震后泥石流的阻力特性及冲出总量计算
|
摘要
"5·12"汶川地震后泥石流汇流区和流通区沟道内覆盖有巨厚的滑坡、崩塌等松散物质。松散物质在强降雨作用下容易启动形成泥石流。泥石流形成后通过时会侵蚀松散堆积物,与沟床存在动态的物质交换,其规模沿程不断扩大,而且运动阻力特性不同于一般定床情况。为定量分析动床条件下泥石流阻力和一次降雨引发泥石流的冲出总量,本文首先以灾区6条泥石流沟为研究对象,通过多元回归分析发现泥石流阻力与输沙量和弗罗德数存在良好的相关性,初步得到了泥石流动床阻力的估算方法。然后统计分析了北川和清平16条泥石流沟的基本数据,发现一次降雨引发泥石流的冲出总量与日降雨量和流域汇流面积存在较好的幂指数关系,得到了降雨控制型泥石流总量估算方法。研究结果对震后泥石流防灾减灾工程设计具有一定的参考价值。
After the Wenchuan earthquake, a great volume of loose material caused by co-seismic landslides mantle on the slopes or in the channels, which in later years served as debris source for rainfall-induced debris flows. Flood and debris flows would erode the mobile bed violently that is composed by these loose masses, enlarging debris flow scale and making the flow resistance characteristic different from that on the fixed bed. The characteristics of flow resistance and magnitude were examined by analyzing debris-flow events happened after the earthquake. It is found that Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient shows a close relationship with sediment discharge and Froude number by regression analysis of the data of 6 events. Moreover, regression analysis of 16 events in Qingping and Beichuan shows that there existed a good power exponent relationship between magnitude, rainfall and catchment area. The research results are useful for debris flow disaster prevention and mitigation.
After the Wenchuan earthquake, a great volume of loose material caused by co-seismic landslides mantle on the slopes or in the channels, which in later years served as debris source for rainfall-induced debris flows. Flood and debris flows would erode the mobile bed violently that is composed by these loose masses, enlarging debris flow scale and making the flow resistance characteristic different from that on the fixed bed. The characteristics of flow resistance and magnitude were examined by analyzing debris-flow events happened after the earthquake. It is found that Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient shows a close relationship with sediment discharge and Froude number by regression analysis of the data of 6 events. Moreover, regression analysis of 16 events in Qingping and Beichuan shows that there existed a good power exponent relationship between magnitude, rainfall and catchment area. The research results are useful for debris flow disaster prevention and mitigation.
引文
[ 1 ]崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清,等.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[ J ].中国科学院院刊,2008,23 ( 4 ): 317-323.
[ 2 ]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.“5·12”汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[ J ].山地学报,2008,26 ( 3 ): 280-282.
[ 3 ]黄润秋,李为乐.“5·12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[ J ].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27 ( 12 ): 2585-2592.
[ 4 ]日本:中村浩之,土屋智,井上公夫,等.地震砂防[ C ] //社團法人砂防學會、地震砂防研究會,古今書院,2000 : 190-220.
[ 5 ] Lin C W,Shieh C L,et al.Impact of Chi-Chi earthquake on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows : exam ple from the Chenyulan River watershed,Nantou,Taiwan [ J ].Engineering Geology,2004,71 ( 1-2 ): 49-61.
[ 6 ] Lin C W,Liu S H,Lee S Y,et al.Impacts on the Chi-Chi earthquake on subsequent rainfall-induced landslides in central Taiwan [ J ].Engineering Geology,2006,86 ( 2-3 ): 87-101.
[ 7 ] Tang C,Zhu J,Li W L.Rainfall triggered debris flows after Wenchuan earthquake [ J ].Bull.Eng.Geol.Envi ron.,2009,68 : 187-194.
[ 8 ]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.“5·12”汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[ J ].山地学报,2008,26 ( 3 ): 280-282.
[ 9 ]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等.2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[ J ].山地学报,2009,27 ( 4 ): 501-509.
