鄱阳湖流域人为氮磷输入演变及湖泊水环境响应
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摘要
人类活动导致的氮磷营养盐富集是我国湖泊富营养化问题形成的重要驱动力.鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,随着流域经济社会的迅速发展,湖体营养盐水平上升,降低了鄱阳湖及长江中下游地区的水环境质量.然而,人类对鄱阳湖流域氮磷输入的影响程度尚不明确,湖体氮磷浓度与流域人为氮磷输入的关系也缺乏定量研究.因此,本研究基于人为净氮输入模型(NANI)、人为净磷输入模型(NAPI)和多元统计回归模型,评估了鄱阳湖流域1949—2013年人类活动导致的氮磷输入量,构建了人为氮磷输入与湖泊氮磷浓度的响应模型.结果表明,研究期内鄱阳湖流域的人为净氮输入和人为净磷输入分别增长6倍和15倍,化肥施用是20世纪80年代以来的主要增长因子;鄱阳湖氮磷浓度与流域人为氮磷输入显著相关,根据多元回归模型的可决系数,NANI可解释88%的湖体TN浓度变化,NAPI和湖泊平均水位可解释64%的TP浓度变化.提高氮磷的循环利用率同时维持湖泊生态水位对于降低鄱阳湖富营养化水平具有重要意义.
Accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus from human activities in the water system is a key cause of lake eutrophication in China. Lake Poyang,the largest freshwater lake of China,is threatened by elevated nutrient concentrations due to rapid socioeconomic development which may deteriorate water quality in both Lake Poyang basin and the middle and lower Yangzte river basins. However,it is still unknown that to what degree human activities affect the basin's nutrient inputs. Moreover,the quantitative relationship between anthropogenic nutrient inputs and lake water quality is also unclear. In this study,net anthropogenic nitrogen input( NANI),net anthropogenic phosphorus input( NAPI),and multiple regression model were used to quantify human' s influence on nutrient inputs of Lake Poyang basin from 1949 to 2013 and statistical models of lake nutrient concentrations and anthropogenic nutrient inputs were further established. Within the studied period,results show that NANI and NAPI increased by 6 and 15 times,and fertilizer application was the main reason since 1980 s. Nutrient concentrations in the lake could be well explained by the models established. NANI accounts for 88% nitrogen concentration variability of the lake while NAPI and water quality interaction explains 64% phosphorus concentration variability.Therefore,it is of great importance to mitigate Lake Poyang's eutrophication through improving nutrient utilization and maintaining ecological water level.
Accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus from human activities in the water system is a key cause of lake eutrophication in China. Lake Poyang,the largest freshwater lake of China,is threatened by elevated nutrient concentrations due to rapid socioeconomic development which may deteriorate water quality in both Lake Poyang basin and the middle and lower Yangzte river basins. However,it is still unknown that to what degree human activities affect the basin's nutrient inputs. Moreover,the quantitative relationship between anthropogenic nutrient inputs and lake water quality is also unclear. In this study,net anthropogenic nitrogen input( NANI),net anthropogenic phosphorus input( NAPI),and multiple regression model were used to quantify human' s influence on nutrient inputs of Lake Poyang basin from 1949 to 2013 and statistical models of lake nutrient concentrations and anthropogenic nutrient inputs were further established. Within the studied period,results show that NANI and NAPI increased by 6 and 15 times,and fertilizer application was the main reason since 1980 s. Nutrient concentrations in the lake could be well explained by the models established. NANI accounts for 88% nitrogen concentration variability of the lake while NAPI and water quality interaction explains 64% phosphorus concentration variability.Therefore,it is of great importance to mitigate Lake Poyang's eutrophication through improving nutrient utilization and maintaining ecological water level.
