人类活动净氮输入时空变化特征及其影响因素——以香溪河流域为例
|
摘要
为了阐明人类活动对三峡库区第一大支流香溪河流域氮输入的影响程度,基于人类活动净氮输入(NANI)模型估算了2001～2015年间香溪河流域乡镇水平的人类活动净氮输入,分析了氮输入的主要来源及其动态变化.结果表明:时间尺度上,香溪河流域人类活动净氮输入(NANI)因氮素施用的变化而呈现先上升后下降最后上升的趋势,但2015年相对2001年的NANI下降了143kg N/(km~2·a);空间尺度上,香溪河流域NANI整体呈现北低南高的分布格局,其中NANI输入强度差异较大的区域主要有昭君镇、峡口镇和黄粮镇.从人类活动净氮输入的组成上来看,氮肥施用仍然是最主要的来源(40.06%),其次为大气氮沉降(29.98%)和食品/饲料净氮输入(27.75%),作物固氮仅占净氮输入总量的2.21%.香溪河流域的NANI与人口密度和耕地面积比例极显著相关(P<0.001);而NANI与河流氮输出的相关性不显著,香溪河流域河流氮输出占NANI的比例仅为24.28%.因此,可以通过减少氮素施用降低流域尺度氮素净输入量,但该流域NANI与河流氮输出无直接的响应关系.
This study was conduct to better understand impacts of anthropogenic activities of mankind on nitrogen loads in theXiangxi River Watershed(XRW), China, the largest tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The net human activity onnitrogen input, its main sources and changes at the township level under XRW were investigated from 2001 to 2015 based on the NetAnthropogenic Nitrogen Input(NANI) model. The results showed that NANI in the study area was primarily affected by nitrogenousfertilizers from 2001 to 2015. It indicated an increasing trend in the beginning years(from 2002 to 2004). It was decreasing(from2004 to 2006 and 2008 to 2009) and eventually increasing again(from 2013 to 2014). In general, the overall trend of NANI wasdescending. In case of spatial distribution, NANI of WRW was low at northern side and higher at the south. Areas with the higherNANI input intensity were Zhaojun Town, Xiakou Town, and Huangliang Town. Nitrogen from fertilizer application was the majorcause of NANI(40.06%), followed by atmospheric deposition(29.98%), food/feed import(27.75%), and crop fixation(2.21%).NANI in XRW is significantly correlated with the population density andthe proportion of cultivated land(P<0.001). Nitrogen fromrunoff to the river was 24.28% of NANI and had no substantial relationships with NANI. Therefore, net nitrogen input at the basinlevel can be reduced by reducing nitrogen application, but the NANI in this basin is not the main cause of nitrogen output in rivers.
This study was conduct to better understand impacts of anthropogenic activities of mankind on nitrogen loads in theXiangxi River Watershed(XRW), China, the largest tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The net human activity onnitrogen input, its main sources and changes at the township level under XRW were investigated from 2001 to 2015 based on the NetAnthropogenic Nitrogen Input(NANI) model. The results showed that NANI in the study area was primarily affected by nitrogenousfertilizers from 2001 to 2015. It indicated an increasing trend in the beginning years(from 2002 to 2004). It was decreasing(from2004 to 2006 and 2008 to 2009) and eventually increasing again(from 2013 to 2014). In general, the overall trend of NANI wasdescending. In case of spatial distribution, NANI of WRW was low at northern side and higher at the south. Areas with the higherNANI input intensity were Zhaojun Town, Xiakou Town, and Huangliang Town. Nitrogen from fertilizer application was the majorcause of NANI(40.06%), followed by atmospheric deposition(29.98%), food/feed import(27.75%), and crop fixation(2.21%).NANI in XRW is significantly correlated with the population density andthe proportion of cultivated land(P<0.001). Nitrogen fromrunoff to the river was 24.28% of NANI and had no substantial relationships with NANI. Therefore, net nitrogen input at the basinlevel can be reduced by reducing nitrogen application, but the NANI in this basin is not the main cause of nitrogen output in rivers.
引文
[1]Vitousek P M,Aber J D.Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:sources and consequences[J].Ecological Applications,1997,7:737-750.
[2]Smil V.Nitrogen and food production:Proteins for human diets[J].Ambio,2002,31:126-131.
[3]Steffen W,Crutzen P J,Mc Neill J R.The Anthropocene:are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature[J].Ambio,2007,36:614-621.
[4]Swaney D P,Hong B G,Howarth R W,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to watersheds and riverine N export to coastal waters:a brief overview[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2012,4(2):203-211.