[ 10 ]王兆印,崔鹏,余斌.泥石流运动机理和减阻[ J ].自然灾害学报,2001,10 ( 3 ): 37-43.
[ 11 ]费祥俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治[ M ].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[ 12 ] Johnson A M,Rahn P H.Mobilization of debris flows [ J ].Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie,1970,9 : 168-186.
[ 13 ] Bagnold R A.Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid sphere in a Newtonian fluid under shear [ C ] // Proc R Soc,London,Ser A.1954,225 : 49-63.
[ 14 ] Savage S B,Hutter K.The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline [ J ].Fluid Mach.,1989,199 : 177-215.
[ 15 ] Hungr O,Morgan G C,Kellerhals R.Quantitative analysis of debris torrent hazards for design of remedial mea sures [ J ].Can.Geotechnical,1984,21 : 663-677.
[ 16 ] Rickenmann D.Empirical Relationship for Debris Flows [ J ].Nature Hazards,1999,19 : 47-77.
[ 17 ]吴积善,康志成,张有富,等.泥石流及其综合治理[ M ].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[ 18 ]亓星,余斌,马煜,等.四川省都江堰龙池8·13麻柳沟泥石流灾害特征[ J ].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22 ( 1 ): 17-21.
[ 19 ]张惠惠,马煜,张健楠,等.汶川强震区都江堰虹口小沟地震泥石流灾害调查研究[ J ].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,38 ( 1 ): 42-48.
[ 20 ]吴雨夫,余斌,马煜,等.汶川强震区都江堰市双养子沟泥石流调查[ J ].中国水土保持科学,2011,9 ( 3 ): 13-17.
[ 21 ]张健楠,马煜,张惠惠,等.四川省都江堰市大干沟地震泥石流[ J ].山地学报,2010,28 ( 5 ): 623-627.
[ 22 ]唐川,李为乐,丁军,等.汶川震区映秀镇“8·14”特大泥石流灾害调查[ J ].地球科学-中国地质大学学,2011,36 ( 1 ): 172-180.
[ 23 ]付尚瑜,黄润秋,裴向军,等.“5·12”地震极重灾区-四川安县甘沟泥石流发育特征[ J ].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8 ( 5 ): 105-108.
[ 24 ]侯兰功,崔鹏.单沟泥石流灾害危险性评价研究[ J ].水土保持研究,2004,11 ( 2 ): 125-128.
[ 25 ]胡凯衡,崔鹏,游勇,陈晓清.物源条件对震后泥石流发展影响的初步分析[ J ].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22 ( 1 ): 1-6.
[ 26 ]许强.四川省“8·13”特大泥石流灾害特点、成因与启示[ J ].工程地质学报,2010,18 ( 5 ): 596-608.
[ 27 ]余斌,马煜,吴雨夫.汶川地震后四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟泥石流灾害调查研究[ J ].工程地质学,2010,18 ( 6 ): 827-835.
[ 28 ]游勇,陈兴长,柳金峰.四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害[ J ].灾害学,2011,26 ( 4 ): 68-72.
[ 29 ]苏鹏程,韦方强,冯汉中,游勇,程尊兰,徐爱松.“8·13”四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响[ J ].山地学报,2011,29 ( 3 ): 337-347.
[ 30 ]杜榕桓,康志成,陈循谦,等.云南小江泥石流综合考察与防治规划研究[ M ].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1987.
[ 2 ]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.“5·12”汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[ J ].山地学报,2008,26 ( 3 ): 280-282.
[ 3 ]黄润秋,李为乐.“5·12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[ J ].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27 ( 12 ): 2585-2592.
[ 4 ]日本:中村浩之,土屋智,井上公夫,等.地震砂防[ C ] //社團法人砂防學會、地震砂防研究會,古今書院,2000 : 190-220.
[ 5 ] Lin C W,Shieh C L,et al.Impact of Chi-Chi earthquake on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows : exam ple from the Chenyulan River watershed,Nantou,Taiwan [ J ].Engineering Geology,2004,71 ( 1-2 ): 49-61.
