山坡表层关键带结构与水文连通性研究进展
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摘要
山丘区是洪水的"策源地",山丘区坡地、沟谷及间歇性河道为洪水的形成提供了通道,同时也是水文连通时空变化最为强烈的地带。然而,对流域表层关键带结构特征及其水文连通机制等的认识尚存不足,限制了产汇流理论及模型方法的发展和应用。通过对比国内外山坡水文实验,发现山坡物理结构连通性控制并深刻影响着水流的连通过程,现有水文连通实验侧重孔隙等微观尺度的规律研究,与水文模型理论存在尺度上的巨大偏差。为此,提出水文连通性应侧重揭示水流在山坡地表、地下的宏观表象通道及分布特征,探索径流连通的动力学机制,即山坡水文连通性研究重在剖析其结构特征的水文累积效应,应保持关键带结构特征合理概化与产汇流理论适度复杂之间的平衡。
Upstream areas are the major flood contributing areas in humid regions. Upstream hillslopes,valleys and ephemeral channels provide quick pathways for flows during flood events. These pathways generate flows seasonally and only after a rainfall event,i. e.,the hydrological connectivity is ephemeral. Thus the dynamics of drainage networks such as expansion/contraction,and connection/disconnection,may offer important clues to understanding the patterns and processes of runoff generation. However,the mechanism of what controls the hydrological connectivity and how it connects the hillslope,valley and channels is yet to be understood. Extensive field studies in diverse catchments around the world continue to characterize and catalogue the enormous heterogeneity of hillslope structures and complexity of rainfall runoff processes in multiple watersheds,and at different scales. But,these field findings seem to be meaningless for the modeler,as they usually fail to incorporated the experimentalist's knowledge into their models. There is plenty of knowledge gap in the fundamentals with regard to how catchment are composed,organized and connected through hillslopes,valleys and channels,and how catchment storage affects rainfall-runoff responses.In this study,through comparisons of hillslope experiments,we find that process based connectivity is deeply affected by hillslope soil depth,bedrock terrain and drainage network structures. This review also showed that present research works are focusing on micro-scale mechanism (e. g.,soil pores and flow),and there is a gap between the hydrological connectivity experiments and the modelers. We suggest that experimentalists should find a macroscale pathway hidden in the critical zone that is the pivot of the runoff generation and shapes the flow hydrodynamics in the entire catchment. That is to say hydrological connectivity of hillslopes,valleys and ephemeral channels should focus on the cumulative effects of hillslope processes instead of individual soil pore processes. Finally,there should be a balance between conceptualizing of complex hillslope structures and moderate depiction of runoff generation.
Upstream areas are the major flood contributing areas in humid regions. Upstream hillslopes,valleys and ephemeral channels provide quick pathways for flows during flood events. These pathways generate flows seasonally and only after a rainfall event,i. e.,the hydrological connectivity is ephemeral. Thus the dynamics of drainage networks such as expansion/contraction,and connection/disconnection,may offer important clues to understanding the patterns and processes of runoff generation. However,the mechanism of what controls the hydrological connectivity and how it connects the hillslope,valley and channels is yet to be understood. Extensive field studies in diverse catchments around the world continue to characterize and catalogue the enormous heterogeneity of hillslope structures and complexity of rainfall runoff processes in multiple watersheds,and at different scales. But,these field findings seem to be meaningless for the modeler,as they usually fail to incorporated the experimentalist's knowledge into their models. There is plenty of knowledge gap in the fundamentals with regard to how catchment are composed,organized and connected through hillslopes,valleys and channels,and how catchment storage affects rainfall-runoff responses.In this study,through comparisons of hillslope experiments,we find that process based connectivity is deeply affected by hillslope soil depth,bedrock terrain and drainage network structures. This review also showed that present research works are focusing on micro-scale mechanism (e. g.,soil pores and flow),and there is a gap between the hydrological connectivity experiments and the modelers. We suggest that experimentalists should find a macroscale pathway hidden in the critical zone that is the pivot of the runoff generation and shapes the flow hydrodynamics in the entire catchment. That is to say hydrological connectivity of hillslopes,valleys and ephemeral channels should focus on the cumulative effects of hillslope processes instead of individual soil pore processes. Finally,there should be a balance between conceptualizing of complex hillslope structures and moderate depiction of runoff generation.
引文
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[3]孟慧芳,许有鹏,徐光来,等.平原河网区河流连通性评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):626-631.(MENG H F,XU Y P,XU G L,et al.Study on rivers connectivity evaluation in plain river network area[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):626-631.(in Chinese))
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[5]BLUME T,van MEERVELD H J.From hillslope to stream:methods to investigate subsurface connectivity[J].WIREs Water,2015,2(3):177-198.
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[7]COVINO T.Hydrologic connectivity as a framework for understanding biogeochemical flux through watersheds and along fluvial networks[J].Geomorphology,2017,277:133-144.
[8]US EPA.Connectivity of streams and wetlands to downstream waters:a review and synthesis of the scientific evidence(final report)[R].Washington D C:US Environmental Protection Agency,2015.
[9]ALEXANDER R B,BOYER E W,SMITH R A,et al.The role of headwater streams in downstream water quality[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2007,43(1):41-59.