[5]Howarth R W,Billen G,Swaney D,et al.Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:natural and human influences[J].Biogeochemistry,1996,35(1):75-139.
[6]Boyer E W,Goodale C L,Jaworsk N A,et al.Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA[J].Biogeochemistry,2002,57(1):137-169.
[7]Han H J,Allan J D.Estimation of nitrogen inputs to catchments:comparison of methods and consequences for riverine export prediction[J].Biogeochemistry,2008,91:177-199.
[8]Boyer E W,Howarth R W,Galloway J N,et al.Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2006,20(1):GB1S91.
[9]Zhang W L,Tian Z X,Li N,et al.Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,1995,1(2):80-87.
[10]Zhang P J,Li L Q,Pan G X,et al.Influence of long-term fertilizer management on topsoil microbial biomass and genetic diversity of a paddy soil from the Tai Lake region,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(12):2818-2824.
[11]Zheng J F,Zhang P J,Pan G X,et al,et al.Effect of long-term different fertilization on methane oxidation potential and diversity of methanotrophs of paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(10):4864-4872.
[12]Liu X J,Duan L,Mo J M,et al.Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China:an overview[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2251-2264.
[13]李俊龙,郑丙辉,张铃松,等.中国主要河口海湾富营养化特征及差异分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):506-516.Li J L,Zheng B H,Zhang L S,et al.Eutrophication characteristics and variation analysis of estuaries in China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(2):506-516.
[14]Galloway J N,Cowling E B.Reactive nitrogen and the world:200years of change[J].Ambio,2002,31:64-71.
[15]Hong B,Swaney D P,Morth C M,et al.Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(Nani/Napi),major drivers,nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea Basin[J].Ecological Modelling,2012,227:117-135.
[16]Mc Isaac G F,David M B,Gertner G Z,et al.Relatingnet nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31:1610-1622.
[17]陈飞.长江流域人类活动净氮输入及其生态环境效应浅析[D].上海:华东师范大学,2016.Chen F.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)into the Yangze River basin and analyses on eco-environmental impacts[D].East China Normal University,2016.
[18]高伟,高波,严长安,等.鄱阳湖流域人为氮磷输入演变及湖泊水环境响应[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(9):3137-3145.Gao W,Gao B,Yan C A,et al.Evolution of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to Lake Poyang Basin and its'effect on water quality of lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(9):3137-3145.
[19]陈岩,高伟,王东,等.缺水地区人类活动净氮输入与河流响应特征-以海河流域为例[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(10):3600-3606.Chen Y,Gao W,Wang D,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)and riverine response in water shortage region:A case study of Haihe River watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(10):3600-3606.
[20]Han H,Allan J D,Scavia D.Influence of climate and human activities on the relationship between watershed nitrogen input and river export[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43:1916-1922.
[21]Hong B G,Swaney D P,Howarth R W.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to US watersheds:comparison of methodologies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47:5199-5207.
[22]Van Breemen N,Boyer E W,Goodale C L,et al.Where did all the nitrogen go?Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the Northeastern USA[J].Biogeochemistry,2002,57/58:267-293.
[23]高伟,郭怀成,后希康.中国大陆市域人类活动净氮输入量(NANI)评估[J].北京大学学报,2014,5:951-959.Gao W,Guo H C,Hou X,et al.Evaluating City-Scale Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input(NANI)in Mainland China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,5:951-959.
[24]Gao W,Guo H C,Hou X,et al.Evaluating City-Scale Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input(NANI)in Mainland China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,5:951-959.
[25]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2015年长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报,2015[R].
[26]崔超.三峡库区香溪河流域氮磷入库负荷及迁移特征研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.Cui C.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loadings into Receiving Water Body and Migration in Xiangxi River Basin,Three Gorges Reservoir Region[D].Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dissertation,2016.
[27]王秀娟,刘瑞民,宫永伟,等.香溪河流域土地利用格局演变对非点源污染的影响研究[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(5):1194-1200.Wang X J,Liu R M,Gong Y W,et al.Simulation of the effect of land use cover change on non-point source pollution load in Xiangxi River watershed[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(5):1194-1200.
[28]Borbor-Cordova M J,Boyer E W,Mcdowell W H,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for a tropical watershed impacted by agricultural land use:Guayas,Ecuador[J].Biogeochemistry,2006,79:135-161.
[29]Zhang W S,Li X Y,Su J J.Responses of riverine nitrogen export to net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):272-278.
[30]翟凤英,何宇娜,王志宏,等.中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势[J].营养学报,2005,27(3):181-184.Zhai F Y,He Y N,Wang Z H,et al.The status and trends of dietary nutrients intake of Chinese population[J].Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,2005,27(3):181-184.