[ 6 ] Lin C W,Liu S H,Lee S Y,et al.Impacts on the Chi-Chi earthquake on subsequent rainfall-induced landslides in central Taiwan [ J ].Engineering Geology,2006,86 ( 2-3 ): 87-101.
[ 7 ] Tang C,Zhu J,Li W L.Rainfall triggered debris flows after Wenchuan earthquake [ J ].Bull.Eng.Geol.Envi ron.,2009,68 : 187-194.
[ 8 ]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.“5·12”汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[ J ].山地学报,2008,26 ( 3 ): 280-282.
[ 9 ]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等.2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[ J ].山地学报,2009,27 ( 4 ): 501-509.
[ 10 ]王兆印,崔鹏,余斌.泥石流运动机理和减阻[ J ].自然灾害学报,2001,10 ( 3 ): 37-43.
[ 11 ]费祥俊,舒安平.泥石流运动机理与灾害防治[ M ].北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[ 12 ] Johnson A M,Rahn P H.Mobilization of debris flows [ J ].Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie,1970,9 : 168-186.
[ 13 ] Bagnold R A.Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid sphere in a Newtonian fluid under shear [ C ] // Proc R Soc,London,Ser A.1954,225 : 49-63.
[ 14 ] Savage S B,Hutter K.The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline [ J ].Fluid Mach.,1989,199 : 177-215.
[ 15 ] Hungr O,Morgan G C,Kellerhals R.Quantitative analysis of debris torrent hazards for design of remedial mea sures [ J ].Can.Geotechnical,1984,21 : 663-677.
[ 16 ] Rickenmann D.Empirical Relationship for Debris Flows [ J ].Nature Hazards,1999,19 : 47-77.
[ 17 ]吴积善,康志成,张有富,等.泥石流及其综合治理[ M ].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[ 18 ]亓星,余斌,马煜,等.四川省都江堰龙池8·13麻柳沟泥石流灾害特征[ J ].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22 ( 1 ): 17-21.
[ 19 ]张惠惠,马煜,张健楠,等.汶川强震区都江堰虹口小沟地震泥石流灾害调查研究[ J ].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,38 ( 1 ): 42-48.
[ 20 ]吴雨夫,余斌,马煜,等.汶川强震区都江堰市双养子沟泥石流调查[ J ].中国水土保持科学,2011,9 ( 3 ): 13-17.
[ 21 ]张健楠,马煜,张惠惠,等.四川省都江堰市大干沟地震泥石流[ J ].山地学报,2010,28 ( 5 ): 623-627.
[ 22 ]唐川,李为乐,丁军,等.汶川震区映秀镇“8·14”特大泥石流灾害调查[ J ].地球科学-中国地质大学学,2011,36 ( 1 ): 172-180.
[ 23 ]付尚瑜,黄润秋,裴向军,等.“5·12”地震极重灾区-四川安县甘沟泥石流发育特征[ J ].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8 ( 5 ): 105-108.
[ 24 ]侯兰功,崔鹏.单沟泥石流灾害危险性评价研究[ J ].水土保持研究,2004,11 ( 2 ): 125-128.
[ 25 ]胡凯衡,崔鹏,游勇,陈晓清.物源条件对震后泥石流发展影响的初步分析[ J ].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22 ( 1 ): 1-6.
[ 26 ]许强.四川省“8·13”特大泥石流灾害特点、成因与启示[ J ].工程地质学报,2010,18 ( 5 ): 596-608.
[ 27 ]余斌,马煜,吴雨夫.汶川地震后四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟泥石流灾害调查研究[ J ].工程地质学,2010,18 ( 6 ): 827-835.
[ 28 ]游勇,陈兴长,柳金峰.四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害[ J ].灾害学,2011,26 ( 4 ): 68-72.
[ 29 ]苏鹏程,韦方强,冯汉中,游勇,程尊兰,徐爱松.“8·13”四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响[ J ].山地学报,2011,29 ( 3 ): 337-347.
[ 30 ]杜榕桓,康志成,陈循谦,等.云南小江泥石流综合考察与防治规划研究[ M ].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1987.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |