数字普惠金融是否促进农村包容性增长——基于京津冀2114位农村居民调查数据的研究
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摘要
虽然学界已开始认识到数字普惠金融是实现我国农村包容性增长的有效途径,却尚未有人利用微观数据探索其中的影响机制。鉴于此,本文基于京津冀2 114位农村居民调查数据,探索数字普惠金融中数字支付服务、数字投资服务和数字借贷服务的使用情况以及数字金融服务的可得性等四个维度对农村包容性增长的影响。结果显示,除数字投资服务的使用情况外,其余三个维度均对农村包容性增长有显著的直接促进作用,且数字金融服务的可得性可通过影响另外两个维度间接推动农村包容性增长。
Although the academic community has begun to realize that digital inclusive finance is an effective way to achieve inclusive growth in rural China,no one has used micro data to explore the impact mechanism.In view of this,this paper uses the survey data of 2114 rural residents in Beijin,Tianjin and Hebei to explore this mechanism by dividing the digital inclusive finance into four dimensions:the use of digital payment services,digital investment services and digital lending services,and the availability of digital financial services.The results show that,except for the use of digital investment services,the other three dimensions have a significant direct positive effect on rural inclusive growth,and the availability of digital financial services can indirectly promote rural inclusive growth by affecting the other three dimensions.This discovery not only enriched the literature on the relationship between digital inclusive finance and inclusive growth in rural areas,but also have some practical implications for the using of digital inclusive finance,the improvement of rural inclusive growth and the realization of rural revitalization.
Although the academic community has begun to realize that digital inclusive finance is an effective way to achieve inclusive growth in rural China,no one has used micro data to explore the impact mechanism.In view of this,this paper uses the survey data of 2114 rural residents in Beijin,Tianjin and Hebei to explore this mechanism by dividing the digital inclusive finance into four dimensions:the use of digital payment services,digital investment services and digital lending services,and the availability of digital financial services.The results show that,except for the use of digital investment services,the other three dimensions have a significant direct positive effect on rural inclusive growth,and the availability of digital financial services can indirectly promote rural inclusive growth by affecting the other three dimensions.This discovery not only enriched the literature on the relationship between digital inclusive finance and inclusive growth in rural areas,but also have some practical implications for the using of digital inclusive finance,the improvement of rural inclusive growth and the realization of rural revitalization.
引文
[1]李春玲.“80后”的教育经历与机会不平等---兼评《无声的革命》[J].中国社会科学,2014(4):66-77.
[2]张昭时,钱雪亚.城乡分割、工资差异与就业机会不平等---基于五省城镇住户调查数据的经验研究[J].中国人口科学,2011(3):34-41.
[3]鲁万波,于翠婷,高宇璇.中老年人健康机会不平等的城乡分解[J].财经科学,2018(3):42-54.
[4]Corak M.Income Inequality,Equality of Opportunity,and Intergenerational Mobility[J].IZA Discussion Papers,2013,27(3):79-102.
[5]刘波,王修华,彭建刚.我国居民收入差距中的机会不平等---基于CGSS数据的实证研究[J].上海经济研究,2015(8):77-88.
[6]Manyika J,Lund S,Singer M,et al.Digital Finance for All:Powering Inclusive Growth in Emerging E-conomies[R].America:Mckinsey Global Institute,2016.
[7]宋晓玲.数字普惠金融缩小城乡差距的实证检验[J].财经科学,2017(6):14-25.
[8]张贺,白钦先.数字普惠金融减小了城乡收入差距吗?---基于中国省级数据的面板门槛回归分析[J].经济问题探索,2018(10):122-129.
[9]谢绚丽,沈艳,张皓星,等.数字金融能促进创业吗?---来自中国的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2018(4):1557-1580.
[10]周文,孙懿.包容性增长与中国农村改革的现实逻辑[J].经济学动态,2011(6):82-86.
[11]姚云云,郑克岭.包容性增长:我国农村反贫困的新范式[J].西安财经学院学报,2012(3):71-76.
[12]刘士余.移动支付促进我国农村经济实现包容性增长[J].金融电子化,2013(8):7-8.
[13]Ali I,Son H H.Measuring Inclusive Growth[R].Asian Development Review,2007.
[14]Anand R,Tulin V,Kumar N.India:Defining and Explaining Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction[R].IMF Working Papers,2014,14(63).
[15]Berg A G,Ostry J D.Inequality and Unsustainable Growth:Two Sides of the Same Coin?[J].IMF E-conomic Review,2017,65(4):792-815.
[16]张勋,万广华.中国的农村基础设施促进了包容性增长吗?[J].经济研究,2016(10):82-9.
[17]于敏,王小林.中国经济的包容性增长:测量与评价[J].经济评论,2012(3):30-38.
[18]李晓园.以优质公共服务促进包容性增长[J].江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012(1):36-42.
[19]马超,顾海,孙徐辉.医保统筹模式对城乡居民医疗服务利用和健康实质公平的影响---基于机会平等理论的分析[J].公共管理学报,2017(2):97-109+157.
[20]梁双陆,刘培培.数字普惠金融、教育约束与城乡收入收敛效应[J].产经评论,2018(2):128-138.
[21]Development Research Group of the World Bank.The Opportunities of Digitizing Payments[C].Brisbane:G20Australian Presidency,2014.
[22]Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion(GPFI).G20Financial Inclusion Indicators[C].Hangzhou:G20Hangzhou Summit,2016.
[23]肖龙铎,张兵.金融可得性、非农就业与农民收入---基于CHFS数据的实证研究[J].经济科学,2017(4):74-87.
[24]刘新智,刘雨姗,刘雨松.金融支持对农户创业的影响及其空间差异分析---基于CFPS2014数据的研究[J].宏观经济研究,2017(11):139-149.
[25]李涛,徐翔,孙硕.普惠金融与经济增长[J].金融研究,2016(4):1-16.
[26]任碧云,张彤进.移动支付能够有效促进农村普惠金融发展吗?[J].农村经济,2015(5):123-129.
[27]黄益平,黄卓.中国的数字金融发展:现在与未来[J].经济学(季刊),2018(4):1489-1502.
[28]Andrianaivo M,Kpodar K.Mobile Phones,Financial Inclusion,and Growth[J].Review of Economics and Institutions,2012,3(2):1-30.
[29]邵汉华,王凯月.普惠金融的减贫效应及作用机制---基于跨国面板数据的实证分析[J].金融经济学研究,2017(6):65-74.
[30]罗斯丹,陈晓,姚悦欣.我国普惠金融发展的减贫效应研究[J].当代经济研究,2016(12):84-93.
[31]朱一鸣,王伟.普惠金融如何实现精准扶贫?[J].财经研究,2017(10):43-45.
[32]Greenwood J,Jovanovich B.Financial Development,Growth and the Distribution of Income[J].Journal of Political Economy,1990,85(5):1076-1107.
[33]Gulli H.Microfinance and Poverty:Questioning the Coventional Wisdom[M].Inter-American Development Bank,1998.
[34]Schmied J,Marr A.Financial Inclusion and Poverty:The Case of Peru[J].Regional and Sectoral E-conomic Studies,2016,16(2):1-26.
[35]Jayasree T O,Gangadharan K.Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth:Perspectives on Urban Cooperative Banking in India[J].International Journal of Applied Research,2016,2(5):915-919.
[36]Dittus P,Klein M.On Harnessing the Potential of Financial Inclusion[R].BIS Working Paper,2011,68(3):1-18.
[37]郭峰,孔涛,王靖一,等.中国数字普惠金融指标体系与指数编制[D].北京大学数字金融研究中心工作论文,2016.
[38]Braniff L.Digital Finance and Innovations in Financing for Education[R].CGAP Working Paper,2016.
[39]Guiso L,Jappelli T,Terlizzese D.Income Risk,Borrowing Constraints,and Portfolio Choice[J].The American Economic Review,1996,86(1):158-172.
[40]Lee J J,Sawada Y.Precautionary Saving Under Liquidity Constraints:Evidence from Rural Pakistan[J].Journal of Development Economics,2010,91(1):77-86.
[41]王聪,田存志.股市参与、参与程度及其影响因素[J].经济研究,2012(10):97-107.
[42]程恩江,刘西川.小额信贷缓解农户正规信贷配给了吗?---来自三个非政府小额信贷项目区的经验证据[J].金融研究,2010(12):190-206.
[43]周月书,李扬.农村小额贷款公司对农村小微企业正规信贷配给的影响分析---基于苏北农村小微企业的调查[J].中国农村经济,2013(7):85-96.
[44]齐红倩,李志创.小额信贷对我国城乡收入差距的影响---基于小额贷款公司省际面板数据的实证分析[J].南京社会科学,2018(9):31-39.
[45]Kate L,Timothy L.Digital Financial Inclusion:Implications for Customers,Regulators,Supervisors,and Standard-Setting Bodies[R].CGAPWorking Paper,2015.
[46]焦瑾璞,王爱俭.普惠金融:基本原理与中国实践[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2015.
[47]李晓园,陈武,杨涵深.县级政府公共服务能力对县域包容性增长影响的实证研究与政策建议---以苏、陕二省为例[J].宏观经济研究,2016(3):40-52.
[48]孙敬水,程芳芳.起点公平、过程公平、结果公平与分配公平满意度[J].经济理论与经济管理,2016(10):26-41.
[49]Raheem I D,Isah K O,Adedeji A A.Inclusive Growth,Human Capita Development and Natural Resource Rent in SSA[J].Economic Change and Restructuring,2016,9(17):1-20.
[50]约瑟夫E.斯蒂格利茨.不平等的代价[M].张子源译.北京:机械工业出版社,2013.
[51]Clark A E,Frijters P,Shields M A.Relative Income Happiness,and Utility:An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and other Puzzles[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2008,46(1):95-144.
[52]Ambrosio C D,Frick J R.Income Satisfaction and Relative Deprivation:An Empirical Link[J].Social Indicators Research,2007,81(3):497-519.
(1)该报告除采用一系列经济模型外,还基于对七个国家——巴西、中国、埃塞俄比亚、印度、墨西哥、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦的实地调研结果以及150多次的专家访谈。
(1)本文采用的是2016年G20普惠金融全球合作伙伴(GPFI)报告《全球标准制定机构与普惠金融:不断变化发展的格局》(GPFI白皮书)中的定义。
(1)考虑到数据的可得性问题,本文采用主观评价法(即从人们对包容性增长的主观满意度方面)观测城乡包容性增长水平。
(1)本文首先以Brown等(2015)设计的访问消费者及移动金融服务情况问卷为基础,添加数字普惠金融测量变量与包容性增长测度内容,形成初步问卷;其次,在咨询领域专家意见后,对问卷内容进行了进一步修改;最后,依据对石家庄市少数村镇居民试调的结果,再次调整相关选项,形成最终问卷。
[2]张昭时,钱雪亚.城乡分割、工资差异与就业机会不平等---基于五省城镇住户调查数据的经验研究[J].中国人口科学,2011(3):34-41.
[3]鲁万波,于翠婷,高宇璇.中老年人健康机会不平等的城乡分解[J].财经科学,2018(3):42-54.
[4]Corak M.Income Inequality,Equality of Opportunity,and Intergenerational Mobility[J].IZA Discussion Papers,2013,27(3):79-102.
[5]刘波,王修华,彭建刚.我国居民收入差距中的机会不平等---基于CGSS数据的实证研究[J].上海经济研究,2015(8):77-88.
[6]Manyika J,Lund S,Singer M,et al.Digital Finance for All:Powering Inclusive Growth in Emerging E-conomies[R].America:Mckinsey Global Institute,2016.
[7]宋晓玲.数字普惠金融缩小城乡差距的实证检验[J].财经科学,2017(6):14-25.
[8]张贺,白钦先.数字普惠金融减小了城乡收入差距吗?---基于中国省级数据的面板门槛回归分析[J].经济问题探索,2018(10):122-129.
[9]谢绚丽,沈艳,张皓星,等.数字金融能促进创业吗?---来自中国的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2018(4):1557-1580.
[10]周文,孙懿.包容性增长与中国农村改革的现实逻辑[J].经济学动态,2011(6):82-86.
[11]姚云云,郑克岭.包容性增长:我国农村反贫困的新范式[J].西安财经学院学报,2012(3):71-76.
[12]刘士余.移动支付促进我国农村经济实现包容性增长[J].金融电子化,2013(8):7-8.
[13]Ali I,Son H H.Measuring Inclusive Growth[R].Asian Development Review,2007.
[14]Anand R,Tulin V,Kumar N.India:Defining and Explaining Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction[R].IMF Working Papers,2014,14(63).
[15]Berg A G,Ostry J D.Inequality and Unsustainable Growth:Two Sides of the Same Coin?[J].IMF E-conomic Review,2017,65(4):792-815.
[16]张勋,万广华.中国的农村基础设施促进了包容性增长吗?[J].经济研究,2016(10):82-9.
[17]于敏,王小林.中国经济的包容性增长:测量与评价[J].经济评论,2012(3):30-38.
[18]李晓园.以优质公共服务促进包容性增长[J].江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012(1):36-42.
[19]马超,顾海,孙徐辉.医保统筹模式对城乡居民医疗服务利用和健康实质公平的影响---基于机会平等理论的分析[J].公共管理学报,2017(2):97-109+157.
[20]梁双陆,刘培培.数字普惠金融、教育约束与城乡收入收敛效应[J].产经评论,2018(2):128-138.
[21]Development Research Group of the World Bank.The Opportunities of Digitizing Payments[C].Brisbane:G20Australian Presidency,2014.
[22]Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion(GPFI).G20Financial Inclusion Indicators[C].Hangzhou:G20Hangzhou Summit,2016.
[23]肖龙铎,张兵.金融可得性、非农就业与农民收入---基于CHFS数据的实证研究[J].经济科学,2017(4):74-87.
[24]刘新智,刘雨姗,刘雨松.金融支持对农户创业的影响及其空间差异分析---基于CFPS2014数据的研究[J].宏观经济研究,2017(11):139-149.
[25]李涛,徐翔,孙硕.普惠金融与经济增长[J].金融研究,2016(4):1-16.
[26]任碧云,张彤进.移动支付能够有效促进农村普惠金融发展吗?[J].农村经济,2015(5):123-129.
[27]黄益平,黄卓.中国的数字金融发展:现在与未来[J].经济学(季刊),2018(4):1489-1502.
[28]Andrianaivo M,Kpodar K.Mobile Phones,Financial Inclusion,and Growth[J].Review of Economics and Institutions,2012,3(2):1-30.
[29]邵汉华,王凯月.普惠金融的减贫效应及作用机制---基于跨国面板数据的实证分析[J].金融经济学研究,2017(6):65-74.
[30]罗斯丹,陈晓,姚悦欣.我国普惠金融发展的减贫效应研究[J].当代经济研究,2016(12):84-93.
[31]朱一鸣,王伟.普惠金融如何实现精准扶贫?[J].财经研究,2017(10):43-45.
[32]Greenwood J,Jovanovich B.Financial Development,Growth and the Distribution of Income[J].Journal of Political Economy,1990,85(5):1076-1107.
[33]Gulli H.Microfinance and Poverty:Questioning the Coventional Wisdom[M].Inter-American Development Bank,1998.