[31]韩黎阳,黄志霖,肖文发,等.三峡库区兰陵溪小流域土地利用及景观格局对氮磷输出的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1091-1097.Han L Y,Hang Z L,Xiao W F,et al.Effects of Land Use and Landscape Pattern on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Exportsin Lanlingxi Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Environment Science,2014,35(3):1091-1097.
[32]张汪寿,李叙勇,杜新忠,等.流域人类活动净氮输入量的估算、不确定性及影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7454-7464.Zhang W S,Li X Y,Du X Z,et al.Accounting methods,uncertainties and influential factors of net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7454-7464.
[33]张汪寿,苏静君,杜新忠,等.1990~2010年淮河流域人类活动净氮输入[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1831-1839.Zhang W S,Su J J,Du X Z,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen input to Huaihe River Basin,China during 1990~2010[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1831-1839.
[34]汪淼,严红,焦立新,等.滇池沉积物氮内源负荷特征及影响因素[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):218-226.Wang M,Yan H,Jiao L X,et al.Characteristics of internal nitrogen loading and influencing factors in Dianchi Lake sediment[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(1):218-226.
[35]Gao W,Robert W,Howarth,et al.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)in the Lake Dianchi basin of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:376-384.
[36]Howarth R W,Swaney D P,Boyer E W,et al.The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the Northeastern United States[J].Biogeochemistry,2006,79(1/2):163-186.
[37]张汪寿,李叙勇,苏静君,等.河流氮输出对流域人类活动净氮输入的响应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(1):272-278.Zhang W S,Li X Y,Su J J,et al.Responses of riverine nitrogen export to net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):272-278.
[38]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.兴山县香溪河流域农业源氮磷排放估算及时空特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):937-946.Cui C,Liu S,Zhai L M,et al.Estimates and spatio-temporal characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus discharges from agricultural sources in Xiangxi River Basin,Xingshan County[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(5):937-946.
[2]Smil V.Nitrogen and food production:Proteins for human diets[J].Ambio,2002,31:126-131.
[3]Steffen W,Crutzen P J,Mc Neill J R.The Anthropocene:are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature[J].Ambio,2007,36:614-621.
[4]Swaney D P,Hong B G,Howarth R W,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to watersheds and riverine N export to coastal waters:a brief overview[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2012,4(2):203-211.
[5]Howarth R W,Billen G,Swaney D,et al.Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:natural and human influences[J].Biogeochemistry,1996,35(1):75-139.
[6]Boyer E W,Goodale C L,Jaworsk N A,et al.Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA[J].Biogeochemistry,2002,57(1):137-169.
[7]Han H J,Allan J D.Estimation of nitrogen inputs to catchments:comparison of methods and consequences for riverine export prediction[J].Biogeochemistry,2008,91:177-199.
[8]Boyer E W,Howarth R W,Galloway J N,et al.Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2006,20(1):GB1S91.
[9]Zhang W L,Tian Z X,Li N,et al.Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,1995,1(2):80-87.
[10]Zhang P J,Li L Q,Pan G X,et al.Influence of long-term fertilizer management on topsoil microbial biomass and genetic diversity of a paddy soil from the Tai Lake region,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(12):2818-2824.
[11]Zheng J F,Zhang P J,Pan G X,et al,et al.Effect of long-term different fertilization on methane oxidation potential and diversity of methanotrophs of paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(10):4864-4872.
[12]Liu X J,Duan L,Mo J M,et al.Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China:an overview[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2251-2264.
[13]李俊龙,郑丙辉,张铃松,等.中国主要河口海湾富营养化特征及差异分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):506-516.Li J L,Zheng B H,Zhang L S,et al.Eutrophication characteristics and variation analysis of estuaries in China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(2):506-516.
[14]Galloway J N,Cowling E B.Reactive nitrogen and the world:200years of change[J].Ambio,2002,31:64-71.
[15]Hong B,Swaney D P,Morth C M,et al.Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(Nani/Napi),major drivers,nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea Basin[J].Ecological Modelling,2012,227:117-135.
[16]Mc Isaac G F,David M B,Gertner G Z,et al.Relatingnet nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31:1610-1622.
[17]陈飞.长江流域人类活动净氮输入及其生态环境效应浅析[D].上海:华东师范大学,2016.Chen F.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)into the Yangze River basin and analyses on eco-environmental impacts[D].East China Normal University,2016.
