滇池大气沉降氮磷形态特征及其入湖负荷贡献
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摘要
为研究季节变化和降雨量对滇池各种氮磷形态浓度的影响,采用紫外分光光度法测定大气沉降的各种氮磷形态浓度,探讨滇池湖面氮磷对水污染的贡献.结果表明,滇池大气沉降氮浓度普遍符合雨季低,旱季高的特点;大气沉降氮磷负荷与降雨量正相关,季节性变化主要呈雨季高,旱季低.大气沉降氮负荷以DIN为主,占总氮沉降负荷的63. 70%;磷负荷以PP为主,占总磷沉降负荷的45. 54%,过度施肥和肥料中氮磷的流失是大气湿沉降中主要的氮磷来源.结合入湖河流数据,滇池大气沉降中TN和TP的沉降量分别为河流入湖负荷的6. 14%和12. 76%,因而滇池主要污染来源仍然是入湖河流带来的负荷.但滇池大气沉降氮磷通量与其他地区相比处于中等偏上地位,所以该贡献仍需重视.
To examine the effects of seasonal changes and precipitation on the concentrations of various nitrogen and phosphorus forms in Dianchi Lake,the concentrations of various nitrogen and phosphorus forms of atmospheric deposition were determined by UV spectrophotometry. Additionally,the contributions of nitrogen and phosphorus to water pollution in Dianchi Lake were discussed. The results showed that the atmospheric depositional nitrogen concentration in Dianchi Lake is generally consistent with the characteristics of the low rainy season and high dry season. The nitrogen and phosphorus load of atmospheric deposition was positively correlated with rainfall. Seasonal changes were mainly characterized by low dry season and high rainy season. The atmospheric depositional nitrogen load was dominated by dissolved inorganic nitrogen,which accounted for 63. 70% of the total nitrogen deposition load. The phosphorus load was mainly PP,which accounted for 45. 54% of the total phosphorus precipitation load. Excessive fertilization and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers are the major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in atmospheric wet deposition. Combined with data from rivers entering the lake,the settlements of TN and TP in the atmospheric deposition of Dianchi Lake were 6. 14% and 12. 76% of the river load,respectively. Therefore,the primary source of pollution in Dianchi Lake was still the load brought by the river into the lake. However,the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in the atmospheric deposition of Dianchi Lake were at intermediate levels compared with other regions,so this contribution requires further investigation.
To examine the effects of seasonal changes and precipitation on the concentrations of various nitrogen and phosphorus forms in Dianchi Lake,the concentrations of various nitrogen and phosphorus forms of atmospheric deposition were determined by UV spectrophotometry. Additionally,the contributions of nitrogen and phosphorus to water pollution in Dianchi Lake were discussed. The results showed that the atmospheric depositional nitrogen concentration in Dianchi Lake is generally consistent with the characteristics of the low rainy season and high dry season. The nitrogen and phosphorus load of atmospheric deposition was positively correlated with rainfall. Seasonal changes were mainly characterized by low dry season and high rainy season. The atmospheric depositional nitrogen load was dominated by dissolved inorganic nitrogen,which accounted for 63. 70% of the total nitrogen deposition load. The phosphorus load was mainly PP,which accounted for 45. 54% of the total phosphorus precipitation load. Excessive fertilization and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers are the major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in atmospheric wet deposition. Combined with data from rivers entering the lake,the settlements of TN and TP in the atmospheric deposition of Dianchi Lake were 6. 14% and 12. 76% of the river load,respectively. Therefore,the primary source of pollution in Dianchi Lake was still the load brought by the river into the lake. However,the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in the atmospheric deposition of Dianchi Lake were at intermediate levels compared with other regions,so this contribution requires further investigation.
引文
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[13]陈云进,李春燕.昆明地区降雨对大气环境PM2. 5浓度影响初探[A].见:2015年中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第二卷)[C].深圳:中国环境科学学会,2015.
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[19]谢平.浅水湖泊内源磷负荷季节变化的生物驱动机制[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35(S2):11-23.
[20]许海,朱广伟,秦伯强,等.氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(10):1676-1683.Xu H, Zhu G W, Qin B Q, et al. Influence of nitrogenphosphorus ratio on dominance of bloom-forming cyanobacteria(Microcystis aeruginosa)[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(10):1676-1683.
[21]陈中颖,李开明,林文实,等.珠江口大气氮磷干湿沉降通量及其污染特征[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(11):53-57.Chen Z Y,Li K M,Lin W S,et al. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2010,32(11):53-57.
[22]杨龙元,秦伯强,胡维平,等.太湖大气氮、磷营养元素干湿沉降率研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(2):104-110.Yang L Y,Qin B Q,Hu W P,et al. The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in Taihu Lake[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(2):104-110.
