组织社会化交互视角下新员工政治自我效能的动态演化及作用机制
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摘要
组织政治是工作场所不可回避的客观现象,新员工是否拥有充足的自我信念来有效应对组织政治是他们快速融入组织并且提升职业竞争力的关键所在。因此,将以组织社会化的交互视角为框架,来探讨新员工政治自我效能的作用机制和动态演化过程。首先,通过质性方法对政治自我效能进行概念界定,依照严谨的心理测量方法进行量表开发与信度、区分效度检验,并构建诺莫网络来检验其构念属性;其次,构建动态演化模型,来分析新员工政治自我效能如何随着他们在组织社会化过程中的政治学习而不断进行动态演化,以及在此过程中员工个人的政治意愿和学习导向又会产生何种影响;再次,建立多层级互动模型,系统地剖析在组织社会化阶段新员工与领导、同事之间的互动过程中,新员工政治自我效能如何通过匹配路径和关系路径对工作绩效产生影响。
Organizational politics is a common phenomenon in the workplace. Newcomers' belief in coping with organizational politics effectively is key to their adaptability in the organization and their enhancement of professional competitiveness. Therefore, the dynamic evolution and mechanism of newcomer's political self-efficacy will be explored based on the interactionist perspective of organizational socialization. First, political self-efficacy will be conceptualized using qualitative method. Following rigorous scale development procedures, measures of political self-efficacy will be developed and its reliability and discrimination validity will be tested. The construct validity of political self-efficacy will be further examined through building its nomological network. Second, a dynamic model will be constructed to reveal how newcomer's political self-efficacy evolves with the process of their political learning, and how newcomer's political willing and learning orientation affect this evolving mechanism. Third, a multilevel interaction model will be developed to systematically analyze how newcomer's political self-efficacy affects job performance through both a fit path and a relationship path over the course of the interactions between the newcomer and his/her leader and peers. In all, the findings will not only extend present theories in the fields of organizational socialization, organization politics and self-efficacy, but also provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for motivating newcomers.
Organizational politics is a common phenomenon in the workplace. Newcomers' belief in coping with organizational politics effectively is key to their adaptability in the organization and their enhancement of professional competitiveness. Therefore, the dynamic evolution and mechanism of newcomer's political self-efficacy will be explored based on the interactionist perspective of organizational socialization. First, political self-efficacy will be conceptualized using qualitative method. Following rigorous scale development procedures, measures of political self-efficacy will be developed and its reliability and discrimination validity will be tested. The construct validity of political self-efficacy will be further examined through building its nomological network. Second, a dynamic model will be constructed to reveal how newcomer's political self-efficacy evolves with the process of their political learning, and how newcomer's political willing and learning orientation affect this evolving mechanism. Third, a multilevel interaction model will be developed to systematically analyze how newcomer's political self-efficacy affects job performance through both a fit path and a relationship path over the course of the interactions between the newcomer and his/her leader and peers. In all, the findings will not only extend present theories in the fields of organizational socialization, organization politics and self-efficacy, but also provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for motivating newcomers.
引文
段锦云,魏秋江.(2012).建言效能感结构及其在员工建言行为发生中的作用.心理学报,44,972-985.
高中华,赵晨.(2014).工作场所的组织政治会危害员工绩效吗?基于个人-组织契合理论的视角.心理学报,46,1124-1143.
侯烜方,李燕萍,涂乙冬.(2014).新生代工作价值观结构、测量及对绩效影响.心理学报,46,823-840.
李超平,苏琴,宋照礼.(2014).互动视角的组织社会化动态跟踪研究.心理科学进展,22,409-417.
李燕萍,徐嘉.(2013).新生代员工:心理和行为特征对组织社会化的影响.经济管理,35,61-70.
刘军,吴隆增,许浚.(2010).政治技能的前因与后果:一项追踪实证研究.管理世界,(11),94-104.
陆昌勤,凌文辁,方俐洛.(2004).管理自我效能感与一般自我效能感的关系.心理学报,36,586-592.
