2008年6月一次华南暴雨过程的云分辨模拟分析
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摘要
GCE(Goddard Cumulus Ensemble)模式中体现了云与云之间的相互作用,以及云与周围环境、长波辐射及示踪气体等之间的相互作用。模式可通过云中的水凝物等微物理量描述云体的生命史(发展、成熟、消散),并在此基础上通过引入地面降水诊断方程对降水的发展过程进行分析,因而降水过程实际上是云的发展过程的体现。本文所使用的二维云分辨模式(2DCRM)就是GCE模式的二维版本。利用该模式对2008年6月10—15日的华南暴雨过程进行模拟,分析了主要降水时段地面降水收支及热量收支在不同降水发展阶段的特征。模拟结果表明,在降水初始阶段,主要由局地大气增湿和水汽辐合率减小来抑制降水发展;在成熟阶段,局地水汽变化、水汽辐合、地面蒸发和局地水凝物变化均有正的贡献,降水强度达到最大;在衰退阶段,降水强度减小的主要原因是水汽辐合显著减小。在降水性层状云区,降水主要来自于水汽辐合,水汽的主要消耗项是局地水汽增加;在对流云区,降水主要来自于水汽辐合与局地大气变干,水汽的主要消耗过程是水凝物生成并向降水性层状云区输送。初始阶段和衰退阶段的局地大气温度变化率相对较小,成熟阶段区域平均大气冷却达到最强,区域平均大气温度变化率主要受区域平均的热辐散率与区域平均的潜热释放影响。
The GCE(Goddard Cumulus Ensemble)model shows the interactions of clouds with each other,with their surroundings,with long wave radiative transfer processes,and with trace gas distributions.On one hand,the model can explain the growth,mature and decay processes(life cycle)of clouds by the cloud microphysical quantities,such as the hydrometeor change,etc.;on the other hand,based on the cloud microphysical processes,it can also be used to analyze rainfall process by introducing surface rainfall equation.Therefore,the precipitation processes actually reflect of cloud development processes.The cloud-resolving model discussed in this paper is the twodimensional version of the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model.Based on the model,a heavy rainfall event in South China from 10to 15June 2008is simulated.The characteristics of water vapor budgets and heat budgets are analyzed in the different phases of major surface rainfall period.Results show that the rainfall process is mainly repressed by local atmospheric moistening and water vapor convergence decreasing during the onset phase,while the local water vapor change,water vapor convergence,surface evaporation,and local hydrometeor change make positive contributions to the rainfall process during the mature phase,which leads to a maximum rain rate.In the decay phase,the major reason for the small rain rate is that the water vapor convergence is reduced significantly.In raining stratiform regions,the main water vapor source is water vapor convergence,while the main water vapor sink is local water vapor increasing.In convective regions,the main water vapor source is water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying,while the main water vapor sink is local hydrometeor gain and transportation of hydrometeor from convective regions to raining stratiform regions.The local atmosphere heat change is small during the onset and decay phases,but during the mature phase,the local atmosphere cooling reaches the maximum.Time and domain means of the heat divergence and the latent heat release are the main reasons to cause the local atmospheric cooling.
The GCE(Goddard Cumulus Ensemble)model shows the interactions of clouds with each other,with their surroundings,with long wave radiative transfer processes,and with trace gas distributions.On one hand,the model can explain the growth,mature and decay processes(life cycle)of clouds by the cloud microphysical quantities,such as the hydrometeor change,etc.;on the other hand,based on the cloud microphysical processes,it can also be used to analyze rainfall process by introducing surface rainfall equation.Therefore,the precipitation processes actually reflect of cloud development processes.The cloud-resolving model discussed in this paper is the twodimensional version of the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model.Based on the model,a heavy rainfall event in South China from 10to 15June 2008is simulated.The characteristics of water vapor budgets and heat budgets are analyzed in the different phases of major surface rainfall period.Results show that the rainfall process is mainly repressed by local atmospheric moistening and water vapor convergence decreasing during the onset phase,while the local water vapor change,water vapor convergence,surface evaporation,and local hydrometeor change make positive contributions to the rainfall process during the mature phase,which leads to a maximum rain rate.In the decay phase,the major reason for the small rain rate is that the water vapor convergence is reduced significantly.In raining stratiform regions,the main water vapor source is water vapor convergence,while the main water vapor sink is local water vapor increasing.In convective regions,the main water vapor source is water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying,while the main water vapor sink is local hydrometeor gain and transportation of hydrometeor from convective regions to raining stratiform regions.The local atmosphere heat change is small during the onset and decay phases,but during the mature phase,the local atmosphere cooling reaches the maximum.Time and domain means of the heat divergence and the latent heat release are the main reasons to cause the local atmospheric cooling.
引文
崔晓鹏.2009.地面降水诊断方程对降水过程的定量诊断[J].大气科学,33(2):375-387.