[10]王盛萍,姚安坤,赵小婵.基于人工降雨模拟试验的坡面水文连通性[J],水科学进展,2014,25(4):526-533.(WANG S P,YAO A K,ZHAO X C.Analyzing hydrological connectivity for a slope-surface on the basis of rainfall simulation experiment[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(4):526-533.(in Chinese))
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[12]HEWLETT J D,HIBBERT A R.Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid areas[J].Forest Hydrology,1967,1:275-290.
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[14]TURNBULL L,WAINWRIGHT J,BRAZIER R E.A conceptual framework for understanding semi-arid land degradation:ecohydrological interactions across multiple-space and time scales[J].Ecohydrology,2008,1(1):23-34.
[15]LEXARTZA-ARTZA I,WAINWRIGHT J.Hydrological connectivity:linking concepts with practical implications[J].Catena,2009,79(2):146-152.
[16]ANDERSON A E,WEILER M,ALILA Y.Dye Staining and excavation of a lateral preferential flow network[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2009,5(6):935-944.
[17]TROMP-van MEERVELD H J,McDONNELL J J.Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow:1:a 147-storm analysis of the Panola hillslope[J].Water Resources Research,2006,42:W02410.
[18]KIM S.Characterization of soil moisture responses on a hillslope to sequential rainfall events during late autumn and spring[J].Water Resources Research,2009,45(9):W09425.
[19]van MEERVELD H J,SEIBERT J,PETERS N E.Hillslope-riparian-stream connectivity and flow directions at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(16):3556-3574.
[20]DETTY J M,McGUIRE K J.Topographic controls on shallow groundwater dynamics:implications of hydrologic connectivity between hillslopes and riparian zones in a till mantled catchment[J].Hydrological Processes,2010,24(16):2222-2236.
[21]ZIMMER M A,McGLYNN B L.Ephemeral and intermittent runoff generation processes in a low relief,highly weathered catchment[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(8):7055-7077.
[22]GERKE K M,SIDLE R C,MALLANTS D.Preferential flow mechanisms identified from staining experiments in forested hillslopes[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(21):4562-4578.
[23]GRAHAM C B,McDONNELL J J,WOODS R.Hillslope threshold response to rainfall:1:a field based forensic approach[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,393:65-76.
[24]HALE V C,McDONNELL J J,STEWART M K,et al.Effect of bedrock permeability on stream baseow mean transit time scaling relationships:2:process study of storage and release[J].Water Resources Research,2016,52:1375-1397.
[25]GU W Z,LIU J F,LU J J,et al.Current challenges in experimental watershed hydrology[M]∥BRADLEY P M.Current Perspectives in Contaminant Hydrology and Water Resources Sustainability.Croutia:In Tech,2013:299-333.
[26]HAN X L,LIU J T,ZHANG J,et al.Identifying soil structure along headwater hillslopes using ground penetrating radar based technique[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2016,13(3):405-415.
[27]GUO L,CHEN J,LIN H.Subsurface lateral preferential flow network revealed by time-lapse ground-penetrating radar in a hillslope[J].Water Resources Research,2014,50:9127-9147.
[28]SPENCE C,MENGISTU S.Deployment of an unmanned aerial system to assist in mapping an intermittent stream[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30:493-500.
[29]McGUIRE K J,WEILER M,McDONNELL J J.Integrating tracer experiments with modeling to assess runoff processes and water transit time[J].Advances in Water Resources,2007,30:824-837.
[30]刘建立,徐绍辉,刘慧,等.预测土壤水力性质的形态学网络模型应用研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):218-224.(LIU J L,XU S H,LIU H,et al.Determination of soil hydraulic properties using a morphology-based pore scale model[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):218-224.(in Chinese))
[31]CHENG Y N,LIU J L,ZHANG J B.Fractal estimation of soil water retention curves using CT images[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica(Soil&Plant Science),2013,63(5):442-452.
[32]WATSON K W,LUXMOORE R J.Estimating macroporosity in a forest watershed by use of a tension infiltrometer[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1986,50:578-582.
[33]TYLER S W,WHEATCRAFT S W.Application of fractal mathematics to soil water retention estimation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1989,53:987-996.
[34]JONGERIUS A,HEIZBERGER G.Methods in soil micromorphology:a technique for the preparation of large thin section[R].Wageningen:Soil Survey Institute,1975.
[35]程亚南,刘建立,张佳宝.土壤孔隙结构定量化研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(4):988-994.(CHENG Y N,LIU JL,ZHANG J B.Advance in the study on quantification of soil pore structure[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(4):988-994.(in Chinese))
[36]冯杰,郝振纯.CT扫描确定土壤大孔隙分布[J].水科学进展,2002,13(5):611-617.(FENG J,HAO Z C.Distribution of soil macro-pores characterized by CT[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(5):611-617.(in Chinese))
[37]吕菲,刘建立,何娟.利用CT数字图像和网络模型预测近饱和土壤水力学性质[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(5):10-14.(LYU F,LIU J L,HE J.Prediction of near saturated soil hydraulic properties by using CT images and network model[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(5):10-14.(in Chinese))
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