孙健敏,王碧英.(2009).国有企业新员工组织社会化内容的维度研究.心理学探新,29,93-96.
王雁飞,朱瑜.(2012).组织社会化与员工行为绩效--基于个人-组织匹配视角的纵向实证研究.管理世界,(5),109-124.
姚琦,乐国安.(2008).组织社会化研究的整合:交互作用视角.心理科学进展,16,590-597.
赵晨,高中华.(2014a).组织政治对员工绩效的影响路径--个体与情境交互视角下的理论框架与研究启示.中国人力资源开发,(19),59-66.
赵晨,高中华.(2014b).员工政治自我效能对组织公民行为的影响研究:心理资本的调节作用.心理科学,37,729-734.
Ashforth,B.E.,Sluss,D.M.,&Saks,A.M.(2007).Socialization tactics,proactive behavior,and newcomer learning:Integrating socialization models.Journal of Vocational Behavior,70,447-462.
Avery,D.R.,Mc Kay,P.F.,&Wilson,D.C.(2008).What are the odds?How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination.Journal of Applied Psychology,93,235-249.
Bandura,A.(1977).Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review,84,191-215.
Bandura,A.(1997).Self-efficacy:The exercise of control.New York,NY:Freeman.
Bauer,T.N.,Bodner,T.,Erdogan,B.,Truxillo,D.M.,&Tucker,J.S.(2007).Newcomer adjustment during organizational socialization:A meta-analytic review of antecedents,outcomes,and methods.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,707-721.
Bozeman,D.P.,Hochwarter,W.A.,Perrewe,P.L.,&Brymer,R.A.(2001).Organizational politics,perceived control,and work outcomes:Boundary conditions on the effects of politics.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,31,486-503.
Cable,D.M.,Gino,F.,&Staats,B.R.(2013).Breaking them in or eliciting their best?Reframing socialization around newcomers'authentic self-expression.Administrative Science Quarterly,58,1-36.
Chao,G.T.,O'Leary-Kelly,A.M.,Wolf,S.,Klein,H.J.,&Gardner,P.D.(1994).Organizational socialization:Its content and consequences.Journal of Applied Psychology,79,730-743.
Chiaburu,D.S.,&Harrison,D.A.(2008).Do peers make the place?Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions,attitudes,OCBs,and performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,93,1082-1103.
Cooper-Thomas,H.D.,Paterson,N.L.,Stadler,M.J.,&Saks,A.M.(2014).The relative importance of proactive behaviors and outcomes for predicting newcomer learning,well-being,and work engagement.Journal of Vocational Behavior,84,318-331.
Ellis,A.M.,Bauer,T.N.,Mansfield,L.R.,Erdogan,B.,Truxillo,D.M.,&Simon,L.S.(2015).Navigating uncharted waters:Newcomer socialization through the lens of stress theory.Journal of Management,41,203-235.
Fang,R.L.,Duffy,M.K.,&Shaw,J.D.(2011).The organizational socialization process:Review and development of a social capital model.Journal of Management,37,127-152.
Firth,B.M.,Chen,G.,Kirkman,B.L.,&Kim,K.(2014).Newcomers abroad:Expatriate adaptation during early phases of international assignments.Academy of Management Journal,57,280-300.
Gist,M.E.(1987).Self-efficacy:Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management.Academy of Management Review,12,472-485.
Gist,M.E.,&Mitchell,T.R.(1992).Self-efficacy:Atheoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability.Academy of Management Review,17,183-211.
Gong,Y.P.,Huang,J.-C.,&Farh,J.-L.(2009).Employee learning orientation,transformational leadership,and employee creativity:The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy.Academy of Management Journal,52,765-778.
Griffin,A.E.C.,Colella,A.,&Goparaju,S.(2000).Newcomer and organizational socialization tactics:An interactionist perspective.Human Resource Management Review,10,453-474.
