源于文献数据库的公共建筑室内空气污染特征分析及健康风险评价
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摘要
目前我国公共建筑总面积已超100亿m~2,公建室内空气污染对人体健康的影响尚未引起公众足够的重视。检索2006-2016年我国公共建筑室内空气污染调研学术论文72篇,汇编包含超过30个城市16类公共建筑共13种室内空气污染物的浓度检测浓度的数据库。基于数据库,采用伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)损失值定量评价污染物长期暴露下对人体健康的影响。结果表明,商场超市、宾馆、娱乐场所等场所装修污染严重,甲醛、PM_(2.5)是最主要污染物。综合分析DALYs损失值,建材和家具超市甲醛最大DALYs损失值为417.57/(a·10万人);娱乐场所、宾馆、交通站点等场所PM_(2.5)浓度高,对人体造成总死亡率的DALYs损失值达1 000/(a·10万人);在商场超市、宾馆、娱乐场所和交通站点等4类典型场所中氨对人体健康的危害程度次于甲醛和PM_(2.5),高于苯系物。
At present, the total area of public buildings in China has exceeded 10 billion m~2. However, overwhelming consequences of air pollution in public indoor environments have not triggered public awareness widely. In this paper, 72 papers, which published from 2006 to 2016, were summarized on public air pollution in China, and a database of 13 kinds of indoor air pollutants was compiled, including 16 types of public buildings among more than 30 cities. Two methods to calculate disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs) lost were adopted to evaluate the chronical effects of indoor pollutants on human health quantitatively. The results showed that, pollutants emitted by interior decoration materials greatly affect indoor air quality in markets, hotels and entertainment places, while formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) are the most important pollutants. Considering the results of DALYs lost, formaldehyde can potentially pose the greater chronical harm to human health for people who works in materials and furniture markets, the DALYs lost reaches 417.57 per year per 100,000 persons. While in entertainment places, hotels, and stations, the largest contribution to human mortality is probably made by inhaling high concentrations of PM_(2.5), the DALYs lost exceed 1 000 per year per 100,000 persons. Ammonia is less harmful to human health than formaldehyde and PM_(2.5), but can be more harmful than BTEX.
At present, the total area of public buildings in China has exceeded 10 billion m~2. However, overwhelming consequences of air pollution in public indoor environments have not triggered public awareness widely. In this paper, 72 papers, which published from 2006 to 2016, were summarized on public air pollution in China, and a database of 13 kinds of indoor air pollutants was compiled, including 16 types of public buildings among more than 30 cities. Two methods to calculate disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs) lost were adopted to evaluate the chronical effects of indoor pollutants on human health quantitatively. The results showed that, pollutants emitted by interior decoration materials greatly affect indoor air quality in markets, hotels and entertainment places, while formaldehyde and PM_(2.5) are the most important pollutants. Considering the results of DALYs lost, formaldehyde can potentially pose the greater chronical harm to human health for people who works in materials and furniture markets, the DALYs lost reaches 417.57 per year per 100,000 persons. While in entertainment places, hotels, and stations, the largest contribution to human mortality is probably made by inhaling high concentrations of PM_(2.5), the DALYs lost exceed 1 000 per year per 100,000 persons. Ammonia is less harmful to human health than formaldehyde and PM_(2.5), but can be more harmful than BTEX.
引文
[1] 江媛媛, 王燕, 李莉,等. 某家具商场建设项目卫生学评价[J]. 中国卫生工程学, 2009, 8(1): 25-27
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[4] Logue J M, Price P N, Sherman M H, et al. A method to estimate the chronic health impact of air pollutants in U.S. residences[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012, 120(2):216
[5] Huijbregts M A J, Rombouts L J A, Ragas A M J, et al. Human-toxicological effect and damage factors of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic chemicals for life cycle impact assessment[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment & Management,2005,1(3):181
[6] Lvovsky K, Huges G, Maddison D, et al. 2000. Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels: A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities[R]. Washington, DC: World Bank Environment Department
[7] Organization W H. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks[J].2009:1-63
[8] Pope C A, Burnett R T, Thun M J. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9):1132-1141
[9] Pope C A. Mortality effects of longer term exposures to fine particulate air pollution: review of recent epidemiological evidence[J]. Inhal Toxicol,2007,19:33-38
[10] Pope CA III, Ezzati M, Dockery D W. Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009,360(4):376-386
[11] Abbey D E, Ostro B E, Petersen F, et al. Chronic respiratory symptoms associated with estimated long-term ambient concentrations of fine particulates less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and other air pollutants[J]. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol,1995,5(2):137-159
[12] Melse J M, Essink-Bot M L, Kramers P G N, et al. A national burden of disease calculation: Dutch disability-adjusted life-years[J]. Am J Public Health,2010,90(8):1241-1247
[13] Brook R D, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA III, et al. Particulate matter air pollu-tion and cardiovascular disease: an update to the sci?entific statement from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation,2010,121(21):2331-2378
[14] Hong K-S, Saver J L, Kang D-W, et al. Years of optimum health lost due to complications after acute ischemic stroke: disability-adjusted life-years analysis[J]. Stroke,2010,41(8):1758-1765
[15] Burnett R T, Smith-Doiron M, Stieb D, et al. Effects of particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations.[J]. Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal, 1999, 54(2):130-139
[16] U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2009 Update. Washington, DC:U.S. EPA.
