玉龙雪山牦牛坪高山草甸的干扰格局分析
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摘要
近几年玉龙雪山生态旅游热升温,对该区域生态环境和植被资源的影响日趋显著,研究该区域高山草甸所受干扰对制定该区域的生态保护、可持续发展对策具有重要意义。为明晰人类活动对玉龙雪山高山草甸的影响,选取该区域典型高山草甸分布区域作为研究区,分析其草甸退化格局,通过干扰强度模型量化研究区的干扰格局,并利用方差分解确定不同干扰对高山草甸退化的贡献率。结果表明:(1)放牧干扰主要集中在牲畜饮水点附近,旅游干扰更多作用于景区观景台和寺庙附近,干扰活动分布与路径体系相吻合,游径布设和游客行为扩散模式决定了旅游干扰的格局;(2)草甸退化程度随干扰程度的增加而升高,干扰强度最大的区域与草甸的重度退化区域重合;(3)总体上旅游较放牧对草甸退化的贡献作用更大,但存在空间差异。在玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区,旅游干扰已逐渐取代放牧干扰成为主要干扰因素,且路径体系与旅游干扰格局具有较高的吻合度,对草甸退化格局的影响在逐渐增加。综上,建议选取使用率高的非正式路径修建为正式路径,保护和恢复分布在使用率低的非正式路径旁的植被和土壤,以降低旅游干扰对高山草甸的影响。
Eco-tourism in Mt. Jade Dragon heated up these years, which had an impact on the environment and vegetation resources in the region. Understanding the ecosystem degradation under disturbance is vital to policy making for ecological protection and sustainable development. In order to clarify the anthropic influence on the alpine meadow ecosystem, the typical alpine meadow area in Mt. Jade Dragon was selected as the study area; with field investigation and sampling during 2012-2016, we analyzed the degradation pattern of alpine meadow, and confirmed grazing and tourism as the key drivers for meadow degradation. The disturbance model was built to quantize disturbance intensity, and variation partitioning was used to determine the contribution of grazing and tourism to meadow degradation in the study area. The results showed that:(1) Half of the study area was disturbed by yak grazing and 70%area by tourism, and the grazing center mainly concentrated near livestock drinking points,while tourist noised around Viewing Deck and the Temple. We found that grazing and tourist activities matched with the trail system, the trail layout and tourists behavior mode account for the disturbance pattern.(2) Meadow degraded with the increase of disturbance intensity, the severe meadow degradation region overlapped with the highest disturbance intensity area.(3)Although there are grazing center area and tourist focus area, tourism, instead of grazing, has become the main disturbance driver in the study area. On the whole, tourism contributed more to the meadow degradation, and the future will remain so. Therefore, to reduce the impact of tourism on alpine meadows in Mt. Jade Dragon, informal trails of high frequency use can be fixed to formal artificial trail, vegetation and soil along the low usage informal trails can be recovered or regenerated.
Eco-tourism in Mt. Jade Dragon heated up these years, which had an impact on the environment and vegetation resources in the region. Understanding the ecosystem degradation under disturbance is vital to policy making for ecological protection and sustainable development. In order to clarify the anthropic influence on the alpine meadow ecosystem, the typical alpine meadow area in Mt. Jade Dragon was selected as the study area; with field investigation and sampling during 2012-2016, we analyzed the degradation pattern of alpine meadow, and confirmed grazing and tourism as the key drivers for meadow degradation. The disturbance model was built to quantize disturbance intensity, and variation partitioning was used to determine the contribution of grazing and tourism to meadow degradation in the study area. The results showed that:(1) Half of the study area was disturbed by yak grazing and 70%area by tourism, and the grazing center mainly concentrated near livestock drinking points,while tourist noised around Viewing Deck and the Temple. We found that grazing and tourist activities matched with the trail system, the trail layout and tourists behavior mode account for the disturbance pattern.(2) Meadow degraded with the increase of disturbance intensity, the severe meadow degradation region overlapped with the highest disturbance intensity area.(3)Although there are grazing center area and tourist focus area, tourism, instead of grazing, has become the main disturbance driver in the study area. On the whole, tourism contributed more to the meadow degradation, and the future will remain so. Therefore, to reduce the impact of tourism on alpine meadows in Mt. Jade Dragon, informal trails of high frequency use can be fixed to formal artificial trail, vegetation and soil along the low usage informal trails can be recovered or regenerated.
