广州市教室室内外PM_(2.5)的污染特征
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摘要
本研究采用PM_(2.5)连续在线监测仪对广州市不同典型地区4所学校共16间教室进行室内外PM_(2.5)同时监测.结果表明,教室室内外PM_(2.5)浓度水平分别为65±15μg·m~(-3)和75±24μg·m~(-3),4所学校由于不同地理位置、外部环境以及室内卫生条件呈现出不同的PM_(2.5)污染水平;受人为因素影响较大的学校白天的PM_(2.5)浓度较高,受自然环境因素影响较大的学校则呈现白天低、夜晚高的趋势;通风方式和开关窗行为是影响室内外PM_(2.5)相关关系的重要因素,夏季空调机械通风的教室能有效地降低外部PM_(2.5)的渗透,开窗通风的教室室内PM_(2.5)则主要受室外环境影响;同样关窗情况下,具有较好围护结构、气密性较好的教室更能有效避免室外PM_(2.5)污染;当雾霾发生时,室内PM_(2.5)浓度以及室内外一元线性相关系数r~2也相应受到明显影响.通过了解不同区域教室室内外PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,给人们在雾霾和非雾霾天气下如何改善室内空气质量提供帮助,以避免学生长时间暴露在室内PM_(2.5)污染的环境中.
The aim of this study is to investigate indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5)by simultaneously monitoring 16 classrooms in 4 schools in different districts of Guangzhou.The results showed that the 24μg·m~(-3),respectively.The four schools showed different levels of PM_(2.5)pollution due to the different geographical locations,external environment and indoor sanitation conditions.The schools with many human activities have higher concentrations of PM_(2.5)in the daytime than in the evening.Ventilation mode,window opening and closing had significant impacts on the indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5).The classrooms with air-conditioned mechanical ventilation effectively reduced the infiltration of external PM_(2.5),while indoor PM_(2.5)in the classrooms with open windows were mainly affected by outdoor environment.In the case of closed windows,better palisade structure and higher window air tightness avoided PM_(2.5)pollution more effectively than the one with lower sealed window.The indoor PM_(2.5)concentration as well as the unitary linear correlation coefficient r~2 of indoor and outdoor were obviously increased on the haze days.The investigation of the distribution of indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5)in different areas might be helpful for improving the indoor air quality in haze or normal weather,and for avoiding long-time exposure to the indoor PM_(2.5)pollution by the students.
The aim of this study is to investigate indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5)by simultaneously monitoring 16 classrooms in 4 schools in different districts of Guangzhou.The results showed that the 24μg·m~(-3),respectively.The four schools showed different levels of PM_(2.5)pollution due to the different geographical locations,external environment and indoor sanitation conditions.The schools with many human activities have higher concentrations of PM_(2.5)in the daytime than in the evening.Ventilation mode,window opening and closing had significant impacts on the indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5).The classrooms with air-conditioned mechanical ventilation effectively reduced the infiltration of external PM_(2.5),while indoor PM_(2.5)in the classrooms with open windows were mainly affected by outdoor environment.In the case of closed windows,better palisade structure and higher window air tightness avoided PM_(2.5)pollution more effectively than the one with lower sealed window.The indoor PM_(2.5)concentration as well as the unitary linear correlation coefficient r~2 of indoor and outdoor were obviously increased on the haze days.The investigation of the distribution of indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5)in different areas might be helpful for improving the indoor air quality in haze or normal weather,and for avoiding long-time exposure to the indoor PM_(2.5)pollution by the students.
引文
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[5]TAENKHUMK.An evaluation of biogenic components of indoor and outdoor particulate matter and indoor settled dust in homes in Baltimore,Maryland[D].Maryland:Johns Hopkins Unviersity,2009:2-6.
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[7]张振江,赵若杰,曹文文,等.天津市可吸入颗粒物及元素室内外相关性[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):357-364.ZHANG Z J,ZAHO R J,CAO W W,et al.Residential indoor-outdoor relationships of PM10and elements in Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(2):357-364(in Chinese).
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[9]JENKINS P L,PHILLIPS T J,MULBERG E J.Activity patterns of Californians:Use of and proximity to indoor pollutant sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,1992,26A(12):2141-2148.
[10]BOZLAKER A,PECCIA J,CHELLAM S.Indoor/outdoor relationships and anthropogenic elemental signatures in airborne PM2.5at a high school:Impacts of petroleum refining emissions on lanthanoid enrichment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,51(9):4851-4859.
[11]石晶金,袁东,赵卓慧.我国住宅室内PM2.5来源及浓度的影响因素研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2015,32(9):825-829.SHI J J,YUAN D,ZHAO Z H.Residential indoor PM2.5sources,concentration and influencing factors in China[J].J Environmental and Health,2015,32(9):825-829(in Chinese).