[18]高伟,高波,严长安,等.鄱阳湖流域人为氮磷输入演变及湖泊水环境响应[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(9):3137-3145.Gao W,Gao B,Yan C A,et al.Evolution of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to Lake Poyang Basin and its'effect on water quality of lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(9):3137-3145.
[19]陈岩,高伟,王东,等.缺水地区人类活动净氮输入与河流响应特征-以海河流域为例[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(10):3600-3606.Chen Y,Gao W,Wang D,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)and riverine response in water shortage region:A case study of Haihe River watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(10):3600-3606.
[20]Han H,Allan J D,Scavia D.Influence of climate and human activities on the relationship between watershed nitrogen input and river export[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43:1916-1922.
[21]Hong B G,Swaney D P,Howarth R W.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to US watersheds:comparison of methodologies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47:5199-5207.
[22]Van Breemen N,Boyer E W,Goodale C L,et al.Where did all the nitrogen go?Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the Northeastern USA[J].Biogeochemistry,2002,57/58:267-293.
[23]高伟,郭怀成,后希康.中国大陆市域人类活动净氮输入量(NANI)评估[J].北京大学学报,2014,5:951-959.Gao W,Guo H C,Hou X,et al.Evaluating City-Scale Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input(NANI)in Mainland China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,5:951-959.
[24]Gao W,Guo H C,Hou X,et al.Evaluating City-Scale Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input(NANI)in Mainland China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,5:951-959.
[25]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2015年长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报,2015[R].
[26]崔超.三峡库区香溪河流域氮磷入库负荷及迁移特征研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2016.Cui C.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loadings into Receiving Water Body and Migration in Xiangxi River Basin,Three Gorges Reservoir Region[D].Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dissertation,2016.
[27]王秀娟,刘瑞民,宫永伟,等.香溪河流域土地利用格局演变对非点源污染的影响研究[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(5):1194-1200.Wang X J,Liu R M,Gong Y W,et al.Simulation of the effect of land use cover change on non-point source pollution load in Xiangxi River watershed[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(5):1194-1200.
[28]Borbor-Cordova M J,Boyer E W,Mcdowell W H,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for a tropical watershed impacted by agricultural land use:Guayas,Ecuador[J].Biogeochemistry,2006,79:135-161.
[29]Zhang W S,Li X Y,Su J J.Responses of riverine nitrogen export to net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):272-278.
[30]翟凤英,何宇娜,王志宏,等.中国城乡居民膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势[J].营养学报,2005,27(3):181-184.Zhai F Y,He Y N,Wang Z H,et al.The status and trends of dietary nutrients intake of Chinese population[J].Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,2005,27(3):181-184.
[31]韩黎阳,黄志霖,肖文发,等.三峡库区兰陵溪小流域土地利用及景观格局对氮磷输出的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1091-1097.Han L Y,Hang Z L,Xiao W F,et al.Effects of Land Use and Landscape Pattern on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Exportsin Lanlingxi Watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Environment Science,2014,35(3):1091-1097.
[32]张汪寿,李叙勇,杜新忠,等.流域人类活动净氮输入量的估算、不确定性及影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7454-7464.Zhang W S,Li X Y,Du X Z,et al.Accounting methods,uncertainties and influential factors of net anthropogenic nitrogen input(NANI)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7454-7464.
[33]张汪寿,苏静君,杜新忠,等.1990~2010年淮河流域人类活动净氮输入[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1831-1839.Zhang W S,Su J J,Du X Z,et al.Net anthropogenic nitrogen input to Huaihe River Basin,China during 1990~2010[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1831-1839.
[34]汪淼,严红,焦立新,等.滇池沉积物氮内源负荷特征及影响因素[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):218-226.Wang M,Yan H,Jiao L X,et al.Characteristics of internal nitrogen loading and influencing factors in Dianchi Lake sediment[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(1):218-226.
[35]Gao W,Robert W,Howarth,et al.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)in the Lake Dianchi basin of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:376-384.
[36]Howarth R W,Swaney D P,Boyer E W,et al.The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the Northeastern United States[J].Biogeochemistry,2006,79(1/2):163-186.
[37]张汪寿,李叙勇,苏静君,等.河流氮输出对流域人类活动净氮输入的响应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(1):272-278.Zhang W S,Li X Y,Su J J,et al.Responses of riverine nitrogen export to net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(1):272-278.
[38]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.兴山县香溪河流域农业源氮磷排放估算及时空特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):937-946.Cui C,Liu S,Zhai L M,et al.Estimates and spatio-temporal characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus discharges from agricultural sources in Xiangxi River Basin,Xingshan County[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(5):937-946.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |