中国主要城市关联网络研究
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摘要
从全行业的资本支配视角,采用企业关联网络的总部—分支法,识别和解析中国主要城市关联网络的基本特征,包括层级、格局、方向和腹地维度。验证了城市关联网络是城市体系研究的重要方法,而企业关联网络则是城市关联网络的有效表征。城市体系研究不仅要关注地理上的邻近性,更要强调功能上的关联性;不仅要关注城市作为场所空间的邻近性,更要强调城市在流通空间中的关联性。城市关联网络的本质是城市之间的经济联系,而企业是城市关联网络的"作用者",众多企业的区位策略界定了城市之间的关联网络。
This paper identifies and analyzes the interlocking network of major cities in China, including dimensions of hierarchy, configuration, directionality and hinterland. From the perspective of capital control in all industrial sectors, the research uses the approach of interlocking network in terms of headquarter-subsidiary linkage of corporate organization. It has verifi ed the importance of urban network in urban system analysis and interlocking network of corporate organization as an effective measure of urban network. Urban system analysis should take into consideration not only the geographical proximity between cities as space of places but also the functional connectivity among cities in space of flows. The primary dimension of urban network is economic connectivity among cities and firms are the agents that interlock cities into network through their location strategies.
This paper identifies and analyzes the interlocking network of major cities in China, including dimensions of hierarchy, configuration, directionality and hinterland. From the perspective of capital control in all industrial sectors, the research uses the approach of interlocking network in terms of headquarter-subsidiary linkage of corporate organization. It has verifi ed the importance of urban network in urban system analysis and interlocking network of corporate organization as an effective measure of urban network. Urban system analysis should take into consideration not only the geographical proximity between cities as space of places but also the functional connectivity among cities in space of flows. The primary dimension of urban network is economic connectivity among cities and firms are the agents that interlock cities into network through their location strategies.
引文
1 BOURNE L S.Urban Systems:Strategies for Regulation[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1975.
2 BEAVERSTOCK J V,SMITH R G,TAYLOR P J.ARoster of World Cities[J].Cities,1999,16(6):445-458.
3 HALL P.The World Cities[M].London:Heinemann,1966.
4 WALLERSTEIN I.The Modern World System[M].New York:Academic Press,1974.
5 WALLERSTEIN I.The Capitalist World-Economy[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
6 FROBEL F,HEINRICHS J,KREYE O.The New International Division of Labour[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980.
7 HYMER S H.The Multinational Corporation and the International Division of Labour[M]//BHAGWATI J N.Economics and World Order.New York:Macmillan,1972:113-140.
8 HYMER S H.The Multinational Corporation:A Radical Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
9 COHEN R B.The New International Division of Labor,Multinational Corporations and Urban Hierarchy[M]//DEARM J,SCOTT A J.Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society.New York:Taylor and Francis,1981:287-318.
10 FRIEDMANN J,WOLFF G.World City Formation:An Approach for Research and Action[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1982(6):309-344.
11 FRIEDMANN J.The World City Hypothesis[J].Development and Change,1986,17(1):69-83.
12 SASSEN S.The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo[M].NJ:Princeton University Press,1991.
13 CASTELLS M.The Rise of Network Society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
14 SHORT J R,KIM Y,KUSS M,et al.The Dirty Little Secret of World City Research[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1996(20):697-717.
15 TAYLOR P J.So-called“World City”:The Evidential Structure Within a Literature[J].Environment and Planning A,1999,31(11):1901-1904.
16 DERUDDER D.Mapping Global Urban Networks:ADecade of Empirical World Cities Research[J].Geography Compass,2008,2(2):559-574.
17 SMITH D A,TIMBERLAKE M.World City Networks and Hierarchies,1977-1997:An Empirical Analysis of Global Air Travel Links[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44(10):1656-1678.
18 DERUDDER B,WITLOX F.An Appraisal of the Use of Airline Data in Assessments of the World City Network[J].Urban Studies,2005,42(13):2371-2388.
19 TOWSEND A M.Network Cities and the Global Structure of the Internet[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44:1697-1716.
20 MALECHI E.The Economic Geography of the Internet’s Infrastructure[J].Economic Geography,2002,78(4):399-424.
21 DERUDDER B.The Mismatch Between Concepts and Evidence in the Study of a Global Urban Network[M]//TAYLOR P J,DERUDDER B,SAEY P,et al.Cities in Globalization:Processes,Policies and Theories.London:Routledge,2007:271-286.
22 TAYLOR P J.World City Network:A Global Urban Analysis[M].London:Routledge,2004.
23 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J.Power and Position in the World City System[J].American Journal of Sociology,2004,109(4):811-851.