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[13]孙在,陈秋方,蔡志良,等.超细颗粒物通过建筑狭缝的传输特性[J].环境科学,2015,36(4):1227-1233.SUN Z,CHEN Q F,CAI Z L,et al.Characteristic of ultrafine particles transferring through building envelopes[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(4):1227-1233(in Chinese).
[14]柳艳静,张丽娜,刘铁.北京市房山地区室内外空气PM2.5污染水平及其相关性[J].职业与健康,2015,31(20):2831-2833.LIU Y J,ZHANG L N,LIU T.Pollution levels of indoor and outdoor PM2.5and its correlation in Fangshan district of Beijing[J].Occupation and Health,2015,31(20):2831-2833(in Chinese).
[15]FROMME H,DIEMER J,DIETRICH S,et al.Chemical and morphological properties of particulate matter(PM10,PM2.5)in school classrooms and outdoor air[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42:6597-6605.
[16]STRANGER M,POTGIETER-VERMAAK S S,et al.Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp,Belgium[J].Environmental International,2007,33:789-797.
[17]林宗伟,于彦杰,吴根容,等.广州市春季小学教学环境细颗粒物对学生呼吸系统影响的研究[J].实用预防医学,2014,21(3):281-284.LIN Z W,YU Y J,WU G R,et al.Impact of PM2.5in teaching environment during spring on pupils'respiratory health in Guangzhou City[J].Practice Previous Medicine,2014,21(3):281-284(in Chinese).
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[20]MONTOYA T.Characterization of particulate matter concentrations(PM10,PM10-2.5,and PM2.5)at high-altitude school and residential micro-environments in Quito,Ecuador[D].Ecuador:The University of Texas at El Paso,2014:49-165.
[21]FROMME H,DIEMER J,DIETRICH S,et al.Chemical and morphological properties of particulate matter(PM10,PM2.5)in school classrooms and outdoor air[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(27):6597-6605.
[22]杜峰.室内外地面清扫对大气颗粒物的影响研究[D].马鞍山:安徽工业大学,2011:30-48.DU F.A study of the influences of sweeping on the concentration of particulate matter in the indoor and outdoor air[D].Ma'anshan:Anhui University of Technology,2011:30-48(in Chinese).
[23]周刘轲.基于集中式空调系统空气过滤器净化PM2.5的试验研究[D].上海:东华大学,2015:18-26.ZHOU L K.Experimental study on the purification of PM2.5by air filter based on centralized air conditioning system[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2015:18-26(in Chinese).
[24]陈慧娟,刘君峰,张静玉,等.广州市PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度变化特征[J].环境科学与技术,2008,10(31):87-91.CHEN H J,LIU J F,ZHANG J Y,et al.Characteristics of mass concentration variations of PM2.5and PM1.0at Guangzhou[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,10(31):87-91(in Chinese).
[25]ZHOU Z H,LIU Y R,YUAN J J,et al.Indoor PM2.5concentrations in residential buildings during a severely polluted winter:A case study in Tianjin,China[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,64:372-381.
[26]SANGIORGI G,FERRERO L,FERRINI B,et al.Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PMin offices[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,65:205-214.
[27]ZHU Y,YANG L,MENG C,et al.Indoor/outdoor relationships and diurnal/nocturnal variations in water-soluble ion and PAHconcentrations in the atmospheric PM2.5of a business office area in Jinan,a heavily polluted city in China[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,153:276-285.
[28]WALLACEL.Indoor particles:A review[J].Air and Waste Management Association,1996,46:98-126.
[29]SAARNAT J A,Brown K W,Schwartz J,et al.Ambient gas concentrations and personal particulate matter exposures[J].Epidemiology,2005,16(3):385-395.
[30]CHEN C,ZHAO B.Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles:I/O ratio,infiltration factor and penetration factor[J.]Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:275-288.
[31]MORAWSKA L,HE C R,HITCHINS J,et al.The relationship between indoor and outdoor airborne particles in the residential environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35:3463-3473.
[32]刘庆.自然通风下门窗开启对室内环境的影响研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014,12-14.LIU Q.Researchof indoor environment affected by opening door and windowinthe condition of natural ventilation[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014,12-14(in Chinese).
[33]韩燕,徐虹,毕晓辉,等.降水对颗粒物的冲刷作用及其对雨水化学的影燕[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):193-200.HAN Y,XU H,BI X H,et al.Changes of particulate matters during rain process and influence of that on chemical composition of precipitation in Hangzhou,China[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(2):193-200(in Chinese).
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