引文
[1]丁佼,黄晓霞,和克俭.玉龙雪山景区游客分布特征分析.云南地理环境研究, 2010, 22(4):71-76.[DING J, HUANG X X, HE K J. The temporal and spatial distribution pattern of visitors in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 2010, 22(4):71-76.]
[2]吴之坤,张长芹,黄媛,等.长江上游玉龙雪山植物物种多样性形成的探讨.长江流域资源与环境, 2006, 15(1):48-53.[WU Z K, ZHANG C Q, HUANG Y, et al. Analysis on the formation of plant species diversity in the Yulong Mountains, upper reaches of Yangtze River. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2006, 15(1):48-53.]
[3]曲仲湘,朱彦丞.云南丽江玉龙山植被调查专号.云南大学学报:自然科学版, 1957, 4:19-130.[QU Z X, ZHU Y C.Vegetation investigation on Jade Dragon Mountain in Lijiang, Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan University, 1957, 4:19-130.]
[4]仁青吉,武高林,任国华.放牧强度对青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响.草业学报, 2009, 18(5):256-261.[REN Q J, WU G L, REN G H. Effect of grazing intensity on characteristics of alpine meadow communities in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(5):256-261.]
[5] COLE D N, BUCKLEY R. Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation:A review. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism, 2004, Doi:10.1079/9780851998107.0041.
[6] BALLANTYNE M, GUDES O, PICKERING C M. Recreational trails are an important cause of fragmentation in endangered urban forests:A case study from Australia. Landscape&Urban Planning, 2014, 130(1):112-124.
[7]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响.生态学报, 2008, 28(1):407-415.[ZHANG G P, ZHANG F, RU W M. Effects of disturbance by tourism on plant diversity in Lishan subalpine meadow, Shanxi province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(1):407-415.]
[8] BARROS A, MARINA P C. How networks of informal trails cause landscape level damage to vegetation. Environmental Management, 2017, 60(1):57-68.
[9] PICKERING C M, BARROS A. Using functional traits to assess the resistance of subalpine grassland to trampling by mountain biking and hiking. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015, 164:129-136.
[10]席建超,胡传东,武国柱,等.六盘山生态旅游区旅游步道对人类践踏干扰的响应研究.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(2):274-284.[XI J C, HU C D, WU G Z, et al. Response of Liupan Mountain ecological tourism trail to human trampling disturbance. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(2):274-284.]
[11]秦远好,谢德体,王壮.旅游活动对自然保护区游憩地带植物的影响.西南大学学报:自然科学版, 2008, 30(10):105-112.[QIN Y H, XIE D T, WANG Z. Impacts of tourist activities on the vegetation of the recreation areas in natural reserves. Journal of Southwest University, 2008, 30(10):105-112.]
[12] FORMAN R T T, DEBLINGER R D. The ecological road-effect zone of a massachusetts(U.S.A.)suburban highway.Conservation Biology, 2000, 14(1):36-46.
[13] WESULS D, OLDELAND J, DRAY S. Disentangling plant trait responses to livestock grazing from spatio-temporal variation:The partial RLQ approach. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2012, 23(1):98-113.
[14]郑伟,朱进忠,潘存德.旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区草地土壤—植被系统的影响.中国草地学报, 2009, 31(1):109-115.[ZHENG W, ZHU J Z, PAN C D. Effects of tourism disturbance on soil-plant system in Kanasi Scenic Area. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2009, 31(1):109-115.]
[15]江源,章异平,杨艳刚,等.放牧对五台山高山、亚高山草甸植被—土壤系统耦合的影响.生态学报, 2010, 30(4):837-846.[JIANG Y, ZHANG Y P, YANG Y G, et al. Impacts of grazing on the system coupling between vegetation and soil in the alpine and subalpine meadows of Wutai Mountain. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(4):837-846.]
[16]杜建括,辛惠娟,何元庆,等.玉龙雪山现代季风温冰川对气候变化的响应.地理科学, 2013, 33(7):890-896.[DU J K, XIN H J, HE Y Q, et al. Response of modern monsoon temperate glacier to climate change in Yulong Mountain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(7):890-896.]
[17]辛惠娟,何元庆,张涛,等.青藏高原东南缘丽江玉龙雪山气候变化特征及其对冰川变化的影响.地球科学进展,2013, 28(11):1257-1268.[XIN H J, HE Y Q, ZHANG T, et al. The features of climate variation and glacier response in Mt. Yulong, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Earth Science, 2013, 28(11):1257-1268.]
[18]刘庆,吴彦,吴宁.玉龙雪山自然保护区丽江云杉林林窗特征研究.应用生态学报, 2003, 14(6):845-848.[LIU Q,WU Y, WU N. Forest gap characteristic in a coniferous-Picea likiangensis forest in the Yulong Snow Mountain Natural Reserve, Yunnan province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(6):845-848.]
[19]盛芝露,黄晓霞,蔡兴元,等.玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区路径沿线的植被及土壤特征分析.草业学报, 2016, 25(2):1-9.[SHENG Z L, HUANG X X, CAI X Y, et al. Analysis of vegetation and soil characteristics alongside trails in Yak Meadow Park, Jade Dragon Mountain. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(2):1-9.]
[20]杨少华,薛润光,陈翠,等.滇西北玉龙雪山生物多样性现状及其保护对策.西南农业学报, 2008, 21(3):863-869.[YANG S H, XUE R G, CHEN C, et al. Status quo of biodiversity and protective countermeasures in the Yulong Mountains, Northwest Yunnan. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 21(3):863-869.]
[21]丁佼.玉龙雪山牦牛坪游径干扰下的草甸退化格局分析.昆明:云南大学, 2013.[DING J. The analysis of the spatial pattern of vegetation degradation under trail disturbance in Yak Meadow Park, Mt. Jade Dragon. Kunming:Yunnan University, 2013.]
[22] BORCARD D, GILLET F, LEGENDRE P,等.数量生态学:R语言的应用.北京:高等教育出版社, 2014.[BORCARD D, GILLET F, LEGENDRE P, et al. Numerical Ecology with R. Beijing:China Higher Education Press, 2014.]
[23] HORAK J, PAVLICEK J. Tree level indicators of species composition of saproxylic beetles in old-growth mountainous spruce-beech forest through variation partitioning. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2013, 17(5):1003-1009.
[24] ENRIQUEZ A S, CHIMNER R A, CREMONA M V. Long-term grazing negatively affects nitrogen dynamics in Northern Patagonian wet meadows. Journal of Arid Environments, 2014, 109(5):1-5.
[25]任继周.放牧,草原生态系统存在的基本方式:兼论放牧的转型.自然资源学报, 2012, 27(8):1259-1275.[REN J Z.Grazing, the basic form of grassland ecosystem and its transformation. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(8):1259-1275.]
[26] NIU K, ZHANG S, ZHAO B, et al. Linking grazing response of species abundance to functional traits in the Tibetan alpine meadow. Plant and Soil, 2010, 330(1-2):215-223.
[27]刘儒渊,曾家琳.登山步道游憩冲击之长期监测:以玉山国家公园塔塔加步道为例.资源科学, 2006, 28(3):120-127.[LIU R Y, ZENG J L. Long-term research and its monitoring of trail impacts:A case study of Tataka Trail, Yushan National Park, Taiwan. Resources Science, 2006, 28(3):120-127.]
[28]黄晓霞,张勇,和克俭,等.高寒草甸对旅游踩踏的抗干扰响应能力.草业学报, 2014, 23(2):333-339.[HUANG X X,ZHANG Y, HE K J, et al. Tolerance of alpine meadows to human trampling. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(2):333-339.]
[2]吴之坤,张长芹,黄媛,等.长江上游玉龙雪山植物物种多样性形成的探讨.长江流域资源与环境, 2006, 15(1):48-53.[WU Z K, ZHANG C Q, HUANG Y, et al. Analysis on the formation of plant species diversity in the Yulong Mountains, upper reaches of Yangtze River. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2006, 15(1):48-53.]
[3]曲仲湘,朱彦丞.云南丽江玉龙山植被调查专号.云南大学学报:自然科学版, 1957, 4:19-130.[QU Z X, ZHU Y C.Vegetation investigation on Jade Dragon Mountain in Lijiang, Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan University, 1957, 4:19-130.]
[4]仁青吉,武高林,任国华.放牧强度对青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响.草业学报, 2009, 18(5):256-261.[REN Q J, WU G L, REN G H. Effect of grazing intensity on characteristics of alpine meadow communities in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(5):256-261.]
[5] COLE D N, BUCKLEY R. Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation:A review. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism, 2004, Doi:10.1079/9780851998107.0041.
[6] BALLANTYNE M, GUDES O, PICKERING C M. Recreational trails are an important cause of fragmentation in endangered urban forests:A case study from Australia. Landscape&Urban Planning, 2014, 130(1):112-124.
[7]张桂萍,张峰,茹文明.旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响.生态学报, 2008, 28(1):407-415.[ZHANG G P, ZHANG F, RU W M. Effects of disturbance by tourism on plant diversity in Lishan subalpine meadow, Shanxi province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(1):407-415.]
[8] BARROS A, MARINA P C. How networks of informal trails cause landscape level damage to vegetation. Environmental Management, 2017, 60(1):57-68.
[9] PICKERING C M, BARROS A. Using functional traits to assess the resistance of subalpine grassland to trampling by mountain biking and hiking. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015, 164:129-136.
[10]席建超,胡传东,武国柱,等.六盘山生态旅游区旅游步道对人类践踏干扰的响应研究.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(2):274-284.[XI J C, HU C D, WU G Z, et al. Response of Liupan Mountain ecological tourism trail to human trampling disturbance. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(2):274-284.]
[11]秦远好,谢德体,王壮.旅游活动对自然保护区游憩地带植物的影响.西南大学学报:自然科学版, 2008, 30(10):105-112.[QIN Y H, XIE D T, WANG Z. Impacts of tourist activities on the vegetation of the recreation areas in natural reserves. Journal of Southwest University, 2008, 30(10):105-112.]
[12] FORMAN R T T, DEBLINGER R D. The ecological road-effect zone of a massachusetts(U.S.A.)suburban highway.Conservation Biology, 2000, 14(1):36-46.
[13] WESULS D, OLDELAND J, DRAY S. Disentangling plant trait responses to livestock grazing from spatio-temporal variation:The partial RLQ approach. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2012, 23(1):98-113.
[14]郑伟,朱进忠,潘存德.旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区草地土壤—植被系统的影响.中国草地学报, 2009, 31(1):109-115.[ZHENG W, ZHU J Z, PAN C D. Effects of tourism disturbance on soil-plant system in Kanasi Scenic Area. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2009, 31(1):109-115.]
[15]江源,章异平,杨艳刚,等.放牧对五台山高山、亚高山草甸植被—土壤系统耦合的影响.生态学报, 2010, 30(4):837-846.[JIANG Y, ZHANG Y P, YANG Y G, et al. Impacts of grazing on the system coupling between vegetation and soil in the alpine and subalpine meadows of Wutai Mountain. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(4):837-846.]
[16]杜建括,辛惠娟,何元庆,等.玉龙雪山现代季风温冰川对气候变化的响应.地理科学, 2013, 33(7):890-896.[DU J K, XIN H J, HE Y Q, et al. Response of modern monsoon temperate glacier to climate change in Yulong Mountain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(7):890-896.]
[17]辛惠娟,何元庆,张涛,等.青藏高原东南缘丽江玉龙雪山气候变化特征及其对冰川变化的影响.地球科学进展,2013, 28(11):1257-1268.[XIN H J, HE Y Q, ZHANG T, et al. The features of climate variation and glacier response in Mt. Yulong, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Earth Science, 2013, 28(11):1257-1268.]
[18]刘庆,吴彦,吴宁.玉龙雪山自然保护区丽江云杉林林窗特征研究.应用生态学报, 2003, 14(6):845-848.[LIU Q,WU Y, WU N. Forest gap characteristic in a coniferous-Picea likiangensis forest in the Yulong Snow Mountain Natural Reserve, Yunnan province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(6):845-848.]
[19]盛芝露,黄晓霞,蔡兴元,等.玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区路径沿线的植被及土壤特征分析.草业学报, 2016, 25(2):1-9.[SHENG Z L, HUANG X X, CAI X Y, et al. Analysis of vegetation and soil characteristics alongside trails in Yak Meadow Park, Jade Dragon Mountain. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(2):1-9.]
[20]杨少华,薛润光,陈翠,等.滇西北玉龙雪山生物多样性现状及其保护对策.西南农业学报, 2008, 21(3):863-869.[YANG S H, XUE R G, CHEN C, et al. Status quo of biodiversity and protective countermeasures in the Yulong Mountains, Northwest Yunnan. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 21(3):863-869.]
[21]丁佼.玉龙雪山牦牛坪游径干扰下的草甸退化格局分析.昆明:云南大学, 2013.[DING J. The analysis of the spatial pattern of vegetation degradation under trail disturbance in Yak Meadow Park, Mt. Jade Dragon. Kunming:Yunnan University, 2013.]
[22] BORCARD D, GILLET F, LEGENDRE P,等.数量生态学:R语言的应用.北京:高等教育出版社, 2014.[BORCARD D, GILLET F, LEGENDRE P, et al. Numerical Ecology with R. Beijing:China Higher Education Press, 2014.]
[23] HORAK J, PAVLICEK J. Tree level indicators of species composition of saproxylic beetles in old-growth mountainous spruce-beech forest through variation partitioning. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2013, 17(5):1003-1009.
[24] ENRIQUEZ A S, CHIMNER R A, CREMONA M V. Long-term grazing negatively affects nitrogen dynamics in Northern Patagonian wet meadows. Journal of Arid Environments, 2014, 109(5):1-5.
[25]任继周.放牧,草原生态系统存在的基本方式:兼论放牧的转型.自然资源学报, 2012, 27(8):1259-1275.[REN J Z.Grazing, the basic form of grassland ecosystem and its transformation. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(8):1259-1275.]
[26] NIU K, ZHANG S, ZHAO B, et al. Linking grazing response of species abundance to functional traits in the Tibetan alpine meadow. Plant and Soil, 2010, 330(1-2):215-223.
[27]刘儒渊,曾家琳.登山步道游憩冲击之长期监测:以玉山国家公园塔塔加步道为例.资源科学, 2006, 28(3):120-127.[LIU R Y, ZENG J L. Long-term research and its monitoring of trail impacts:A case study of Tataka Trail, Yushan National Park, Taiwan. Resources Science, 2006, 28(3):120-127.]
[28]黄晓霞,张勇,和克俭,等.高寒草甸对旅游踩踏的抗干扰响应能力.草业学报, 2014, 23(2):333-339.[HUANG X X,ZHANG Y, HE K J, et al. Tolerance of alpine meadows to human trampling. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(2):333-339.]
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