24 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J,SPRAGUE-JONESJ.Inter-city Relations and Globalization:The Evolution of the Global Urban Hierarchy,1981-2007[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(9):1899-1923.
25 TAYLOR P J.Specification of the World City Network[J].Geographical Analysis,2001,33:181-194.
26 TAYLOR P J,NI P,DERUDDER B,et al.Global Urban Analysis:A Survey of Cities in Globalization[M].New York:Earthscan,2011.
27 DERUDDER B,TAYLOR P J,HOYLER M,et al.Measurement and Interpretation of the Connectivity of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2013,23(3):261-273.
28 ZHAO M,LIU X,DERUDDER B,et al.Mapping Producer Services Networks in Mainland Chinese Cities[J].Urban Studies,2015,52(16):3018-3034.
29唐子来,李粲,李涛.全球资本体系视角下的中国城市层级体系[J].城市规划学刊,2016(3):11-20.TANG Zilai,LI Can,LI Tao.Interpretation of China’s Urban Hierarchy from the Perspective of Global Capital System[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(3):11-20.
30唐子来,赵渺希.经济全球化视角下长三角区域的城市体系演化:关联网络和价值区段的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2010(1):29-34.TANG Zilai,ZHAO Miaoxi.Economic Globalization and Transformation of Urban System in the Yangtze River Delta Region:Interlocking Network and Value-Added Hierarchy[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(1):29-34.
31赵渺希,刘铮.基于生产性服务业的中国城市网络研究[J].城市规划,2012(9):23-38.ZHAO Miaoxi,LIU Zheng.Research on China’s City Network Based on Production Service Industry[J].City Planning Review,2012(9):23-38.
32李仙德.基于企业网络的城市网络研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2012.LI Xiande.Enterprise-Based City Network Analysis[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2012.
33唐子来,李涛.长三角地区和长江中游地区的城市体系比较研究:基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2014(2):24-31.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Middle Yangtze Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(2):24-31.
34唐子来,李涛.京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区的城市体系比较研究:基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].上海城市规划,2014(6):37-45.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Pearl River Delta Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2014(6):37-45.
35朱查松,王德,罗震东.中心性与控制力:长三角城市网络结构的组织特征及演化[J].城市规划学刊,2014(4):24-30.ZHU Chasong,WANG De,LUO Zhendong.Centrality and Power:A Method of Analyzing City Network Spatial Structure[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(4):24-30.
36赵渺希,魏冀明,吴康.京津冀城市群的功能联系及其复杂网络演化[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):46-52.ZHAO Miaoxi,WEI Jiming,WU Kang.Functional Linkages in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Conurbation Region and the Evolution of the Complex Networks[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(1):46-52.
37程遥,张艺帅,赵民.长三角城市群的空间组织特征与规划取向探讨--基于企业联系的实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,2016(4):22-29.CHENG Yao,ZHANG Yishuai,ZHAO Min.The Spatial Self-Organization and Planning Agendas of the Yangtze River Delta’s City Cluster:Spatial Analysis Based on Enetrprise Connectivity[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(4):22-29.
38赵渺希,唐子来.基于网络关联的长三角区域腹地划分[J].经济地理,2010,30(3):371-376.ZHAO Miaoxi,TANG Zilai.A Network-Based Measurement for Urban Hinterland Area in Yangtze River Delta[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(3):371-376.
39李涛,周锐.长三角网络腹地划分的关联测度方法比较[J].地理学报,2016,71(2):236-249.LI Tao,ZHOU Rui.Urban Hinterworld in Yangtze River Delta:Empirical Comparison of Two Network-Based Methods[J].Acta Geograhica Sinica,2016,71(2):236-249.
40周一星,胡智勇.从航空运输看中国城市体系的空间网络结构[J].地理研究,2002,21(3):384-394.ZHOU Yixing,HU Zhiyong.Looking into the Network Structure of Chinese Urban System from the Perspective of Air Transportation[J].Geographical Research,2002,21(3):384-394.
41武廷海,张能.作为人居环境的中国城市群:空间格局与展望[J].城市规划,2015(6):14-25.WU Tinghai,ZHANG Neng.Spatial Pattern and Development of China’s Urban Agglomerations:An Interpretation of the Science of Human Settlements[J].City Planning Review,2015(6):14-25.
42罗震东,何鹤鸣,耿磊.基于客运交通流的长江三角洲功能多中心研究[J].城市规划学刊,2011(2):16-23.LUO Zhendong,HE Heming,GENG Lei.Analysis of the Polycentric Structute of Yangtze River Delta Based on Passenger Traffic Flow[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(2):16-23.
43陈建军,郑广建,刘月.高速铁路对长江三角洲空间联系格局演化的影响[J].经济地理,2014,34(8):54-60.CHEN Jianjun,ZHENG Guangjian,LIU Yue.The Spatial Connection Evaluation of Yangtze River Delta with the High-Speed Rail[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(8):54-60.