Gruman,J.A.,Saks,A.M.,&Zweig,D.I.(2006).Organizational socialization tactics and newcomer proactive behaviors:An integrative study.Journal of Vocational Behavior,69,90-104.
Harrison,S.H.,Sluss,D.M.,&Ashforth,B.E.(2011).Curiosity adapted the cat:The role of trait curiosity in newcomer adaptation.Journal of Applied Psychology,96,211-220.
Hochwarter,W.A.,Witt,L.A.,&Kacmar,K.M.(2000).Perceptions of organizational politics as a moderator of the relationship between consciousness and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,85,472-478.
Hsiung,H.H.,Lin,C.W.,&Lin,C.S.(2012).Nourishing or suppressing?The contradictory influences of perception of organizational politics on organizational citizenship behaviour.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,85,258-276.
Jokisaari,M.,&Nurmi,J.-E.(2009).Change in newcomers'supervisor support and socialization outcomes after organizational entry.Academy of Management Journal,52,527-544.
Kacmar,K.M.,Andrews,M.C.,Harris,K.J.,&Tepper,B.J.(2013).Ethical leadership and subordinate outcomes:The mediating role of organizational politics and the moderating role of political skill.Journal of Business Ethics,115,33-44.
Kamdar,D.,&Van Dyne,L.(2007).The joint effects of personality and workplace social exchange relationships in predicting task performance and citizenship performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,1286-98.
Kammeyer-Mueller,J.,Wanberg,C.,Rubenstein,A.,&Song,Z.L.(2013).Support,undermining,and newcomer socialization:Fitting in during the first 90 days.Academy of Management Journal,56,1104-1124.
Kim,T.Y.,Cable,D.M.,&Kim,S.P.(2005).Socialization tactics,employee proactivity,and person-organization fit.Journal of Applied Psychology,90,232-241.
Miller,B.K.,Rutherford,M.A.,&Kolodinsky,R.W.(2008).Perceptions of organizational politics:A meta-analysis of outcomes.Journal of Business and Psychology,22,209-222.
Morrison,E.W.(1993a).Newcomer information-seeking:Exploring types,modes,sources,and outcomes.Academy of Management Journal,36,557-589.
Morrison,E.W.(1993b).Longitudinal-study of the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization.Journal of Applied Psychology,78,173-183.
Nifadkar,S.S.,&Bauer,T.N.(2016).Breach of belongingness:Newcomer relationship conflict,information,and task-related outcomes during organizational socialization.Journal of Applied Psychology,101,1-13.
Pelled,L.H.,Eisenhardt,K.M.,&Xin,K.R.(1999).Exploring the black box:An analysis of work group diversity,conflict,and performance.Administrative Science Quarterly,44,1-28.
Reichers,A.E.(1987).An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates.Academy of Management Review,12,278-287.
Saks,A.M.,Gruman,J.A.,&Cooper-Thomas,H.(2011).The neglected role of proactive behavior and outcomes in newcomer socialization.Journal of Vocational Behavior,79,36-46.
Saks,A.M.,Uggerslev,K.L.,&Fassina,N.E.(2007).Socialization tactics and newcomer adjustment:A metaanalytic review and test of a model.Journal of Vocational Behavior,70,413-446.
Schein,E.H.(1968).Organizational socialization and the profession of management.Industrial Management Review,9,1-15.
Schneider,B.,Goldstiein,H.W.,&Smith,D.B.(1995).The ASA framework:An update.Personnel Psychology,48,747-773.
Seers,A.,Petty,M.M.,&Cashman,J.F.(1995).Teammember exchange under team and traditional management:A naturally occurring quasi-experiment.Group&Organization Management,20,18-38.
Sluss,D.M.,Ployhart,R.E.,Cobb,M.G.,&Ashforth,B.E.(2012).Generalizing newcomers'relational and organizational identifications:Processes and prototypicality.Academy of Management Journal,55,949-975.
Stajkovic,A.D.,&Luthans,F.(1998).Self-efficacy and work-related performance:A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,124,240-261.
