基于SAR影像的贡巴冰川末端冰湖年际变化监测及溃决规律分析
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摘要
受全球气候变化的影响,近年来藏东南区域多数冰川退化加剧,冰湖的异动也更为频繁,冰湖溃决诱发洪水、涌浪、泥石流等山地灾害的风险激增。以多源时序合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)影像为数据源,从水体和非水体信号的强度差异出发,开展冰湖的分类方法研究,提出了一种基于时序SAR影像的强度标准化比值实施冰湖提取与动态监测的方法。为了验证方法的可行性,选取日本航天局的ALOS/PALSAR-1与欧空局的Sentinel-1A影像序列,针对位于贡巴冰川流域的典型实验区,在11 a的时间跨度上开展了冰湖动态提取和长时序变化分析。通过实验成功获取了贡巴冰川末端冰湖2007-2018年间的时空变化,进而发现近10 a间冰湖的体量呈高速增长的态势,这从侧面也印证了贡巴冰川消融加剧的现状。此外,2018年的新近监测结果表明,局部溃决涌道的扩张打破了冰湖固有的生存周期,甚至会诱发洪水和泥石流次生灾害的发生,有必要加强监测与防范。
Affected by global climate change, most glaciers in southeastern Tibet have deteriorated more and more frequently. The risk of mountain disasters, such as floods, surges and debris flows, has increased sharply in recent years. This paper implements a research on glacial lakes classification by using multi-source synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. According to the statistical analysis of intensity difference between signals coming from water and non-water objects, a method of glacial lake extraction and dynamic monitoring based on the intensity standardization ratio of sequential SAR images is proposed. Within a typical experimental area in Gongba Glacier basin, the image series of ALOS/PALSAR-1 of Japan Space Agency and Sentinel-1 A of European Space Agency are selected to carry out dynamic extraction of glacial lakes and long-term change analysis over 11 years' time, just for validation purpose. The temporal and spatial variations of glacial lakes at the end of Gongba Glacier from 2007 to 2018 are successfully obtained. And the further analysis finds out that the volume of glacial lakes increase rapidly in the past ten years. This evidence can also confirm the current situation of aggravated melting of Gongba Glacier. In addition, the recent monitoring results in 2018 show that the expansion of local burst gushes has broken the inherent life cycle of glacial lakes, and even trigger secondary disasters of floods and debris flows. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring and prevention.
Affected by global climate change, most glaciers in southeastern Tibet have deteriorated more and more frequently. The risk of mountain disasters, such as floods, surges and debris flows, has increased sharply in recent years. This paper implements a research on glacial lakes classification by using multi-source synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. According to the statistical analysis of intensity difference between signals coming from water and non-water objects, a method of glacial lake extraction and dynamic monitoring based on the intensity standardization ratio of sequential SAR images is proposed. Within a typical experimental area in Gongba Glacier basin, the image series of ALOS/PALSAR-1 of Japan Space Agency and Sentinel-1 A of European Space Agency are selected to carry out dynamic extraction of glacial lakes and long-term change analysis over 11 years' time, just for validation purpose. The temporal and spatial variations of glacial lakes at the end of Gongba Glacier from 2007 to 2018 are successfully obtained. And the further analysis finds out that the volume of glacial lakes increase rapidly in the past ten years. This evidence can also confirm the current situation of aggravated melting of Gongba Glacier. In addition, the recent monitoring results in 2018 show that the expansion of local burst gushes has broken the inherent life cycle of glacial lakes, and even trigger secondary disasters of floods and debris flows. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring and prevention.