[34]Schmied J,Marr A.Financial Inclusion and Poverty:The Case of Peru[J].Regional and Sectoral E-conomic Studies,2016,16(2):1-26.
[35]Jayasree T O,Gangadharan K.Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth:Perspectives on Urban Cooperative Banking in India[J].International Journal of Applied Research,2016,2(5):915-919.
[36]Dittus P,Klein M.On Harnessing the Potential of Financial Inclusion[R].BIS Working Paper,2011,68(3):1-18.
[37]郭峰,孔涛,王靖一,等.中国数字普惠金融指标体系与指数编制[D].北京大学数字金融研究中心工作论文,2016.
[38]Braniff L.Digital Finance and Innovations in Financing for Education[R].CGAP Working Paper,2016.
[39]Guiso L,Jappelli T,Terlizzese D.Income Risk,Borrowing Constraints,and Portfolio Choice[J].The American Economic Review,1996,86(1):158-172.
[40]Lee J J,Sawada Y.Precautionary Saving Under Liquidity Constraints:Evidence from Rural Pakistan[J].Journal of Development Economics,2010,91(1):77-86.
[41]王聪,田存志.股市参与、参与程度及其影响因素[J].经济研究,2012(10):97-107.
[42]程恩江,刘西川.小额信贷缓解农户正规信贷配给了吗?---来自三个非政府小额信贷项目区的经验证据[J].金融研究,2010(12):190-206.
[43]周月书,李扬.农村小额贷款公司对农村小微企业正规信贷配给的影响分析---基于苏北农村小微企业的调查[J].中国农村经济,2013(7):85-96.
[44]齐红倩,李志创.小额信贷对我国城乡收入差距的影响---基于小额贷款公司省际面板数据的实证分析[J].南京社会科学,2018(9):31-39.
[45]Kate L,Timothy L.Digital Financial Inclusion:Implications for Customers,Regulators,Supervisors,and Standard-Setting Bodies[R].CGAPWorking Paper,2015.
[46]焦瑾璞,王爱俭.普惠金融:基本原理与中国实践[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2015.
[47]李晓园,陈武,杨涵深.县级政府公共服务能力对县域包容性增长影响的实证研究与政策建议---以苏、陕二省为例[J].宏观经济研究,2016(3):40-52.
[48]孙敬水,程芳芳.起点公平、过程公平、结果公平与分配公平满意度[J].经济理论与经济管理,2016(10):26-41.
[49]Raheem I D,Isah K O,Adedeji A A.Inclusive Growth,Human Capita Development and Natural Resource Rent in SSA[J].Economic Change and Restructuring,2016,9(17):1-20.
[50]约瑟夫E.斯蒂格利茨.不平等的代价[M].张子源译.北京:机械工业出版社,2013.
[51]Clark A E,Frijters P,Shields M A.Relative Income Happiness,and Utility:An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and other Puzzles[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2008,46(1):95-144.
[52]Ambrosio C D,Frick J R.Income Satisfaction and Relative Deprivation:An Empirical Link[J].Social Indicators Research,2007,81(3):497-519.
(1)该报告除采用一系列经济模型外,还基于对七个国家——巴西、中国、埃塞俄比亚、印度、墨西哥、尼日利亚和巴基斯坦的实地调研结果以及150多次的专家访谈。
(1)本文采用的是2016年G20普惠金融全球合作伙伴(GPFI)报告《全球标准制定机构与普惠金融:不断变化发展的格局》(GPFI白皮书)中的定义。
(1)考虑到数据的可得性问题,本文采用主观评价法(即从人们对包容性增长的主观满意度方面)观测城乡包容性增长水平。
(1)本文首先以Brown等(2015)设计的访问消费者及移动金融服务情况问卷为基础,添加数字普惠金融测量变量与包容性增长测度内容,形成初步问卷;其次,在咨询领域专家意见后,对问卷内容进行了进一步修改;最后,依据对石家庄市少数村镇居民试调的结果,再次调整相关选项,形成最终问卷。
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