Treadway,D.C.,Hochwarter,W.A.,Kacmar,C.J.,&Ferris,G.R.(2005).Political will,political skill,and political behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,26,229-245.
Wilson,K.S.,Sin,H.P.,&Conlon,D.E.(2010).What about the leader in leader-member exchange?The impact of resource exchanges and substitutability on the leader.Academy of Management Review,35,358-372.
Zhang,Z.,Wang,M.,&Shi,J.Q.(2012).Leader-follower congruence in proactive personality and work outcomes:The mediating role of leader-member exchange.Academy of Management Journal,55,111-130.
1本研究主要关注新员工社会化中政治自我效能的形成与演化,这一议题涉及管理学和应用心理学两大学科领域,因此选取了在这两个领域具有较高国际影响力的期刊作为外文文献的主要来源,具体操作如下:(1)参照汤森路透集团(Thomson Reuters)发布的2013年期刊引用报告JCR(Journal of Citation Reports-SSCI),同时对管理学与应用心理学两个领域学术期刊按连续5年影响因子(5-Year Impact Factor)进行排名,保留5年影响因子在2以上的期刊。(2)在Web of Science收录的SSCI数据库中,以组织政治(politics和political)、员工社会化(socialization)以及自我效能(self-efficacy)为关键词进行论文检索。我们先通过主题方式进行具有包容性的宽泛检索,之后再根据论文摘要删除无关文献。(3)我们将全部检索题录存入文献管理软件Note Express,并通过EBSCO、Wiley-Blackwell、Sage等数据库下载文献全文。
高中华,赵晨.(2014).工作场所的组织政治会危害员工绩效吗?基于个人-组织契合理论的视角.心理学报,46,1124-1143.
侯烜方,李燕萍,涂乙冬.(2014).新生代工作价值观结构、测量及对绩效影响.心理学报,46,823-840.
李超平,苏琴,宋照礼.(2014).互动视角的组织社会化动态跟踪研究.心理科学进展,22,409-417.
李燕萍,徐嘉.(2013).新生代员工:心理和行为特征对组织社会化的影响.经济管理,35,61-70.
刘军,吴隆增,许浚.(2010).政治技能的前因与后果:一项追踪实证研究.管理世界,(11),94-104.
陆昌勤,凌文辁,方俐洛.(2004).管理自我效能感与一般自我效能感的关系.心理学报,36,586-592.
孙健敏,王碧英.(2009).国有企业新员工组织社会化内容的维度研究.心理学探新,29,93-96.
王雁飞,朱瑜.(2012).组织社会化与员工行为绩效--基于个人-组织匹配视角的纵向实证研究.管理世界,(5),109-124.
姚琦,乐国安.(2008).组织社会化研究的整合:交互作用视角.心理科学进展,16,590-597.
赵晨,高中华.(2014a).组织政治对员工绩效的影响路径--个体与情境交互视角下的理论框架与研究启示.中国人力资源开发,(19),59-66.
赵晨,高中华.(2014b).员工政治自我效能对组织公民行为的影响研究:心理资本的调节作用.心理科学,37,729-734.
Ashforth,B.E.,Sluss,D.M.,&Saks,A.M.(2007).Socialization tactics,proactive behavior,and newcomer learning:Integrating socialization models.Journal of Vocational Behavior,70,447-462.
Avery,D.R.,Mc Kay,P.F.,&Wilson,D.C.(2008).What are the odds?How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination.Journal of Applied Psychology,93,235-249.
Bandura,A.(1977).Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review,84,191-215.
Bandura,A.(1997).Self-efficacy:The exercise of control.New York,NY:Freeman.
Bauer,T.N.,Bodner,T.,Erdogan,B.,Truxillo,D.M.,&Tucker,J.S.(2007).Newcomer adjustment during organizational socialization:A meta-analytic review of antecedents,outcomes,and methods.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,707-721.
