基于SPH方法与GPU并行计算的复杂阶梯流数值模拟
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摘要
为了更有效地模拟和分析地铁站内复杂楼梯上洪水流动的动力学特征,采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)并借助GPU并行计算技术对复杂形态(带1、2、3个休息平台的直行、直角转弯L型)阶梯上洪水流动特征和漫延过程进行数值建模和计算分析。基于SPH方法和GPU并行加速的复杂阶梯流模型的数值模拟结果表明:该模型不但可以计算获得更好的阶梯流流态,而且具有较高的计算效率;不同休息平台数、不同形态阶梯上洪水水流呈现差别较大的水流特征;该模型借助GPU并行加速,适合研究大尺度复杂楼梯上洪水漫延问题,可为分析和评估洪水水流对地铁站楼梯上被困人员疏散过程的影响提供有力的工具。
This paper intends to apply the GPU-based smoothed particle hydrodynamics( SPH) method to modulate the dynamic characteristic features of the flooding current over the complex staircases( with 1,2,3 straight rest platform and L-shape turn),in hope to simulate the flood current flow dynamic features of the complex staircases more effectively in the subway stations. For the simulated purpose,we have conducted the GPUbased simulations by following the GPUSPH model with our improvements in the solid-wall boundary treatment,the pressure correction treatment and the complex building modules. What is more,we have established the structure and size of the subway station staircases through simulation according to a real case( a subway station in Beijing City,of the state capital). The results of the complex staircase flow model we have laid out based on SPH method and GPU parallel acceleration indicate that:( a)The proposed model can reproduce fairly nice regimes of the staircase flow and the violent fluid-structure interaction( flooding flow impacts on the wall),and run with significantly high efficiency;( b) The features of the flooding flow on the different rest platforms and different types of staircases are quite different. The impacts of different rest platforms of the straight staircase on the flow features can be stated as below:( a) The number of the rest platforms may likely affect the flow pattern significantly;( b)The greater the number of straight staircase is,the stronger the influence of the flow pattern will be,and,in turn,the lower safety the rest platform will be,and the more violent the flow field distribution on the platform will become;( c) And,consequently,the more unstable the flow pattern is,the greater the flow current velocity at the edge of the staircase will become. To be accurate,the effect of the staircase type on the flow current features can be presented in the following manners:( a) The staircase form can also have great impact on the flooding process and the current flow features,and the flooding flow upstream of the first platform is potential of gliding current on the whole;( b) the flooding flow over the straight staircase with rest platforms will form a free picking flow,which leads to unstable flow feature downstream of the rest platform,and the flow velocity on the step edge increases;( c) With regard to the water flow over the L-shaped staircase,due to the changes in the flow current direction of the staircase water,the flow velocity and the impacting force of the water flow can be reduced,and the pressure distribution on the L-shaped staircase may have dramatically been relieved. All the above mentioned reasonable results demonstrate that the GPU-based SPH model can provide a promising alternative way for numerical investigation of the large-scale flooding cuttent over the complex staircases,which can actually offer a valuable technical support for evaluating the influence of the water current features on the evacuation of the workers trapped in the underground subway station.
