1990—2010年淮河流域人类活动净氮输入
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摘要
1990—2010年,淮河流域粮食产量由6414×104t增长到10121×104t(增幅为58%),城市化率由13%增长到35%(涨幅为22%),流域社会经济发生了显著变化.从流域整体定量评估人类活动所带来的生态环境影响将为区域生态环境管理提供科学依据.本文估算淮河流域1990—2010年人类活动净氮输入(NANI)的空间分布及变化趋势.结果表明:研究期间,淮河流域氮输入量呈现出增加趋势;1990—2001年流域内氮输入量快速增加,2001年后氮输入增加趋势减缓.1990年氮输入量为17232 kg N·km-2·a-1,2003年氮输入量最高,为28771 kg N·km-2·a-1,2010年回落为26415 kg N·km-2·a-1.从氮输入的组成上来看,化肥和大气氮沉降仍然是最主要的输入来源,其次为食品/饲料和生物固氮的输入.化肥和大气沉降输入占总氮输入的比例持续增加,由1990年的64%和16%分别增长至2010年的77%和19%.单纯以增施化肥来实现粮食增产、化石燃料大量燃烧来推动经济发展的观念,应切实转变到改善农业耕种技术、实现新能源的发展轨道上来,进而推动社会经济的可持续发展.
Social economy in Huaihe River Basin had undergone enormous changes during 1990-2010.The grain yield had increased by 58%,from 64.14 million tons to 101.21 million tons,and the urbanization rate had increased by 22%,from 13% to 35%.Assessing the negative impacts of these high intensive human activities caused by rapid social development on terrestrial ecosystem would serve as a scientific basis for quantitative management of regional ecology.This paper estimated the spatial and temporal distribution of net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI) in Huaihe River Basin during 1990-2010.The results showed that there was an increasing trend in NANI in the period of 1990-2001,and after that this trend was slower.The NANI increased from approximately 17232 kg N·km-2·a-1in 1990 to a peak of 28771 kg N·km-2·a-1in 2003,and then declined to 26415 kg N·km-2·a-1in 2010.Chemical fertilizer and atmospheric deposition were the largest two sources of NANI,followed by food & feed import and biological nitrogen.Contributions from both chemical fertilizer and atmospheric deposition had been increasing continuously,respectively from 64% and 16% in 1990 to 77% and 19%.Our findings implied that the shift from fertilizer-supported agriculture and fossil fuel-supported industry to sci-tech lead economic development is urgently needed.
Social economy in Huaihe River Basin had undergone enormous changes during 1990-2010.The grain yield had increased by 58%,from 64.14 million tons to 101.21 million tons,and the urbanization rate had increased by 22%,from 13% to 35%.Assessing the negative impacts of these high intensive human activities caused by rapid social development on terrestrial ecosystem would serve as a scientific basis for quantitative management of regional ecology.This paper estimated the spatial and temporal distribution of net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI) in Huaihe River Basin during 1990-2010.The results showed that there was an increasing trend in NANI in the period of 1990-2001,and after that this trend was slower.The NANI increased from approximately 17232 kg N·km-2·a-1in 1990 to a peak of 28771 kg N·km-2·a-1in 2003,and then declined to 26415 kg N·km-2·a-1in 2010.Chemical fertilizer and atmospheric deposition were the largest two sources of NANI,followed by food & feed import and biological nitrogen.Contributions from both chemical fertilizer and atmospheric deposition had been increasing continuously,respectively from 64% and 16% in 1990 to 77% and 19%.Our findings implied that the shift from fertilizer-supported agriculture and fossil fuel-supported industry to sci-tech lead economic development is urgently needed.