44罗震东,朱查松,薛雯雯.基于高铁客流的长江三角洲空间结构再审视[J].上海城市规划,2015(4):74-80.LUO Zhendong,ZHU Chasong,XUE Wenwen.The Analysis on Spatial Structure of Yangtze River Delta Based on Passenger Flow of High-Speed Railway[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2015(4):74-80.
45 A T Kearney.Global Cities Index[R].2016.
46 Economist Intelligence Unit.Hot Spots:Benchmarking Global City Competitiveness[R].2012.
47 The Mori Memorial Foundation.Global Power City Index2015[R].2015.
48 Pw C.Cities of Opportunity 6[R].2015.
2 BEAVERSTOCK J V,SMITH R G,TAYLOR P J.ARoster of World Cities[J].Cities,1999,16(6):445-458.
3 HALL P.The World Cities[M].London:Heinemann,1966.
4 WALLERSTEIN I.The Modern World System[M].New York:Academic Press,1974.
5 WALLERSTEIN I.The Capitalist World-Economy[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
6 FROBEL F,HEINRICHS J,KREYE O.The New International Division of Labour[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980.
7 HYMER S H.The Multinational Corporation and the International Division of Labour[M]//BHAGWATI J N.Economics and World Order.New York:Macmillan,1972:113-140.
8 HYMER S H.The Multinational Corporation:A Radical Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
9 COHEN R B.The New International Division of Labor,Multinational Corporations and Urban Hierarchy[M]//DEARM J,SCOTT A J.Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society.New York:Taylor and Francis,1981:287-318.
10 FRIEDMANN J,WOLFF G.World City Formation:An Approach for Research and Action[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1982(6):309-344.
11 FRIEDMANN J.The World City Hypothesis[J].Development and Change,1986,17(1):69-83.
12 SASSEN S.The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo[M].NJ:Princeton University Press,1991.
13 CASTELLS M.The Rise of Network Society[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
14 SHORT J R,KIM Y,KUSS M,et al.The Dirty Little Secret of World City Research[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1996(20):697-717.
15 TAYLOR P J.So-called“World City”:The Evidential Structure Within a Literature[J].Environment and Planning A,1999,31(11):1901-1904.
16 DERUDDER D.Mapping Global Urban Networks:ADecade of Empirical World Cities Research[J].Geography Compass,2008,2(2):559-574.
17 SMITH D A,TIMBERLAKE M.World City Networks and Hierarchies,1977-1997:An Empirical Analysis of Global Air Travel Links[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44(10):1656-1678.
18 DERUDDER B,WITLOX F.An Appraisal of the Use of Airline Data in Assessments of the World City Network[J].Urban Studies,2005,42(13):2371-2388.
19 TOWSEND A M.Network Cities and the Global Structure of the Internet[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44:1697-1716.
20 MALECHI E.The Economic Geography of the Internet’s Infrastructure[J].Economic Geography,2002,78(4):399-424.
21 DERUDDER B.The Mismatch Between Concepts and Evidence in the Study of a Global Urban Network[M]//TAYLOR P J,DERUDDER B,SAEY P,et al.Cities in Globalization:Processes,Policies and Theories.London:Routledge,2007:271-286.
22 TAYLOR P J.World City Network:A Global Urban Analysis[M].London:Routledge,2004.
23 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J.Power and Position in the World City System[J].American Journal of Sociology,2004,109(4):811-851.
24 ALDERSON A S,BECKFIELD J,SPRAGUE-JONESJ.Inter-city Relations and Globalization:The Evolution of the Global Urban Hierarchy,1981-2007[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(9):1899-1923.
25 TAYLOR P J.Specification of the World City Network[J].Geographical Analysis,2001,33:181-194.
26 TAYLOR P J,NI P,DERUDDER B,et al.Global Urban Analysis:A Survey of Cities in Globalization[M].New York:Earthscan,2011.
27 DERUDDER B,TAYLOR P J,HOYLER M,et al.Measurement and Interpretation of the Connectivity of Chinese Cities in the World City Network,2010[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2013,23(3):261-273.
28 ZHAO M,LIU X,DERUDDER B,et al.Mapping Producer Services Networks in Mainland Chinese Cities[J].Urban Studies,2015,52(16):3018-3034.
29唐子来,李粲,李涛.全球资本体系视角下的中国城市层级体系[J].城市规划学刊,2016(3):11-20.TANG Zilai,LI Can,LI Tao.Interpretation of China’s Urban Hierarchy from the Perspective of Global Capital System[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(3):11-20.