[17] Duan, X L. Highlight of Chinese Children’s Exposure Factors Handbook[M]China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2014. (In Chinese)
[18] 房巧玲. 伤残调整生命年衡量尘肺患者疾病负担的初步研究[J]. 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志, 2005, 23(2):159-160
[19] California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,“All OEHHA Acute, 8-Hour and Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (chRELs) as on June 2016,” Agency CEP, Sacramento, 2016
[20] 张明宝, 张金艳, 孙晓冰. 北京市某建材仓储超市室内空气污染调查分析[J]. 职业与健康, 2008, 24(14):1424-1425
[21] 董勇,王家伦. 成都市武侯区2008年公共场所室内空气甲醛浓度检测结果分析[J]. 现代预防医学,2009,36(14):2623-2625 数据库及参考文献目录网址: http://zhangxu.tongji.edu.cn/ntxgj/list.htm.工作表1包含72篇参考文献的公共建筑类型、城市、采样时间、样本量、污染物浓度(平均和最值)等全部信息,工作表2是针对4类公共建筑所有原始数据。
[2] 彭燕, 张艳利, 王新明,等. 广州市宾馆室内空气中苯系物来源及健康风险初步评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(5): 787-794
[3] Ye W, Zhang X, Gao J,et al. Indoor air pollutants,ventilation rate determinants and potential control strategies in Chinese dwellings:A literature review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017, 586:696-729
[4] Logue J M, Price P N, Sherman M H, et al. A method to estimate the chronic health impact of air pollutants in U.S. residences[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012, 120(2):216
[5] Huijbregts M A J, Rombouts L J A, Ragas A M J, et al. Human-toxicological effect and damage factors of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic chemicals for life cycle impact assessment[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment & Management,2005,1(3):181
[6] Lvovsky K, Huges G, Maddison D, et al. 2000. Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels: A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities[R]. Washington, DC: World Bank Environment Department
[7] Organization W H. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks[J].2009:1-63
[8] Pope C A, Burnett R T, Thun M J. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9):1132-1141
[9] Pope C A. Mortality effects of longer term exposures to fine particulate air pollution: review of recent epidemiological evidence[J]. Inhal Toxicol,2007,19:33-38
[10] Pope CA III, Ezzati M, Dockery D W. Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009,360(4):376-386
[11] Abbey D E, Ostro B E, Petersen F, et al. Chronic respiratory symptoms associated with estimated long-term ambient concentrations of fine particulates less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and other air pollutants[J]. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol,1995,5(2):137-159
[12] Melse J M, Essink-Bot M L, Kramers P G N, et al. A national burden of disease calculation: Dutch disability-adjusted life-years[J]. Am J Public Health,2010,90(8):1241-1247
[13] Brook R D, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA III, et al. Particulate matter air pollu-tion and cardiovascular disease: an update to the sci?entific statement from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation,2010,121(21):2331-2378
[14] Hong K-S, Saver J L, Kang D-W, et al. Years of optimum health lost due to complications after acute ischemic stroke: disability-adjusted life-years analysis[J]. Stroke,2010,41(8):1758-1765
[15] Burnett R T, Smith-Doiron M, Stieb D, et al. Effects of particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations.[J]. Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal, 1999, 54(2):130-139
[16] U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2009 Update. Washington, DC:U.S. EPA.
[17] Duan, X L. Highlight of Chinese Children’s Exposure Factors Handbook[M]China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2014. (In Chinese)
[18] 房巧玲. 伤残调整生命年衡量尘肺患者疾病负担的初步研究[J]. 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志, 2005, 23(2):159-160
[19] California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment,“All OEHHA Acute, 8-Hour and Chronic Reference Exposure Levels (chRELs) as on June 2016,” Agency CEP, Sacramento, 2016
[20] 张明宝, 张金艳, 孙晓冰. 北京市某建材仓储超市室内空气污染调查分析[J]. 职业与健康, 2008, 24(14):1424-1425
[21] 董勇,王家伦. 成都市武侯区2008年公共场所室内空气甲醛浓度检测结果分析[J]. 现代预防医学,2009,36(14):2623-2625 数据库及参考文献目录网址: http://zhangxu.tongji.edu.cn/ntxgj/list.htm.工作表1包含72篇参考文献的公共建筑类型、城市、采样时间、样本量、污染物浓度(平均和最值)等全部信息,工作表2是针对4类公共建筑所有原始数据。