何编,孙照渤.2010.“0806”华南持续性暴雨诊断分析与数值模拟[J].气象科学,30(2):164-171.
胡亮,何金海,高守亭.2007.华南持续性暴雨的大尺度降水条件分析[J].南京气象学院学报,30(3):345-351.
李向红,徐海明,何金海.2004.对赤道两支越赤道气流于华南暴雨的关系讨论[J].气象科学,24(2):161-167.
沈桐立,崔丽曼,陈海山.2009.2002年6月14—15日暴雨的诊断分析和数值试验[J].大气科学学报,32(4):483-489.
史荟燕,潘晓滨,谢海军,等.2009.一次华南暴雨过程中不同区域降水特征的模拟分析[J].气象科学,29(1):58-63.
孙建,赵平,周秀骥.2002.一次华南暴雨的中尺度结构及复杂地形的影响[J].气象学报,60(3):333-342.
王黎娟,管兆勇,何金海.2007.2005年6月华南致洪暴雨的大尺度环流特征及成因讨论[J].南京气象学院学报,30(2):146-152.
许凤雯,许小峰,刘文明,等.2009.2007年7月江淮流域降水过程云分辨尺度模拟研究——数值模拟及验证[C]//第26届中国气象学会年会灾害天气事件的预警、预报及防灾减灾分会场论文集.
张立凤,查石祥,张铭.2000.一次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟和试验[J].气象科学,20(2):120-128.
赵玉春,李泽椿,肖子牛.2007.南半球冷空气爆发对华南连续性暴雨影响的个例分析[J].气象,33(3):40-47.
Chao J.1962.On the nonlinear impacts of stratification and wind ondevelopment of small-scale disturbances[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,32:164-176.
Chou M D,Suarez M J.1994.An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models[R]//NASA Tech.Memo.104606,Vol.3,85pp.
Chou M D,Kratz D P,Ridgway W.1991.Infrared radiation parameterization in numerical climate models[J].J Climate,4(4):424-437.
Chou M D,Suarez M J,Ho C H,et al.1998.Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models[J].J Climate,11(2):202-214
Gao Shouting,Li Xiaofan.2008.Responses of tropical deep convec-tive precipitation systems and their associated convective and stratiform regions to the large-scale forcing[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,134(637):2127-2141.
Gao Shouting,Cui Xiaopeng,Zhou Yushu,et al.2005.Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud-resolving model[J].J Geophys Res,110,D10202.doi:10.1029/2004JD005467.
Krueger S K,Fu Q,Liou K N,et al.1995.Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection[J].J Appl Meteor,34(1):281-287.
Li Xiaofan,Sui C H,Lau K M,et al.1999.Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime[J].J Atmos Sci,56(17):3028-3042.
Lin Y L,Farley R D,Orville H D.1983.Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model[J].J Appl Meteor,22(6):1065-1092.
Rutledge S A,Hobbs P V.1983.The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones.Ⅷ:A model for the"seeder-feeder"process in warmfrontal rain bands[J].J Atmos Sci,40(5):1185-1206.
Rutledge S A,Hobbs P V.1984.The mesoscale and microscale struc-ture and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitudecyclones.Ⅻ:A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation devel-opment in narrow cold-frontal rainbands[J].J Atmos Sci,41(20):2949-2972.
Soong S T,Ogura Y.1980.Response of trade wind cumuli to largescale processes[J].J Atmos Sci,37(9):2035-2050.
Soong S T,Tao W K.1980.Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes[J].J Atmos Sci,37(9):2016-2034.
Sui C H,Lau K M,Tao W K,et al.1994.The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model.I:Equilibrium climate[J].J Atmos Sci,51(5):711-728.
Sui C H,Li X,Lau K M.1998.Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection[J].J Atmos Sci,55(13):2345-2359.
Tao W K,Simpson J.1993.The goddard cumulus ensemble model.I:Model description[J].Terr Atmos Oceanic Sci,4(1):35-72.
Tao W K,Simpson J,McCumber M.1989.An ice-water saturation adjustment[J].Mon Wea Rev,117(1):231-235.
Wang Donghai,Li Xiaofan,Tao Weiguo,et al.2009.Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis(2006):A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study[J].Atmospheric Research,91(1):94-104
Wang Jian-jian,Li Xiaofan,Carey L D.2007.Evolution,structure,cloud microphysical and surface rainfall processes of a monsoon convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment[J].J Atmos Sci,64(2):360-380.
Wang Yi,Shen Xinyong,Li Xiaofan.2010.Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on responses of rainfall to the largescale forcing during pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China[J].Atmospheric Research,97(1):35-46.
Xu Xiaofeng,Xu Fengwen,Li Bai.2007.A cloud-resolving modeling study of a torrential rainfall over China[J].J Geophys Res,112,D17204.doi:10.1029/2006JD008275.