30唐子来,赵渺希.经济全球化视角下长三角区域的城市体系演化:关联网络和价值区段的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2010(1):29-34.TANG Zilai,ZHAO Miaoxi.Economic Globalization and Transformation of Urban System in the Yangtze River Delta Region:Interlocking Network and Value-Added Hierarchy[J].Urban Planning Forum,2010(1):29-34.
31赵渺希,刘铮.基于生产性服务业的中国城市网络研究[J].城市规划,2012(9):23-38.ZHAO Miaoxi,LIU Zheng.Research on China’s City Network Based on Production Service Industry[J].City Planning Review,2012(9):23-38.
32李仙德.基于企业网络的城市网络研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2012.LI Xiande.Enterprise-Based City Network Analysis[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2012.
33唐子来,李涛.长三角地区和长江中游地区的城市体系比较研究:基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].城市规划学刊,2014(2):24-31.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Middle Yangtze Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(2):24-31.
34唐子来,李涛.京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区的城市体系比较研究:基于企业关联网络的分析方法[J].上海城市规划,2014(6):37-45.TANG Zilai,LI Tao.A Comparative Analysis of Urban Systems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the Yangtze River Delta Region and the Pearl River Delta Region:An Approach of Firm-Based Interlocking Network[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2014(6):37-45.
35朱查松,王德,罗震东.中心性与控制力:长三角城市网络结构的组织特征及演化[J].城市规划学刊,2014(4):24-30.ZHU Chasong,WANG De,LUO Zhendong.Centrality and Power:A Method of Analyzing City Network Spatial Structure[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(4):24-30.
36赵渺希,魏冀明,吴康.京津冀城市群的功能联系及其复杂网络演化[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):46-52.ZHAO Miaoxi,WEI Jiming,WU Kang.Functional Linkages in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Conurbation Region and the Evolution of the Complex Networks[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(1):46-52.
37程遥,张艺帅,赵民.长三角城市群的空间组织特征与规划取向探讨--基于企业联系的实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,2016(4):22-29.CHENG Yao,ZHANG Yishuai,ZHAO Min.The Spatial Self-Organization and Planning Agendas of the Yangtze River Delta’s City Cluster:Spatial Analysis Based on Enetrprise Connectivity[J].Urban Planning Forum,2016(4):22-29.
38赵渺希,唐子来.基于网络关联的长三角区域腹地划分[J].经济地理,2010,30(3):371-376.ZHAO Miaoxi,TANG Zilai.A Network-Based Measurement for Urban Hinterland Area in Yangtze River Delta[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(3):371-376.
39李涛,周锐.长三角网络腹地划分的关联测度方法比较[J].地理学报,2016,71(2):236-249.LI Tao,ZHOU Rui.Urban Hinterworld in Yangtze River Delta:Empirical Comparison of Two Network-Based Methods[J].Acta Geograhica Sinica,2016,71(2):236-249.
40周一星,胡智勇.从航空运输看中国城市体系的空间网络结构[J].地理研究,2002,21(3):384-394.ZHOU Yixing,HU Zhiyong.Looking into the Network Structure of Chinese Urban System from the Perspective of Air Transportation[J].Geographical Research,2002,21(3):384-394.
41武廷海,张能.作为人居环境的中国城市群:空间格局与展望[J].城市规划,2015(6):14-25.WU Tinghai,ZHANG Neng.Spatial Pattern and Development of China’s Urban Agglomerations:An Interpretation of the Science of Human Settlements[J].City Planning Review,2015(6):14-25.
42罗震东,何鹤鸣,耿磊.基于客运交通流的长江三角洲功能多中心研究[J].城市规划学刊,2011(2):16-23.LUO Zhendong,HE Heming,GENG Lei.Analysis of the Polycentric Structute of Yangtze River Delta Based on Passenger Traffic Flow[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(2):16-23.
43陈建军,郑广建,刘月.高速铁路对长江三角洲空间联系格局演化的影响[J].经济地理,2014,34(8):54-60.CHEN Jianjun,ZHENG Guangjian,LIU Yue.The Spatial Connection Evaluation of Yangtze River Delta with the High-Speed Rail[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(8):54-60.
44罗震东,朱查松,薛雯雯.基于高铁客流的长江三角洲空间结构再审视[J].上海城市规划,2015(4):74-80.LUO Zhendong,ZHU Chasong,XUE Wenwen.The Analysis on Spatial Structure of Yangtze River Delta Based on Passenger Flow of High-Speed Railway[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2015(4):74-80.
45 A T Kearney.Global Cities Index[R].2016.
46 Economist Intelligence Unit.Hot Spots:Benchmarking Global City Competitiveness[R].2012.
47 The Mori Memorial Foundation.Global Power City Index2015[R].2015.
48 Pw C.Cities of Opportunity 6[R].2015.