Bozeman,D.P.,Hochwarter,W.A.,Perrewe,P.L.,&Brymer,R.A.(2001).Organizational politics,perceived control,and work outcomes:Boundary conditions on the effects of politics.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,31,486-503.
Cable,D.M.,Gino,F.,&Staats,B.R.(2013).Breaking them in or eliciting their best?Reframing socialization around newcomers'authentic self-expression.Administrative Science Quarterly,58,1-36.
Chao,G.T.,O'Leary-Kelly,A.M.,Wolf,S.,Klein,H.J.,&Gardner,P.D.(1994).Organizational socialization:Its content and consequences.Journal of Applied Psychology,79,730-743.
Chiaburu,D.S.,&Harrison,D.A.(2008).Do peers make the place?Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions,attitudes,OCBs,and performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,93,1082-1103.
Cooper-Thomas,H.D.,Paterson,N.L.,Stadler,M.J.,&Saks,A.M.(2014).The relative importance of proactive behaviors and outcomes for predicting newcomer learning,well-being,and work engagement.Journal of Vocational Behavior,84,318-331.
Ellis,A.M.,Bauer,T.N.,Mansfield,L.R.,Erdogan,B.,Truxillo,D.M.,&Simon,L.S.(2015).Navigating uncharted waters:Newcomer socialization through the lens of stress theory.Journal of Management,41,203-235.
Fang,R.L.,Duffy,M.K.,&Shaw,J.D.(2011).The organizational socialization process:Review and development of a social capital model.Journal of Management,37,127-152.
Firth,B.M.,Chen,G.,Kirkman,B.L.,&Kim,K.(2014).Newcomers abroad:Expatriate adaptation during early phases of international assignments.Academy of Management Journal,57,280-300.
Gist,M.E.(1987).Self-efficacy:Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management.Academy of Management Review,12,472-485.
Gist,M.E.,&Mitchell,T.R.(1992).Self-efficacy:Atheoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability.Academy of Management Review,17,183-211.
Gong,Y.P.,Huang,J.-C.,&Farh,J.-L.(2009).Employee learning orientation,transformational leadership,and employee creativity:The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy.Academy of Management Journal,52,765-778.
Griffin,A.E.C.,Colella,A.,&Goparaju,S.(2000).Newcomer and organizational socialization tactics:An interactionist perspective.Human Resource Management Review,10,453-474.
Gruman,J.A.,Saks,A.M.,&Zweig,D.I.(2006).Organizational socialization tactics and newcomer proactive behaviors:An integrative study.Journal of Vocational Behavior,69,90-104.
Harrison,S.H.,Sluss,D.M.,&Ashforth,B.E.(2011).Curiosity adapted the cat:The role of trait curiosity in newcomer adaptation.Journal of Applied Psychology,96,211-220.
Hochwarter,W.A.,Witt,L.A.,&Kacmar,K.M.(2000).Perceptions of organizational politics as a moderator of the relationship between consciousness and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,85,472-478.
Hsiung,H.H.,Lin,C.W.,&Lin,C.S.(2012).Nourishing or suppressing?The contradictory influences of perception of organizational politics on organizational citizenship behaviour.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,85,258-276.
Jokisaari,M.,&Nurmi,J.-E.(2009).Change in newcomers'supervisor support and socialization outcomes after organizational entry.Academy of Management Journal,52,527-544.
Kacmar,K.M.,Andrews,M.C.,Harris,K.J.,&Tepper,B.J.(2013).Ethical leadership and subordinate outcomes:The mediating role of organizational politics and the moderating role of political skill.Journal of Business Ethics,115,33-44.
Kamdar,D.,&Van Dyne,L.(2007).The joint effects of personality and workplace social exchange relationships in predicting task performance and citizenship performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,1286-98.
Kammeyer-Mueller,J.,Wanberg,C.,Rubenstein,A.,&Song,Z.L.(2013).Support,undermining,and newcomer socialization:Fitting in during the first 90 days.Academy of Management Journal,56,1104-1124.
Kim,T.Y.,Cable,D.M.,&Kim,S.P.(2005).Socialization tactics,employee proactivity,and person-organization fit.Journal of Applied Psychology,90,232-241.
Miller,B.K.,Rutherford,M.A.,&Kolodinsky,R.W.(2008).Perceptions of organizational politics:A meta-analysis of outcomes.Journal of Business and Psychology,22,209-222.
Morrison,E.W.(1993a).Newcomer information-seeking:Exploring types,modes,sources,and outcomes.Academy of Management Journal,36,557-589.
Morrison,E.W.(1993b).Longitudinal-study of the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization.Journal of Applied Psychology,78,173-183.
Nifadkar,S.S.,&Bauer,T.N.(2016).Breach of belongingness:Newcomer relationship conflict,information,and task-related outcomes during organizational socialization.Journal of Applied Psychology,101,1-13.
Pelled,L.H.,Eisenhardt,K.M.,&Xin,K.R.(1999).Exploring the black box:An analysis of work group diversity,conflict,and performance.Administrative Science Quarterly,44,1-28.
Reichers,A.E.(1987).An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates.Academy of Management Review,12,278-287.
Saks,A.M.,Gruman,J.A.,&Cooper-Thomas,H.(2011).The neglected role of proactive behavior and outcomes in newcomer socialization.Journal of Vocational Behavior,79,36-46.
Saks,A.M.,Uggerslev,K.L.,&Fassina,N.E.(2007).Socialization tactics and newcomer adjustment:A metaanalytic review and test of a model.Journal of Vocational Behavior,70,413-446.
Schein,E.H.(1968).Organizational socialization and the profession of management.Industrial Management Review,9,1-15.
Schneider,B.,Goldstiein,H.W.,&Smith,D.B.(1995).The ASA framework:An update.Personnel Psychology,48,747-773.
Seers,A.,Petty,M.M.,&Cashman,J.F.(1995).Teammember exchange under team and traditional management:A naturally occurring quasi-experiment.Group&Organization Management,20,18-38.
Sluss,D.M.,Ployhart,R.E.,Cobb,M.G.,&Ashforth,B.E.(2012).Generalizing newcomers'relational and organizational identifications:Processes and prototypicality.Academy of Management Journal,55,949-975.
Stajkovic,A.D.,&Luthans,F.(1998).Self-efficacy and work-related performance:A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin,124,240-261.
Treadway,D.C.,Hochwarter,W.A.,Kacmar,C.J.,&Ferris,G.R.(2005).Political will,political skill,and political behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,26,229-245.
Wilson,K.S.,Sin,H.P.,&Conlon,D.E.(2010).What about the leader in leader-member exchange?The impact of resource exchanges and substitutability on the leader.Academy of Management Review,35,358-372.
Zhang,Z.,Wang,M.,&Shi,J.Q.(2012).Leader-follower congruence in proactive personality and work outcomes:The mediating role of leader-member exchange.Academy of Management Journal,55,111-130.
1本研究主要关注新员工社会化中政治自我效能的形成与演化,这一议题涉及管理学和应用心理学两大学科领域,因此选取了在这两个领域具有较高国际影响力的期刊作为外文文献的主要来源,具体操作如下:(1)参照汤森路透集团(Thomson Reuters)发布的2013年期刊引用报告JCR(Journal of Citation Reports-SSCI),同时对管理学与应用心理学两个领域学术期刊按连续5年影响因子(5-Year Impact Factor)进行排名,保留5年影响因子在2以上的期刊。(2)在Web of Science收录的SSCI数据库中,以组织政治(politics和political)、员工社会化(socialization)以及自我效能(self-efficacy)为关键词进行论文检索。我们先通过主题方式进行具有包容性的宽泛检索,之后再根据论文摘要删除无关文献。(3)我们将全部检索题录存入文献管理软件Note Express,并通过EBSCO、Wiley-Blackwell、Sage等数据库下载文献全文。