引文
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[11]Hong B,Swaney DP,Mrth CM,et al.Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(NANI/NAPI),major drivers,nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin.Ecological Modelling,2012,227:117-135
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[15]Huang H,Chen D,Zhang B,et al.Modeling and forecasting riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen export using anthropogenic nitrogen inputs,hydroclimate,and landuse change.Journal of Hydrology,2014,517:95-104
[16]Chen D,Huang H,Hu M,et al.Influence of lag effect,soil release,and climate change on watershed anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine export dynamics.Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48:5683-5690
[17]Zhang W-S(张汪寿),Li X-Y(李叙勇),Du X-Z(杜新忠),et al.Accounting methods,uncertainties and influential factors of net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI).Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2014,34(24):7454-7464(in Chinese)
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[19]Zhang W-S(张汪寿),Li X-Y(李叙勇),Su J-J(苏静君).Responses of riverine nitrogen export to net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(1):272-278(in Chinese)
[20]Li S-T(李书田),Jin J-Y(金继运).Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2011,44(20):4207-4229(in Chinese)
[21]Ti C,Pan J,Xia Y,et al.A nitrogen budget of mainland China with spatial and temporal variation.Biogeochemistry,2011,108:381-394
[22]Van Horn H.Factors affecting manure quantity,quality,and use.Proceedings of the Mid-south Ruminant Nutrition Conference,Dallas-Fort Worth,TX,1998:9-19
[23]Wei J(魏静),Ma L(马林),Lu G(路光),et al.The influence of urbanization on nitrogen flow and recycling utilization in food consumption system of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2008,28(3):1016-1025(in Chinese)
[24]Schaefer S,Alber M.Temperature controls a latitudinal gradient in the proportion of watershed nitrogen exported to coastal ecosystems.Biogeochemistry,2007,85:333-346
[25]Wang Y-G(王亚光).China Food Ingredient Table.Beijing:Peking Univeisity Medical Press,2009(in Chinese)
[26]Galloway JN,Townsend AR,Erisman JW,et al.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:Recent trends,questions,and potential solutions.Science,2008,320:889-892
[27]Ti C-P(遆超普),Yan X-Y(颜晓元).Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition in China mainland from based on N emission data.Journal of Agro-Environment Science(农业环境科学学报),2010,29(8):1606-1611(in Chinese)
[28]Ohara T,Akimoto H,Kurokawa JI,et al.An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2007,7:4419-4444
[29]Yan X,Akimoto H,Ohara T.Estimation of nitrous oxide,nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from croplands in East,Southeast and South Asia.Global Change Biology,2003,9:1080-1096
[30]Fangmeier A,Hadwiger-Fangmeier A,Van Der Eerden L,et al.Effects of atmospheric ammonia on vegetation:A review.Environmental Pollution,1994,86:43-82
[31]Prospero JM,Barrett K,Church T,et al.Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin.Biogeochemistry,1996,35:27-73
[32]Schlesinger W,Hartley A.A global budget for atmospheric NH3.Biogeochemistry,1992,15:191-211
[33]Lu R-K(鲁如坤),Liu H-X(刘鸿翔),Wen D-Z(闻大中),et al.Nutrient cycling and balance of agricultural ecosystem in different typical regions of China.II.Parameters of nutrient input to farm land Chinese.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),1996,27(4):151-154(in Chinese)
[34]Zhang S-S(张思苏),Wang Z-X(王在序),Gai S-R(盖树人),et al.Studied on the absorption of peanut for N fertilizer and the N supplying from soil and nodule bacteria.Journal of Laiyang Agricultural College(莱阳农学院学报),1989,6(1):21-27(in Chinese)
[35]Du W(杜伟),Ti C-P(遆超普),Jiang X-S(姜小三),et al.Balance and pollution potential of nitrogen in a typical rice based agricultural watershed of Yangtze River Delta region.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment(生态与农村环境学报),2010,26(1):9-14(in Chinese)
[36]Bao X,Watanabe M,Wang Q,et al.Nitrogen budgets of agricultural fields of the Changjiang River basin from1980 to 1990.Science of the Total Environment,2006,363:136-148
[37]Hydrology Bureau of Water Resources(水利部水文局),Huaihe River Commission(水利部淮河水利委员会).Huaihe River Flood Storm in 2003.Beijing:China Water Power Press,2006(in Chinese)