引文
[1] Liu J,Cheng Z,Su P.The Relationship Between Air Temperature Fluctuation and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Tibet,China[J].Quaternary International,2014,321(2):78-87
[2] Cenderelli D A,Wohl E E.Peak Discharge Estimates of Glacial-Lake Outburst Floods and “Normal” Climatic Floods in the Mount Everest Region,Nepal[J].Geomorphology,2001,40(1):57-90
[3] Richardson S D,Reynolds J M.An Overview of Glacial Hazards in the Himalayas[J].Quaternary International,2000,65-66:31-47
[4] Ma Ronghua,Yang Guishan,Duan Hongtao,et al.China’s Lakes at Present:Number,Area and Spatial Distribution[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2011,41(3):394-401(马荣华,杨桂山,段洪涛,等.中国湖泊的数量、面积与空间分布[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(3):394-401)
[5] Yao Xiaojun,Liu Shiyin,Li Long,et al.Spatial-Temporal Variations of Lake Area in Hoh Xil Region in the Past 40 Years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(7):886-896(姚晓军,刘时银,李龙,等.近40年可可西里地区湖泊时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(7):886-896)
[6] Ding Yongjian,Liu Shiyin,Ye Baisheng,et al.Climatic Implications on Variations of Lakes in the Cold and Arid Regions of China During the Recent 50 Years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(5):623-632(丁永建,刘时银,叶柏生,等.近50 a中国寒区与旱区湖泊变化的气候因素分析[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):623-632)
[7] Wang Xin,Liu Shiyin,Yao Xiaojun,et al.Glacier Lake Investigation and Inventory in the Chinese Himalayas Based on the Remote Sensing Data[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(1):29-36(王欣,刘时银,姚晓军,等.我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖遥感调查与编目.地理学报,2010,65(1):29-36)
[8] Yao Xiaojun,Liu Shiyin,Han Lei,et al.Definition and Classification Systems of Glacial Lake for Inventory and Hazards Study[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(7):1 173-1 183(姚晓军,刘时银,韩磊,等.冰湖的界定与分类体系——面向冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究[J].地理学报,2017,72(7):1 173-1 183)
[9] Sun Meiping,Liu Shiyin,Yao Xiaojun,et al.The Cause and Potential Hazard of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Occurred on July 5,2013 in Jiali County,Tibet[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):158-165(孙美平,刘时银,姚晓军,等.2013年西藏嘉黎县“7.5”冰湖溃决洪水成因及潜在危害[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(1):158-165)
[10] Yao Xiaojun,Liu Shiyin,Sun Meiping,et al.Study on the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Events in Tibet Since the 20th Century[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(8):1 377-1 390(姚晓军,刘时银,孙美平,等.20世纪以来西藏冰湖溃决灾害事件梳理[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(8):1 377-1 390)
[11] Hasnain S I.Himalayan Glaciers:Hydrology and Hydrochemistry[M].Mumbai:Allied Publishers,1999
[12] Mangerud J,Gosse J,Matiouchkov A,et al.Glaciers in the Polar Urals,Russia,Were not Much Larger During the Last Global Glacial Maximum than Today[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(9-10):1 047-1 057
[13] Byers A.Contemporary Human Impacts on Alpine Ecosystems in the Sagarmatha(Mt.Everest) National Park,Khumbu,Nepal[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2005,95(1):112-140
[14] Jawak S D,Kulkarni K,Luis A J.A Review on Extraction of Lakes from Remotely Sensed Optical Satellite Data with a Special Focus on Cryospheric Lakes[J].Advances in Remote Sensing,2015,4(3):177-195
[15] Deus D,Gloaguen R.Remote Sensing Analysis of Lake Dynamics in Semi-Arid Regions:Implication for Water Resource Management.Lake Manyara,East African Rift,Northern Tanzania[J].Water,2013,5(2):698-727
[16] Racoviteanu A,Williams M,Barry R.Optical Remote Sensing of Glacier Characteristics:A Review with Focus on the Himalaya[J].Sensors,2008,8(5):3 355-3 383
[17] Song C,Huang B,Ke L,et al.Remote Sensing of Alpine Lake Water Environment Changes on the Tibetan Plateau and Surroundings:A Review[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2014,92:26-37
[18] Sakai A.Glacial Lakes in the Himalayas:A Review on Formation and Expansion Processes[J].Global Environmental Research,2012,16:23-30
[19] Zhou Zhiwei,Yan Ziping,Liu Su,et al.Persistent Scatterers and Small Baseline SAR Interferometry for City Subsidence Mapping:A Case Study in Panjin,China[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2011,36(8):928-931(周志伟,鄢子平,刘苏,等.永久散射体与短基线雷达干涉测量在城市地表形变中的应用[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2011,36(8):928-931)
[20] Zhou Chunxia,E Dongchen,Liao Mingsheng.Feasibility of InSAR Application to Antarctic Mapping[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2004,29(7):619-623(周春霞,鄂栋臣,廖明生.InSAR用于南极测图的可行性研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(7):619-623)
[21] Deng Fanghui,Zhou Chunxia,Wang Zemin,et al.Ice-Flow Velocity Derivation of the Confluence Zone of the Amery Ice Shelf Using Offset-Tracking Method[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(7):901-906(邓方慧,周春霞,王泽民,等.利用偏移量跟踪测定Amery冰架冰流汇合区的冰流速[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2015,40(7):901-906)
[22] Zhao Lei,Chen Erxue,Li Zengyuan,et al.Segmentation of PolSAR Data Based on Mean-Shift and Spectral Graph Partitioning and Its Evaluation[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(8):1 061-1 068(赵磊,陈尔学,李增元,等.基于均值漂移和谱图分割的极化SAR影像分割方法及其评价[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2015,40(8):1 061-1 068)
[23] Li Yu,Hu Haifeng,Zhao Xuemei,et al.Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm for Multi-view SAR Image Segmentation Based on Gamma Distribution with Variable Shape Parameter[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2018,43(7):984-992(李玉,胡海峰,赵雪梅,等.基于可变形状参数Gamma分布的模糊聚类多视SAR图像分割[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2018,43(7):984-992)
[24] Wang H,Zhou Z,Turnbull J,et al.Pol-SAR Classification Based on Generalized Polar Decomposition of Mueller Matrix[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2016,13(4):565-569
[25] Su Zhen.The Condition of Development and Distributed Characteristic of the Mt.Gongga Glacier[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1992,15(4):551-558(苏珍.贡嘎山海洋性冰川发育条件及分布特征[J].冰川冻土,1992,15(4):551-558)
[26] Zhang Ningning,He Yuanqing,Duan Keqin,et al.Changes of Gongba Glacier in the West Slope of Mt.Gongga During the Past 25 Years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(3):380-382(张宁宁,何元庆,段克勤,等.贡嘎山西坡贡巴冰川25 a的变化情况[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(3):380-382)
[27] Cao Zhentang.The Hydrologic Characteristics of the Gongba Glacier in the Mount Gongga Area[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1988,10(1):57-65(曹真堂.贡嘎山贡巴冰川水文特征[J].冰川冻土,1988,10(1):57-65)
[28] Kang Jiancheng.The Characteristics and Forming Process of Glacial Peripheral Moraines at Gongba Glaciers in Mt.Gongga[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1989,11(2):172-176,193(康建成.贡巴冰川边缘冰碛垄特征与形成过程[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(2):172-176,193)
[29] Ma X,Wu P,Wu Y,et al.A Review on Recent Developments in Fully Polarimetric SAR Image Despeckling[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2018,11(3):743-758
[30] Sha C,Hou J,Cui H.A Robust 2D Otsu’s Thresholding Method in Image Segmentation[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2016,41:339-351
[2] Cenderelli D A,Wohl E E.Peak Discharge Estimates of Glacial-Lake Outburst Floods and “Normal” Climatic Floods in the Mount Everest Region,Nepal[J].Geomorphology,2001,40(1):57-90
[3] Richardson S D,Reynolds J M.An Overview of Glacial Hazards in the Himalayas[J].Quaternary International,2000,65-66:31-47
[4] Ma Ronghua,Yang Guishan,Duan Hongtao,et al.China’s Lakes at Present:Number,Area and Spatial Distribution[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2011,41(3):394-401(马荣华,杨桂山,段洪涛,等.中国湖泊的数量、面积与空间分布[J].中国科学:地球科学,2011,41(3):394-401)
[5] Yao Xiaojun,Liu Shiyin,Li Long,et al.Spatial-Temporal Variations of Lake Area in Hoh Xil Region in the Past 40 Years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(7):886-896(姚晓军,刘时银,李龙,等.近40年可可西里地区湖泊时空变化特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(7):886-896)
[6] Ding Yongjian,Liu Shiyin,Ye Baisheng,et al.Climatic Implications on Variations of Lakes in the Cold and Arid Regions of China During the Recent 50 Years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(5):623-632(丁永建,刘时银,叶柏生,等.近50 a中国寒区与旱区湖泊变化的气候因素分析[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):623-632)
[7] Wang Xin,Liu Shiyin,Yao Xiaojun,et al.Glacier Lake Investigation and Inventory in the Chinese Himalayas Based on the Remote Sensing Data[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(1):29-36(王欣,刘时银,姚晓军,等.我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖遥感调查与编目.地理学报,2010,65(1):29-36)
[8] Yao Xiaojun,Liu Shiyin,Han Lei,et al.Definition and Classification Systems of Glacial Lake for Inventory and Hazards Study[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(7):1 173-1 183(姚晓军,刘时银,韩磊,等.冰湖的界定与分类体系——面向冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究[J].地理学报,2017,72(7):1 173-1 183)
[9] Sun Meiping,Liu Shiyin,Yao Xiaojun,et al.The Cause and Potential Hazard of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Occurred on July 5,2013 in Jiali County,Tibet[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):158-165(孙美平,刘时银,姚晓军,等.2013年西藏嘉黎县“7.5”冰湖溃决洪水成因及潜在危害[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(1):158-165)
[10] Yao Xiaojun,Liu Shiyin,Sun Meiping,et al.Study on the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Events in Tibet Since the 20th Century[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(8):1 377-1 390(姚晓军,刘时银,孙美平,等.20世纪以来西藏冰湖溃决灾害事件梳理[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(8):1 377-1 390)
[11] Hasnain S I.Himalayan Glaciers:Hydrology and Hydrochemistry[M].Mumbai:Allied Publishers,1999
[12] Mangerud J,Gosse J,Matiouchkov A,et al.Glaciers in the Polar Urals,Russia,Were not Much Larger During the Last Global Glacial Maximum than Today[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(9-10):1 047-1 057
[13] Byers A.Contemporary Human Impacts on Alpine Ecosystems in the Sagarmatha(Mt.Everest) National Park,Khumbu,Nepal[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2005,95(1):112-140
[14] Jawak S D,Kulkarni K,Luis A J.A Review on Extraction of Lakes from Remotely Sensed Optical Satellite Data with a Special Focus on Cryospheric Lakes[J].Advances in Remote Sensing,2015,4(3):177-195
[15] Deus D,Gloaguen R.Remote Sensing Analysis of Lake Dynamics in Semi-Arid Regions:Implication for Water Resource Management.Lake Manyara,East African Rift,Northern Tanzania[J].Water,2013,5(2):698-727
[16] Racoviteanu A,Williams M,Barry R.Optical Remote Sensing of Glacier Characteristics:A Review with Focus on the Himalaya[J].Sensors,2008,8(5):3 355-3 383
[17] Song C,Huang B,Ke L,et al.Remote Sensing of Alpine Lake Water Environment Changes on the Tibetan Plateau and Surroundings:A Review[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2014,92:26-37
[18] Sakai A.Glacial Lakes in the Himalayas:A Review on Formation and Expansion Processes[J].Global Environmental Research,2012,16:23-30
[19] Zhou Zhiwei,Yan Ziping,Liu Su,et al.Persistent Scatterers and Small Baseline SAR Interferometry for City Subsidence Mapping:A Case Study in Panjin,China[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2011,36(8):928-931(周志伟,鄢子平,刘苏,等.永久散射体与短基线雷达干涉测量在城市地表形变中的应用[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2011,36(8):928-931)
[20] Zhou Chunxia,E Dongchen,Liao Mingsheng.Feasibility of InSAR Application to Antarctic Mapping[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2004,29(7):619-623(周春霞,鄂栋臣,廖明生.InSAR用于南极测图的可行性研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(7):619-623)
[21] Deng Fanghui,Zhou Chunxia,Wang Zemin,et al.Ice-Flow Velocity Derivation of the Confluence Zone of the Amery Ice Shelf Using Offset-Tracking Method[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(7):901-906(邓方慧,周春霞,王泽民,等.利用偏移量跟踪测定Amery冰架冰流汇合区的冰流速[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2015,40(7):901-906)
[22] Zhao Lei,Chen Erxue,Li Zengyuan,et al.Segmentation of PolSAR Data Based on Mean-Shift and Spectral Graph Partitioning and Its Evaluation[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(8):1 061-1 068(赵磊,陈尔学,李增元,等.基于均值漂移和谱图分割的极化SAR影像分割方法及其评价[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2015,40(8):1 061-1 068)
[23] Li Yu,Hu Haifeng,Zhao Xuemei,et al.Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm for Multi-view SAR Image Segmentation Based on Gamma Distribution with Variable Shape Parameter[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2018,43(7):984-992(李玉,胡海峰,赵雪梅,等.基于可变形状参数Gamma分布的模糊聚类多视SAR图像分割[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2018,43(7):984-992)
[24] Wang H,Zhou Z,Turnbull J,et al.Pol-SAR Classification Based on Generalized Polar Decomposition of Mueller Matrix[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2016,13(4):565-569
[25] Su Zhen.The Condition of Development and Distributed Characteristic of the Mt.Gongga Glacier[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1992,15(4):551-558(苏珍.贡嘎山海洋性冰川发育条件及分布特征[J].冰川冻土,1992,15(4):551-558)
[26] Zhang Ningning,He Yuanqing,Duan Keqin,et al.Changes of Gongba Glacier in the West Slope of Mt.Gongga During the Past 25 Years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(3):380-382(张宁宁,何元庆,段克勤,等.贡嘎山西坡贡巴冰川25 a的变化情况[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(3):380-382)
[27] Cao Zhentang.The Hydrologic Characteristics of the Gongba Glacier in the Mount Gongga Area[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1988,10(1):57-65(曹真堂.贡嘎山贡巴冰川水文特征[J].冰川冻土,1988,10(1):57-65)
[28] Kang Jiancheng.The Characteristics and Forming Process of Glacial Peripheral Moraines at Gongba Glaciers in Mt.Gongga[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1989,11(2):172-176,193(康建成.贡巴冰川边缘冰碛垄特征与形成过程[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(2):172-176,193)
[29] Ma X,Wu P,Wu Y,et al.A Review on Recent Developments in Fully Polarimetric SAR Image Despeckling[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2018,11(3):743-758
[30] Sha C,Hou J,Cui H.A Robust 2D Otsu’s Thresholding Method in Image Segmentation[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2016,41:339-351