引文
Alexander R B,Johnes P J,Boyer E W,et al.2002.A comparison of models for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds[J].Biogeochemistry,57(1):295-339
Baulch H M.2013.Asking the right questions about nutrient control in aquatic ecosystems[J].Environmental Science&Technology,47(3):1188-1189
Billen G,Silvestre M,Grizzetti B,et al.2011.Nitrogen flows from European regional watersheds to coastal marine waters//Billen G.The European Nitrogen Assessment:Sources,effects and policy perspectives[M].London:Cambridge University Press.271-297
Boyer E W,Goodale C L,Jaworsk N A,et al.2002.Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA[J].Biogeochemistry,57(1):137-169
Burt T P,Howden N J K,Worrall F,et al.2011.Nitrate in United Kingdom rivers:Policy and its outcomes since 1970[J].Environmental Science&Technology,45(1):175-181
Carpenter S R.2005.Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems:Bistability and soil phosphorus[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(29):10002-10005
程红光,郝芳华,任希岩,等.2006.不同降雨条件下非点源污染氮负荷入河系数研究[J].环境科学学报,26(3):392-397
Filippelli G M.2008.The global phosphorus cycle:Past,present,and future[J].Elements,4(2):89-95
Galloway J N,Aber J D,Erisman J W,et al.2003.The nitrogen cascade[J].Bioscience,53(4):341-356
Galloway J N,Dentener F J,Capone D G,et al.2004.Nitrogen cycles:past,present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry,70(2):153-226
Gao W,Howarth R W,Hong B,et al.2014.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)in the Lake Dianchi basin of China[J].Biogeosciences,11(16):4577-4586
Gao W,Howarth R W,Swaney D P,et al.2015.Enhanced N input to Lake Dianchi Basin from 1980 to 2010:Drivers and consequences[J].Science of the Total Environment,505:376-384
国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组办公室.2008.第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册[S].
Han H,Allan J D.2008.Estimation of nitrogen inputs to catchments:comparison of methods and consequences for riverine export prediction[J].Biogeochemistry,91(2-3):177-199
Han Y,Fan Y,Yang P,et al.2014.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)index application in Mainland China[J].Geoderma,213(SI):87-94
Han Y,Yu X,Wang X,et al.2013.Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs(NAPI)index application in Mainland China[J].Chemosphere,90(2):329-337
Hong B,Swaney D P,Howarth R W.2011.A toolbox for calculating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,26:623-633
Hong B,Swaney D P,Howarth R W.2013.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to US watersheds:Comparison of methodologies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,47(10):5199-5207
Hong B,Swaney D P,Morth C,et al.2012.Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(NANI/NAPI),major drivers,nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin[J].Ecological Modelling,227:117-135
Howarth R W,Billen G,Swaney D,et al.1996.Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:Natural and human influences[J].Biogeochemistry,35(1):75-139
Howarth R W,Swaney D P,Boyer E W,et al.2006.The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the Northeastern United States[J].Biogeochemistry,79(1/2):163-186
Howarth R,Swaney D,Billen G,et al.2012.Nitrogen fluxes from the landscape are controlled by net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and by climate[J].Frontiers in Ecology and The Environment,10(1):37-43
Jin X C,Xu Q J,Huang C Z.2005.Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China[J].Science in China Series C-Life Sciences,48(SI):948-954
Lamarque J F,Bond T C,Eyring V,et al.2010.Historical(1850-2000)gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols:methodology and application[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10(15):7017-7039
Le C,Zha Y,Li Y,et al.2010.Eutrophication of lake waters in China:Cost,causes,and control[J].Environmental Management,45(4):662-668
李书田,金继运.2011.中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡[J].中国农业科学,44(20):4207-4229
刘润润,邓祥征,金琴,等.2011.鄱阳湖流域经济增长与氮磷排放关系[J].资源科学,33(11):2169-2174
