust?Evidence from Guangdong Province[J].Economic Research Journal,2008(1):137-152.
[2]杨浩勃,黄斌欢,姚茂华.乡村环境的协同治理:生态政治学与社会的生产[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(1):28-33.Yang H B,Hang B H,Yao M H.Collaborative governance of rural environment:Ecological politics and the production of society[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(1):28-33.
[3]吴义根,冯开文,李谷成.人口增长、结构调整与农业面源污染--基于空间面板STIRPAT模型的实证研究[J].农业技术经济,2017(3):75-87.Wu Y G,Feng K W,Li G C.Population growth,structural adjustment and agricultural non-point source pollution:An empirical study based on spatial panel STIRPAT model[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2017(3):75-87.
[4]田云,张俊飚,何可,等.农户农业低碳生产行为及其影响因素分析--以化肥施用和农药使用为例[J].中国农村观察,2015(4):61-70.Tian Y,Zhang J B,He K,et al.Analysis of farmers’low carbon production behavior and its influencing factors:A case study of chemical fertilizer application and pesticide use[J].China Rural Survey,2015(4):61-70.
[5]文长存,汪必旺,吴敬学.农户采用不同属性“两型农业”技术的影响因素分析--基于辽宁省农户问卷的调查[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(4):701-708.Wen C C,Wang B W,Wu J X.Factors affecting the adoption of different technologies by“the Two-Oriented Agriculture”:Acase study of grain farmers in Liaoning,China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(4):701-708.
[6]俞白桦,罗贤宇.基于提升生态自觉的美丽乡村建设研究[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,16(7):17-21.Yu B H,Luo X Y.On beautiful rural construction based on promoting ecological consciousness[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2017,16(7):17-21.
[7]朱新华,蔡俊.感知价值、可行能力对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响及其代际差异[J].中国土地科学,2016,30(9):64-72.Zhu X H,Cai J.The influences of perceived values and capability approach on farmers’willingness to exit rural residential land and its intergenerational difference[J].China Land Sciences,2016,30(9):64-72.
[8]杨志海,王雨濛.不同代际农民耕地质量保护行为研究--基于鄂豫两省829户农户的调研[J].农业技术经济,2015(10):48-56.Yang Z H,Wang Y M.Research on the protection behavior of different generations of farmers’cultivated land quality:Based on the survey of 829 households in Hubei and Henan provinces[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015(10):48-56.
[9]Panov V I.Ecological thinking,consciousness,responsibility[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013,86:379-383.
[10]Biriukova N A.The formation of an ecological consciousness[J].Russian Education and Society,2005,47(12):34-45.
[11]Lingis A.Ecological consciousness[J].Discourse,2002,24(2):3-17.
[12]于冰.论生态自觉[J].山东社会科学,2012(10):17-20.Yu B.On ecological consciousness[J].Shandong Social Sciences,2012(10):17-20.
[13]王昕,陆迁.农户生态行为影响因素的实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011(3):43-46.Wang X,Lu Q.Empirical analysis on determinants of peasant households’eco-actions[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2011(3):43-46.
[14]史恒通,睢党臣,吴海霞,等.社会资本对农户参与流域生态治理行为的影响:以黑河流域为例[J].中国农村经济,2018(1):34-45.Shi H T,Sui D C,Wu H X,et al.The influence of social capital on farmers’participation in watershed ecological management behavior:Evidence from Heihe Basin[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018(1):34-45.
[15]蔡颖萍,杜志雄.家庭农场生产行为的生态自觉性及其影响因素分析--基于全国家庭农场监测数据的实证检验[J].中国农村经济,2016(12):33-45.Cai Y P,Du Z X.Ecological consciousness of family farm production behavior and its influencing factors:An empirical study based on national family farm monitoring data[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2016(12):33-45.
[16]余谋昌.生态意识及其主要特点[J].生态学杂志,1991(4):70-73.Yu M C.Ecological consciousness and its main characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1991(4):70-73.
[17]Putnam R D.Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1993.
[18]颜廷武,何可,张俊飚.社会资本对农民环保投资意愿的影响分析--来自湖北农村农业废弃物资源化的实证研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):158-164.Yan T W,He K,Zhang J B.Analysis of social capital influencing farmers’willingness of environmental protection investment:Evidence from empirical study on reusing agricultural wastes in Hubei rural areas[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(1):158-164.
[19]蔡起华,朱玉春.社会信任、关系网络与农户参与农村公共产品供给[J].中国农村经济,2015(7):57-69.Cai Q H,Zhu Y C.Social trust,relationship network and farmers’participation in rural public goods supply[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2015(7):57-69.
[20]Bohr J.Barriers to environmental sacrifice:The interaction of free rider fears with education,income,and ideology[J].Sociological Spectrum,2014,34(4):362-379.
[21]何可,张俊飚,张露,等.人际信任、制度信任与农民环境治理参与意愿--以农业废弃物资源化为例[J].管理世界,2015(5):75-88.He K,Zhang J B,Zhang L,et al.Interpersonal trust,institutional trust and farmers’willingness to participate in environmental governance:A case study of agricultural waste recycling[J].Management World,2015(5):75-88.
[22]科尔曼.社会理论的基础[M].邓方,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.Coleman J S.Foundations of Social Theory[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1990.
[23]Blau P M.Exchange and Power in Social Life[M].New York:Wiley,1964.
[24]Crawford S E S,Ostrom E.A grammar of institutions[J].American Political Science Review.1995,89(3):582-600.
[25]North D C.Institutions,Institutional Change and Economic Performance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[26]李伯华,窦银娣,刘沛林.制度约束、行为变迁与乡村人居环境演化[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2014,14(3):28-33.Li B H,Dou Y D,Liu P L.Study on institutional constraints,behavior changes and rural human settlement evolution[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Social Science Edition),2014,14(3):28-33.
[27]Buckholtz J W.Social norms,self-control,and the value of antisocial behavior[J].Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,2015,3:122-129.
[28]Nolan J M.Environmental policies can buttress conservation norms[J].Society and Natural Resources,2016,30(2):228-244.
[29]徐志刚,张炯,仇焕广.声誉诉求对农户亲环境行为的影响研究--以家禽养殖户污染物处理方式选择为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(10):44-52.Xu Z G,Zhang J,Qiu H G.Effects of reputation demands on farmers’pro-environmental behavior:Taking the farmers’disposal behavior of poultry waste as an example[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(10):44-52.
[30]费孝通.乡土中国(第五版)[M].观察社,1948.Fei X T.Rural China(Fifth Edition)[M].Observation Society,1948.
[31]Hartmann E,Herb S.Opportunism risk in service triads-a social capital perspective[J].International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management,2014,44(3):242-256.
[32]Sonia San Martin Gutierrez.Trust,satisfaction,relational norms,opportunism and dependence as antecedents of employee organizational commitment[J].Contaduriay administracion,2013,58(2):11-38.
[33]中华人民共和国农业部.农业部关于打好农业面源污染防治攻坚战的实施意见[Z].2015-04-10.Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC.Opinions of the ministry of agriculture on implementing the strong battle of agricultural nonpoint source pollution prevention and control[Z].2015-04-10.
[34]吴明隆.结构方程模型:AMOS的操作与应用[M].重庆大学出版社,2010.Wu M L.Structural Equation Modeling:Operation and Application of AMOS[M].Chongqing University Press,2010.
[35]Gonzalez R.Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences[J].The American Statistician,2003,57(1):68-69.
[36]杨柳,朱玉春.社会信任、合作能力与农户参与小农水供给行为--基于黄河灌区五省数据的验证[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(3):163-170.Yang L,Zhu Y C.Effects of social trust and cooperative ability on farmers’participation behavior in supply of small-scale farmland water conservancy:Based on the data of five provinces in Yellow River Irrigation District[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(3):163-170.
[37]李涛,黄纯纯,何兴强,等.什么影响了居民的社会信任水平?--来自广东省的经验证据[J].经济研究,2008(1):137-152.Li T,Huang C C,He X Q,et al.What affects people’s social trust?Evidence from Guangdong Province[J].Economic Research Journal,2008(1):137-152.