何编,孙照渤.2010.“0806”华南持续性暴雨诊断分析与数值模拟[J].气象科学,30(2):164-171.
胡亮,何金海,高守亭.2007.华南持续性暴雨的大尺度降水条件分析[J].南京气象学院学报,30(3):345-351.
李向红,徐海明,何金海.2004.对赤道两支越赤道气流于华南暴雨的关系讨论[J].气象科学,24(2):161-167.
沈桐立,崔丽曼,陈海山.2009.2002年6月14—15日暴雨的诊断分析和数值试验[J].大气科学学报,32(4):483-489.
史荟燕,潘晓滨,谢海军,等.2009.一次华南暴雨过程中不同区域降水特征的模拟分析[J].气象科学,29(1):58-63.
孙建,赵平,周秀骥.2002.一次华南暴雨的中尺度结构及复杂地形的影响[J].气象学报,60(3):333-342.
王黎娟,管兆勇,何金海.2007.2005年6月华南致洪暴雨的大尺度环流特征及成因讨论[J].南京气象学院学报,30(2):146-152.
许凤雯,许小峰,刘文明,等.2009.2007年7月江淮流域降水过程云分辨尺度模拟研究——数值模拟及验证[C]//第26届中国气象学会年会灾害天气事件的预警、预报及防灾减灾分会场论文集.
张立凤,查石祥,张铭.2000.一次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟和试验[J].气象科学,20(2):120-128.
赵玉春,李泽椿,肖子牛.2007.南半球冷空气爆发对华南连续性暴雨影响的个例分析[J].气象,33(3):40-47.
Chao J.1962.On the nonlinear impacts of stratification and wind ondevelopment of small-scale disturbances[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,32:164-176.
Chou M D,Suarez M J.1994.An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models[R]//NASA Tech.Memo.104606,Vol.3,85pp.
Chou M D,Kratz D P,Ridgway W.1991.Infrared radiation parameterization in numerical climate models[J].J Climate,4(4):424-437.
Chou M D,Suarez M J,Ho C H,et al.1998.Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models[J].J Climate,11(2):202-214
Gao Shouting,Li Xiaofan.2008.Responses of tropical deep convec-tive precipitation systems and their associated convective and stratiform regions to the large-scale forcing[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,134(637):2127-2141.
Gao Shouting,Cui Xiaopeng,Zhou Yushu,et al.2005.Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud-resolving model[J].J Geophys Res,110,D10202.doi:10.1029/2004JD005467.
Krueger S K,Fu Q,Liou K N,et al.1995.Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection[J].J Appl Meteor,34(1):281-287.
Li Xiaofan,Sui C H,Lau K M,et al.1999.Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime[J].J Atmos Sci,56(17):3028-3042.
Lin Y L,Farley R D,Orville H D.1983.Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model[J].J Appl Meteor,22(6):1065-1092.
Rutledge S A,Hobbs P V.1983.The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones.Ⅷ:A model for the"seeder-feeder"process in warmfrontal rain bands[J].J Atmos Sci,40(5):1185-1206.
Rutledge S A,Hobbs P V.1984.The mesoscale and microscale struc-ture and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitudecyclones.Ⅻ:A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation devel-opment in narrow cold-frontal rainbands[J].J Atmos Sci,41(20):2949-2972.
Soong S T,Ogura Y.1980.Response of trade wind cumuli to largescale processes[J].J Atmos Sci,37(9):2035-2050.
Soong S T,Tao W K.1980.Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes[J].J Atmos Sci,37(9):2016-2034.
Sui C H,Lau K M,Tao W K,et al.1994.The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model.I:Equilibrium climate[J].J Atmos Sci,51(5):711-728.
Sui C H,Li X,Lau K M.1998.Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection[J].J Atmos Sci,55(13):2345-2359.
Tao W K,Simpson J.1993.The goddard cumulus ensemble model.I:Model description[J].Terr Atmos Oceanic Sci,4(1):35-72.
Tao W K,Simpson J,McCumber M.1989.An ice-water saturation adjustment[J].Mon Wea Rev,117(1):231-235.
Wang Donghai,Li Xiaofan,Tao Weiguo,et al.2009.Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis(2006):A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study[J].Atmospheric Research,91(1):94-104
Wang Jian-jian,Li Xiaofan,Carey L D.2007.Evolution,structure,cloud microphysical and surface rainfall processes of a monsoon convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment[J].J Atmos Sci,64(2):360-380.
Wang Yi,Shen Xinyong,Li Xiaofan.2010.Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on responses of rainfall to the largescale forcing during pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China[J].Atmospheric Research,97(1):35-46.
Xu Xiaofeng,Xu Fengwen,Li Bai.2007.A cloud-resolving modeling study of a torrential rainfall over China[J].J Geophys Res,112,D17204.doi:10.1029/2006JD008275.