Liu W,Qiu R.2007.Water eutrophication in China and the combating strategies[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,82(9):781-786
Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,et al.2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,494(7438):459-462
马广文,王圣瑞,王业耀,等.2015.鄱阳湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1285-1291
马荣华,杨桂山,段洪涛,等.2011.中国湖泊的数量、面积与空间分布[J].中国科学:地球科学,41(3):394-401
Paerl H W.2009.Controlling eutrophication along the freshwater-marine continuum:Dual nutrient(N and P)reductions are essential[J].Estuaries and Coasts,32(4):593-601
Paerl H W,Valdes L M,Joyner A R,et al.2004.Solving problems resulting from solutions:Evolution of a dual nutrient management strategy for the eutrophying Neuse river estuary,North Carolina[J].Environmental Science&Technology,38(11):3068-3073
全国农业技术推广服务中心.1999.北京:中国农业出版社
Rockstrom J,Steffen W,Noone K,et al.2009.A safe operating space for humanity[J].Nature,461(7263):472-475
Russell M J,Weller D E,Jordan T E,et al.2008.Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs:spatial and temporal variability in the Chesapeake Bay region[J].Biogeochemistry,88(3):285-304
Schaefer S C,Alber M.2007.Temporal and spatial trends in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the watershed of the Altamaha River,Georgia,USA[J].Biogeochemistry,86(3):231-249
Smil V.1999.Nitrogen in crop production:An account of global flows[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,13(2):647-662
Smith V H,Schindler D W.2009.Eutrophication science:where do we go from here?[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,24(4):201-207
Sprague L A,Hirsch R M,Aulenbach B T.2011.Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries,1980 to 2008:Are we making progress?[J].Environmental Science&Technology,45(17):7209-7216
Steffen W,Crutzen P J,Mcneill J R.2007.The Anthropocene:Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature[J].AMBIO,36(8):614-621
Van Horn H H.1998.Factors affecting manure quantity,quality,and use[C].Proceedings of the mid-south ruminant nutrition conference.Dallas-Ft.Worth:9-19
Vitousek P M,Aber J D,Howarth R W,et al.1997.Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:Sources and consequences[J].Ecological Applications,7(3):737-750
王光亚.2009.中国食物成分表[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社
王毛兰,周文斌,胡春华.2008.鄱阳湖区水体氮、磷污染状况分析[J].湖泊科学,20(3):334-338
中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所.2005.中国食物成分表[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社
Baulch H M.2013.Asking the right questions about nutrient control in aquatic ecosystems[J].Environmental Science&Technology,47(3):1188-1189
Billen G,Silvestre M,Grizzetti B,et al.2011.Nitrogen flows from European regional watersheds to coastal marine waters//Billen G.The European Nitrogen Assessment:Sources,effects and policy perspectives[M].London:Cambridge University Press.271-297
Boyer E W,Goodale C L,Jaworsk N A,et al.2002.Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA[J].Biogeochemistry,57(1):137-169
Burt T P,Howden N J K,Worrall F,et al.2011.Nitrate in United Kingdom rivers:Policy and its outcomes since 1970[J].Environmental Science&Technology,45(1):175-181
Carpenter S R.2005.Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems:Bistability and soil phosphorus[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(29):10002-10005
程红光,郝芳华,任希岩,等.2006.不同降雨条件下非点源污染氮负荷入河系数研究[J].环境科学学报,26(3):392-397
Filippelli G M.2008.The global phosphorus cycle:Past,present,and future[J].Elements,4(2):89-95
Galloway J N,Aber J D,Erisman J W,et al.2003.The nitrogen cascade[J].Bioscience,53(4):341-356
Galloway J N,Dentener F J,Capone D G,et al.2004.Nitrogen cycles:past,present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry,70(2):153-226
Gao W,Howarth R W,Hong B,et al.2014.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)in the Lake Dianchi basin of China[J].Biogeosciences,11(16):4577-4586
Gao W,Howarth R W,Swaney D P,et al.2015.Enhanced N input to Lake Dianchi Basin from 1980 to 2010:Drivers and consequences[J].Science of the Total Environment,505:376-384
国务院第一次全国污染源普查领导小组办公室.2008.第一次全国污染源普查城镇生活源产排污系数手册[S].
Han H,Allan J D.2008.Estimation of nitrogen inputs to catchments:comparison of methods and consequences for riverine export prediction[J].Biogeochemistry,91(2-3):177-199
Han Y,Fan Y,Yang P,et al.2014.Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)index application in Mainland China[J].Geoderma,213(SI):87-94
Han Y,Yu X,Wang X,et al.2013.Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs(NAPI)index application in Mainland China[J].Chemosphere,90(2):329-337
Hong B,Swaney D P,Howarth R W.2011.A toolbox for calculating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs(NANI)[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,26:623-633
Hong B,Swaney D P,Howarth R W.2013.Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to US watersheds:Comparison of methodologies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,47(10):5199-5207
Hong B,Swaney D P,Morth C,et al.2012.Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs(NANI/NAPI),major drivers,nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin[J].Ecological Modelling,227:117-135
Howarth R W,Billen G,Swaney D,et al.1996.Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:Natural and human influences[J].Biogeochemistry,35(1):75-139
Howarth R W,Swaney D P,Boyer E W,et al.2006.The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the Northeastern United States[J].Biogeochemistry,79(1/2):163-186
Howarth R,Swaney D,Billen G,et al.2012.Nitrogen fluxes from the landscape are controlled by net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and by climate[J].Frontiers in Ecology and The Environment,10(1):37-43
Jin X C,Xu Q J,Huang C Z.2005.Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China[J].Science in China Series C-Life Sciences,48(SI):948-954
Lamarque J F,Bond T C,Eyring V,et al.2010.Historical(1850-2000)gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols:methodology and application[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10(15):7017-7039
Le C,Zha Y,Li Y,et al.2010.Eutrophication of lake waters in China:Cost,causes,and control[J].Environmental Management,45(4):662-668
李书田,金继运.2011.中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡[J].中国农业科学,44(20):4207-4229
刘润润,邓祥征,金琴,等.2011.鄱阳湖流域经济增长与氮磷排放关系[J].资源科学,33(11):2169-2174
Liu W,Qiu R.2007.Water eutrophication in China and the combating strategies[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,82(9):781-786
Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,et al.2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,494(7438):459-462
马广文,王圣瑞,王业耀,等.2015.鄱阳湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1285-1291
马荣华,杨桂山,段洪涛,等.2011.中国湖泊的数量、面积与空间分布[J].中国科学:地球科学,41(3):394-401
Paerl H W.2009.Controlling eutrophication along the freshwater-marine continuum:Dual nutrient(N and P)reductions are essential[J].Estuaries and Coasts,32(4):593-601
Paerl H W,Valdes L M,Joyner A R,et al.2004.Solving problems resulting from solutions:Evolution of a dual nutrient management strategy for the eutrophying Neuse river estuary,North Carolina[J].Environmental Science&Technology,38(11):3068-3073
全国农业技术推广服务中心.1999.北京:中国农业出版社
Rockstrom J,Steffen W,Noone K,et al.2009.A safe operating space for humanity[J].Nature,461(7263):472-475
Russell M J,Weller D E,Jordan T E,et al.2008.Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs:spatial and temporal variability in the Chesapeake Bay region[J].Biogeochemistry,88(3):285-304
Schaefer S C,Alber M.2007.Temporal and spatial trends in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the watershed of the Altamaha River,Georgia,USA[J].Biogeochemistry,86(3):231-249
Smil V.1999.Nitrogen in crop production:An account of global flows[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,13(2):647-662
Smith V H,Schindler D W.2009.Eutrophication science:where do we go from here?[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,24(4):201-207
Sprague L A,Hirsch R M,Aulenbach B T.2011.Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries,1980 to 2008:Are we making progress?[J].Environmental Science&Technology,45(17):7209-7216
Steffen W,Crutzen P J,Mcneill J R.2007.The Anthropocene:Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature[J].AMBIO,36(8):614-621
Van Horn H H.1998.Factors affecting manure quantity,quality,and use[C].Proceedings of the mid-south ruminant nutrition conference.Dallas-Ft.Worth:9-19
Vitousek P M,Aber J D,Howarth R W,et al.1997.Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:Sources and consequences[J].Ecological Applications,7(3):737-750
王光亚.2009.中国食物成分表[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社
王毛兰,周文斌,胡春华.2008.鄱阳湖区水体氮、磷污染状况分析[J].湖泊科学,20(3):334-338
中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所.2005.中国食物成分表[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社
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