[38]Zhou L(周亮),Xu J-G(徐建刚),Sun D-Q(孙东琪),et al.Spatial heterogeneity and classified control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Huaihe River Basin.Environmental Science(环境科学),2013,34(2):547-554(in Chinese)
[39]Galloway JN,Dentener FJ,Capone DG,et al.Nitrogen cycles:Past,present,and future.Biogeochemistry,2004,70:153-226
[40]Howarth R,Swaney D,Billen G,et al.Nitrogen fluxes from the landscape are controlled by net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and by climate.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2011,10:37-43
[41]Han Y,Fan Y,Yang P,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)index application in Mainland China.Geoderma,2014,213:87-94
[42]Van Breemen N,Boyer EW,Goodale CL,et al.Where did all the nitrogen go?Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A.Biogeochemistry,2002,57-58:267-293
[43]Swaney DP,Hong B,Ti C,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to watersheds and riverine N export to coastal waters:A brief overview.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2012,4:203-211
[44]Ju XT,Xing GX,Chen XP,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106:3041-3046
[2]Huang D-F(黄东风),Wang G(王果),Li W-H(李卫华),et al.Present status,mechanisms,and control techniques of nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution from vegetable fields.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2009,20(4):991-1001(in Chinese)
[3]Ouyang X-J(欧阳学军),Zhou G-Y(周国逸),Huang Z-L(黄忠良),et al.Analysis on runoff water quality in Dinghushan biosphere reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2002,22(9):1373-1379(in Chinese)
[4]Deng D-G(邓道贵),Li H-Y(李洪远),Hu W-M(胡万明),et al.Effects of eutrophication on distribution and population density of Corbicula fluminea and Bellamya sp.in Chaohu Lake.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2005,16(8):1502-1506(in Chinese)
[5]Han X-R(韩秀荣),Wang X-L(王修林),Sun X(孙霞),et al.Nutrient distribution and its relationship with occurrence of red tide in coastal area of East China Sea.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(7):1097-1101(in Chinese)
[6]Galloway JN,Cowling EB.Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change.Ambio,2002,31:64-71
[7]Howarth R,Billen G,Swaney D,et al.Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:Natural and human influences.Biogeochemistry,1996,35:75-139
[8]Boyer EW,Goodale CL,Jaworski NA,et al.Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern U.S.A.Biogeochemistry,2002,57-58:137-169
[9]Mcisaac GF,Hu X.Net N input and riverine N export from Illinois agricultural watersheds with and without extensive tile drainage.Biogeochemistry,2004,70:253-273
[10]Han H,Allan JD,Scavia D.Influence of climate and human activities on the relationship between watershed nitrogen input and river export.Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43:1916-1922
[11]Hong B,Swaney DP,Mrth CM,et al.Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(NANI/NAPI),major drivers,nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin.Ecological Modelling,2012,227:117-135
[12]Mcisaac GF,David MB,Gertner GZ,et al.Eutrophication:Nitrate flux in the Mississippi River.Nature,2001,414:166-167
[13]Han Y-G(韩玉国),Li X-Y(李叙勇),Nan Z(南哲),et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen accumulation in the Beijing metropolitan region in 2003 to 2007.Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(6):1537-1545(in Chinese)
[14]Han Y,Li X,Nan Z.Net anthropogenic nitrogen accumulation in the Beijing metropolitan region.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18:485-496
[15]Huang H,Chen D,Zhang B,et al.Modeling and forecasting riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen export using anthropogenic nitrogen inputs,hydroclimate,and landuse change.Journal of Hydrology,2014,517:95-104
[16]Chen D,Huang H,Hu M,et al.Influence of lag effect,soil release,and climate change on watershed anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine export dynamics.Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48:5683-5690
[17]Zhang W-S(张汪寿),Li X-Y(李叙勇),Du X-Z(杜新忠),et al.Accounting methods,uncertainties and influential factors of net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI).Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2014,34(24):7454-7464(in Chinese)
[18]Borbor-Cordova MJ,Boyer EW,Mcdowell WH,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for a tropical watershed impacted by agricultural land use:Guayas,Ecuador.Biogeochemistry,2006,79:135-161
[19]Zhang W-S(张汪寿),Li X-Y(李叙勇),Su J-J(苏静君).Responses of riverine nitrogen export to net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(1):272-278(in Chinese)
[20]Li S-T(李书田),Jin J-Y(金继运).Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2011,44(20):4207-4229(in Chinese)
[21]Ti C,Pan J,Xia Y,et al.A nitrogen budget of mainland China with spatial and temporal variation.Biogeochemistry,2011,108:381-394
[22]Van Horn H.Factors affecting manure quantity,quality,and use.Proceedings of the Mid-south Ruminant Nutrition Conference,Dallas-Fort Worth,TX,1998:9-19
[23]Wei J(魏静),Ma L(马林),Lu G(路光),et al.The influence of urbanization on nitrogen flow and recycling utilization in food consumption system of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2008,28(3):1016-1025(in Chinese)
[24]Schaefer S,Alber M.Temperature controls a latitudinal gradient in the proportion of watershed nitrogen exported to coastal ecosystems.Biogeochemistry,2007,85:333-346
[25]Wang Y-G(王亚光).China Food Ingredient Table.Beijing:Peking Univeisity Medical Press,2009(in Chinese)
[26]Galloway JN,Townsend AR,Erisman JW,et al.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:Recent trends,questions,and potential solutions.Science,2008,320:889-892
[27]Ti C-P(遆超普),Yan X-Y(颜晓元).Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition in China mainland from based on N emission data.Journal of Agro-Environment Science(农业环境科学学报),2010,29(8):1606-1611(in Chinese)
[28]Ohara T,Akimoto H,Kurokawa JI,et al.An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2007,7:4419-4444
[29]Yan X,Akimoto H,Ohara T.Estimation of nitrous oxide,nitric oxide and ammonia emissions from croplands in East,Southeast and South Asia.Global Change Biology,2003,9:1080-1096
[30]Fangmeier A,Hadwiger-Fangmeier A,Van Der Eerden L,et al.Effects of atmospheric ammonia on vegetation:A review.Environmental Pollution,1994,86:43-82
[31]Prospero JM,Barrett K,Church T,et al.Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin.Biogeochemistry,1996,35:27-73
[32]Schlesinger W,Hartley A.A global budget for atmospheric NH3.Biogeochemistry,1992,15:191-211
[33]Lu R-K(鲁如坤),Liu H-X(刘鸿翔),Wen D-Z(闻大中),et al.Nutrient cycling and balance of agricultural ecosystem in different typical regions of China.II.Parameters of nutrient input to farm land Chinese.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),1996,27(4):151-154(in Chinese)
[34]Zhang S-S(张思苏),Wang Z-X(王在序),Gai S-R(盖树人),et al.Studied on the absorption of peanut for N fertilizer and the N supplying from soil and nodule bacteria.Journal of Laiyang Agricultural College(莱阳农学院学报),1989,6(1):21-27(in Chinese)
[35]Du W(杜伟),Ti C-P(遆超普),Jiang X-S(姜小三),et al.Balance and pollution potential of nitrogen in a typical rice based agricultural watershed of Yangtze River Delta region.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment(生态与农村环境学报),2010,26(1):9-14(in Chinese)
[36]Bao X,Watanabe M,Wang Q,et al.Nitrogen budgets of agricultural fields of the Changjiang River basin from1980 to 1990.Science of the Total Environment,2006,363:136-148
[37]Hydrology Bureau of Water Resources(水利部水文局),Huaihe River Commission(水利部淮河水利委员会).Huaihe River Flood Storm in 2003.Beijing:China Water Power Press,2006(in Chinese)
[38]Zhou L(周亮),Xu J-G(徐建刚),Sun D-Q(孙东琪),et al.Spatial heterogeneity and classified control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Huaihe River Basin.Environmental Science(环境科学),2013,34(2):547-554(in Chinese)
[39]Galloway JN,Dentener FJ,Capone DG,et al.Nitrogen cycles:Past,present,and future.Biogeochemistry,2004,70:153-226
[40]Howarth R,Swaney D,Billen G,et al.Nitrogen fluxes from the landscape are controlled by net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and by climate.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2011,10:37-43
[41]Han Y,Fan Y,Yang P,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)index application in Mainland China.Geoderma,2014,213:87-94
[42]Van Breemen N,Boyer EW,Goodale CL,et al.Where did all the nitrogen go?Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A.Biogeochemistry,2002,57-58:267-293
[43]Swaney DP,Hong B,Ti C,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to watersheds and riverine N export to coastal waters:A brief overview.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2012,4:203-211
[44]Ju XT,Xing GX,Chen XP,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106:3041-3046
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