This paper intends to apply the GPU-based smoothed particle hydrodynamics( SPH) method to modulate the dynamic characteristic features of the flooding current over the complex staircases( with 1,2,3 straight rest platform and L-shape turn),in hope to simulate the flood current flow dynamic features of the complex staircases more effectively in the subway stations. For the simulated purpose,we have conducted the GPUbased simulations by following the GPUSPH model with our improvements in the solid-wall boundary treatment,the pressure correction treatment and the complex building modules. What is more,we have established the structure and size of the subway station staircases through simulation according to a real case( a subway station in Beijing City,of the state capital). The results of the complex staircase flow model we have laid out based on SPH method and GPU parallel acceleration indicate that:( a)The proposed model can reproduce fairly nice regimes of the staircase flow and the violent fluid-structure interaction( flooding flow impacts on the wall),and run with significantly high efficiency;( b) The features of the flooding flow on the different rest platforms and different types of staircases are quite different. The impacts of different rest platforms of the straight staircase on the flow features can be stated as below:( a) The number of the rest platforms may likely affect the flow pattern significantly;( b)The greater the number of straight staircase is,the stronger the influence of the flow pattern will be,and,in turn,the lower safety the rest platform will be,and the more violent the flow field distribution on the platform will become;( c) And,consequently,the more unstable the flow pattern is,the greater the flow current velocity at the edge of the staircase will become. To be accurate,the effect of the staircase type on the flow current features can be presented in the following manners:( a) The staircase form can also have great impact on the flooding process and the current flow features,and the flooding flow upstream of the first platform is potential of gliding current on the whole;( b) the flooding flow over the straight staircase with rest platforms will form a free picking flow,which leads to unstable flow feature downstream of the rest platform,and the flow velocity on the step edge increases;( c) With regard to the water flow over the L-shaped staircase,due to the changes in the flow current direction of the staircase water,the flow velocity and the impacting force of the water flow can be reduced,and the pressure distribution on the L-shaped staircase may have dramatically been relieved. All the above mentioned reasonable results demonstrate that the GPU-based SPH model can provide a promising alternative way for numerical investigation of the large-scale flooding cuttent over the complex staircases,which can actually offer a valuable technical support for evaluating the influence of the water current features on the evacuation of the workers trapped in the underground subway station.
引文
[1] The People's Government of Beijing City(北京市人民政府). Underground space development and utilization plan for the core area of the central city of Beijing(2004-2020)[J]. Beijing Planning Review(北京规划建设),2006(5):162-163.
[2] PALLA A,COLLI M,CANDELA A,et al. Pluvial flooding in urban areas:the role of surface drainage efficiency[J]. Journal of Flood Risk Management,2018,11:S663-S676.
[3] WANG Junhui(王军辉),ZHOU Honglei(周宏磊),HAN Xuan(韩煊),et al. Analysis of the primary water disasters and water harms in Beijing underground space during operation period[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space&Engineering(地下空间与工程学报),2010,6(2):224-229.
[4] SHANG Qian(商谦). A study on public entrance to underground architecture[J]. Underground Architecture(城市设计),2018(1):74-83.
[5] TAKAHASHI M,YASUDA Y,OHTSU I. Energy loss of supercritical flows in stepped channel flows[J]. Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2004, 48(1):871-876.
[6] NOUE K,TODA K,NAKAL T,et al. Simulation on the inundation process in the underground space[R]. Kyoto:Kyoto University,2003.
[7] TODA K,KURIYAMA K,OYAGI R,et al. Inundation analysis of complicated underground space[J]. Journal of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering,2004,22(2):47-58.
[8] ISHIGAKI T,TODA K,BABA Y,et al. Experimental study on evacuation from underground space by using real size models[J]. Proceedings of Hydraulic Engineering2006,50:583-588.
[9] SHAO W Y,JIANG L J,ZHANG Y P,et al. Hydraulic features of air-water mixture flow on a staircase with rest platforms[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2014,140(6):1-9.
[10] JIANG L J,SHAO W Y,ZHU D Z,et al. Forces on surface-piercing vertical circular cylinder groups on flooding staircase[J]. Journal of Fluids&Structures,2014,46(2):17-28.
[11] BABA Y,ISHIGAKI T,TODA K. Experimental studies on safety evacuation from underground spaces under inundated situations[J]. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers,2017,5(1):269-278.
[12] WU Jiansong(吴建松),XU Shengdi(许声弟),ZHANG Hui(张辉). A review of studies on flooding in urban underground spaces[J]. China Safety Science Journal(中国安全科学学报),2016,26(9):1-6.
[13] CHEN Q,DAI G,LIU H. Volume of fluid model for turbulence numerical simulation of stepped spillway overflow[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002,128(7):683-688.
[14] CHENG X J,CHEN Y C,LUO L. Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways[J].Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences,2006,49(6):674-684.
[15] TONGKRATOKE A,CHINNARASRI C,POMPROMMIN A,et al. Non-linear turbulence models for multiphase recirculating free-surface flow over stepped spillways[J]. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics,2009,23(5):401-409.
[16] KOSITGITTIWONG D,CHINNARASRI C,JULIEN P Y. Numerical simulation of flow velocity profiles along a stepped spillway[J]. Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering,2013,227(4):327-335.
[17] YONEYAMA N,TODA K,AIHATA S,et al. Numerical analysis for evacuation possibility from small underground space in urban flood[M]. Berlin:Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering,2009:107-112.
[18] SHEN Ruozhu(申若竹),YANG Min(杨敏),LIU Peng(刘鹏). Experiment on hydrodynamic characteristics of passageway in underground space[J]. Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering(水资源与水工程学报),2012,23(6):124-128.
[19] SHAO Weiyun(邵卫云),JIANG Lijie(姜利杰),FANG Lei(方磊),et al. Assessment of the safe evacuation of people walking through flooding staircases based on numerical simulation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(浙江大学学报),2015,16(2):117-130.
[20] GOTOH H,IKARI H,SAKAI T. Numerical simulation of stream over staircase by 3D particle method[J]. Journal of Hydroscience&Hydraulic Engineering,2007,25:13-22.
[21] GOTOH H,IKARI H,SAKAI T,et al. Computational mechanics of a force on a human leg in flow over a underground staircase in urban flood[J]. Proceedings of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,50:865-870.
[22] WU Jiangsong(吴建松),BAO Kai(鲍凯),ZHANG Hui(张辉),et al. Numerical model of staircase flow based on the SPH method[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University:Science&Technology(清华大学学报),2011,51(6):802-808.
[23] WU Jiangsong(吴建松),XU Shengdi(许声弟),HU Xiaofeng(胡啸峰). Numerical modeling of flooding over underground staircases using GPU-based SPH method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering(科学技术与工程),2016,16(23):59-63.
[24] LIU G R,LIU M B. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics:a meshfree particle method(光滑粒子流体动力学:一种无网格粒子法)[M]. HAN Xu(韩旭),YANG Gang(杨刚),tran. Changsha:Hunan University Press,2005:102-145.
[25] GOMEZ-GESTEIRA M,ROGERS B D,DALRYMPLE R A,et al. State-of-the-art of classical SPH for free-surface flows[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,48(extra issue):6-27.
[26] MONAGHAN J J. Simulating free surface flows with SPH[J]. Journal of Computational Physics,1994,110(2):399-406.
[27] HERAULT A,BILOTTA G,DALRYMPLE R A. SPH on GPU with CUDA[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,48(extra issue):74-79.
[28] LO E,SHOA S. Simulation of near-shore solitary wave mechanics by an incompressible SPH method[J]. Applied Ocean Research,2002,24(5):275-286.
[29] WU J S,ZHANG H,YANG R,et al. Numerical modeling of dam-break flood through intricate city layouts including underground spaces using GPU-based SPH method[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2013,25(6):818-828.
[2] PALLA A,COLLI M,CANDELA A,et al. Pluvial flooding in urban areas:the role of surface drainage efficiency[J]. Journal of Flood Risk Management,2018,11:S663-S676.
[3] WANG Junhui(王军辉),ZHOU Honglei(周宏磊),HAN Xuan(韩煊),et al. Analysis of the primary water disasters and water harms in Beijing underground space during operation period[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space&Engineering(地下空间与工程学报),2010,6(2):224-229.
[4] SHANG Qian(商谦). A study on public entrance to underground architecture[J]. Underground Architecture(城市设计),2018(1):74-83.
[5] TAKAHASHI M,YASUDA Y,OHTSU I. Energy loss of supercritical flows in stepped channel flows[J]. Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2004, 48(1):871-876.
[6] NOUE K,TODA K,NAKAL T,et al. Simulation on the inundation process in the underground space[R]. Kyoto:Kyoto University,2003.
[7] TODA K,KURIYAMA K,OYAGI R,et al. Inundation analysis of complicated underground space[J]. Journal of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering,2004,22(2):47-58.
[8] ISHIGAKI T,TODA K,BABA Y,et al. Experimental study on evacuation from underground space by using real size models[J]. Proceedings of Hydraulic Engineering2006,50:583-588.
[9] SHAO W Y,JIANG L J,ZHANG Y P,et al. Hydraulic features of air-water mixture flow on a staircase with rest platforms[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2014,140(6):1-9.
[10] JIANG L J,SHAO W Y,ZHU D Z,et al. Forces on surface-piercing vertical circular cylinder groups on flooding staircase[J]. Journal of Fluids&Structures,2014,46(2):17-28.
[11] BABA Y,ISHIGAKI T,TODA K. Experimental studies on safety evacuation from underground spaces under inundated situations[J]. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers,2017,5(1):269-278.
[12] WU Jiansong(吴建松),XU Shengdi(许声弟),ZHANG Hui(张辉). A review of studies on flooding in urban underground spaces[J]. China Safety Science Journal(中国安全科学学报),2016,26(9):1-6.
[13] CHEN Q,DAI G,LIU H. Volume of fluid model for turbulence numerical simulation of stepped spillway overflow[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002,128(7):683-688.
[14] CHENG X J,CHEN Y C,LUO L. Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways[J].Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences,2006,49(6):674-684.
[15] TONGKRATOKE A,CHINNARASRI C,POMPROMMIN A,et al. Non-linear turbulence models for multiphase recirculating free-surface flow over stepped spillways[J]. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics,2009,23(5):401-409.
[16] KOSITGITTIWONG D,CHINNARASRI C,JULIEN P Y. Numerical simulation of flow velocity profiles along a stepped spillway[J]. Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering,2013,227(4):327-335.
[17] YONEYAMA N,TODA K,AIHATA S,et al. Numerical analysis for evacuation possibility from small underground space in urban flood[M]. Berlin:Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering,2009:107-112.
[18] SHEN Ruozhu(申若竹),YANG Min(杨敏),LIU Peng(刘鹏). Experiment on hydrodynamic characteristics of passageway in underground space[J]. Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering(水资源与水工程学报),2012,23(6):124-128.
[19] SHAO Weiyun(邵卫云),JIANG Lijie(姜利杰),FANG Lei(方磊),et al. Assessment of the safe evacuation of people walking through flooding staircases based on numerical simulation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(浙江大学学报),2015,16(2):117-130.
[20] GOTOH H,IKARI H,SAKAI T. Numerical simulation of stream over staircase by 3D particle method[J]. Journal of Hydroscience&Hydraulic Engineering,2007,25:13-22.
[21] GOTOH H,IKARI H,SAKAI T,et al. Computational mechanics of a force on a human leg in flow over a underground staircase in urban flood[J]. Proceedings of Hydraulic Engineering,2006,50:865-870.
[22] WU Jiangsong(吴建松),BAO Kai(鲍凯),ZHANG Hui(张辉),et al. Numerical model of staircase flow based on the SPH method[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University:Science&Technology(清华大学学报),2011,51(6):802-808.
[23] WU Jiangsong(吴建松),XU Shengdi(许声弟),HU Xiaofeng(胡啸峰). Numerical modeling of flooding over underground staircases using GPU-based SPH method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering(科学技术与工程),2016,16(23):59-63.
[24] LIU G R,LIU M B. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics:a meshfree particle method(光滑粒子流体动力学:一种无网格粒子法)[M]. HAN Xu(韩旭),YANG Gang(杨刚),tran. Changsha:Hunan University Press,2005:102-145.
[25] GOMEZ-GESTEIRA M,ROGERS B D,DALRYMPLE R A,et al. State-of-the-art of classical SPH for free-surface flows[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,48(extra issue):6-27.
[26] MONAGHAN J J. Simulating free surface flows with SPH[J]. Journal of Computational Physics,1994,110(2):399-406.
[27] HERAULT A,BILOTTA G,DALRYMPLE R A. SPH on GPU with CUDA[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,48(extra issue):74-79.
[28] LO E,SHOA S. Simulation of near-shore solitary wave mechanics by an incompressible SPH method[J]. Applied Ocean Research,2002,24(5):275-286.
[29] WU J S,ZHANG H,YANG R,et al. Numerical modeling of dam-break flood through intricate city layouts including underground spaces using GPU-based SPH method[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2013,25(6):818-828.