[23]赵海超,王圣瑞,焦立新,等. 2010年洱海全湖氮负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(4):389-395.Zhao H C,Wang S R,Jiao L X,et al. Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of nitrogen loading in Erhai Lake in 2010[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(4):389-395.
[24]焦立新,赵海超,王圣瑞,等. 2010年洱海全湖磷负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(5):534-539.Jiao L X,Zhao H C,Wang S R,et al. Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of phosphorus loading in Erhai Lake in 2010[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(5):534-539.
[25]何晓滨,李庆龙,段庆钟,等.云南省施肥及土壤养分变化分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(3):21-26.He X B,Li Q L,Duan Q Z,et al. Variation analyzing on fertilization and soil nutrients in Yunnan Province[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2011,(3):21-26.
[26] Ellis B K,Craft J A,Stanford J A. Long-term atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfate in a large oligotrophic lake[J]. Peer J,2015,3(4):e841.
[27] Rolff C, Elmgren R, Voss M. Deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus on the Baltic Sea:seasonal patterns and nitrogen isotope composition[J]. Biogeosciences,2008,5(6):1657-1667.
[28] He J,Balasubramanian R,Burger D F,et al. Dry and wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in Singapore[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(16):2760-2768.
[29] Markaki Z,Loy¨e-Pilot M D,Violaki K,et al. Variability of atmospheric deposition of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the Mediterranean and possible link to the anomalous seawater N/P ratio[J]. Marine Chemistry,2010,120(1-4):187-194.
[30] Miyazako T,Kamiya H,Godo T,et al. Long-term trends in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the Hii River as influenced by atmospheric deposition from East Asia[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2015,60(2):629-640.
[31]李国栋,胡正义,杨林章,等.太湖典型菜地土壤氮磷向水体径流输出与生态草带拦截控制[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(8):905-910.Li G D,Hu Z Y,Yang L Z,et al. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus losses with surface runoff from typical vegetable field of Taihu Lake region and their control with grass buffer strip[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):905-910.
[2] Duce R A,LaRoche J,Altieri K,et al. Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean[J]. Science,2008,320(5878):893-897.
[3]孙丽英.南京地区大气氮磷沉降及模拟氮沉降对土壤气体排放的影响研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2014.
[4] Levy II H,Moxim W J. Fate of US and Canadian combustion nitrogen emissions[J]. Nature,1987,328(328):414-416.
[5] Jenkinson D S. An introduction to the global nitrogen cycle[J].Soil Use and Management,1990,6(2):56-61.
[6] Atkinson R. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(12-14):2063-2101.
[7] Xie Y X,Xiong Z Q,Xing G X,et al. Source of nitrogen in wet deposition to a rice agroecosystem at Tai lake region[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(21):5182-5192.
[8]晏维金,章申,王嘉慧.长江流域氮的生物地球化学循环及其对输送无机氮的影响——1968~1997年的时间变化分析[J].地理学报,2001,56(5):505-514.Yan W J,Zhang S,Wang J H. Nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in the Changjiang Drainage Basin and its effect on Changjiang River dissolved inorganic nitrogen:temporal trend for the period1968~1997[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(5):505-514.
[9] Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics:from air pollution to climate change[J]. Physics Today,1998,51(10):88.
[10]祁建华,王玉珏,刁明亚,等.青岛夏季不同天气下气溶胶中无机氮磷的浓度及沉降研究[J].中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(10):88-96.Qi J H,Wang Y J,Diao M Y,et al. Distribution and deposition of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in aerosol in different weather conditions in summer in Qingdao[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China,2013,43(10):88-96.
[11]余辉,张璐璐,燕姝雯,等.太湖氮磷营养盐大气湿沉降特征及入湖贡献率[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(11):1210-1219.Yu H,Zhang L L,Yan S W,et al. Atmospheric wet deposition characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in Taihu Lake and contributions to the lake[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2011,24(11):1210-1219.
[12]朱秀勤,范弢,官威.昆明大气降水稳定同位素分析[J].云南地理环境研究,2013,25(5):90-95.Zhu X Q,Fan T,Guan W. The analysis of stable isotopes of precipitation in Kunming[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2013,25(5):90-95.
[13]陈云进,李春燕.昆明地区降雨对大气环境PM2. 5浓度影响初探[A].见:2015年中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第二卷)[C].深圳:中国环境科学学会,2015.
[14] Filella I,Pe1uelas J. Daily,weekly and seasonal relationships among VOCs,NOxand O3in a semi-urban area near Barcelona[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2006,54(2):189-201.
[15]何宗健,熊强,焦立新,等.夏季滇池不同来源溶解性有机磷特征及其生物有效性[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3189-3198.He Z J, Xiong Q, Jiao L X, et al. Characteristics and bioavailability of dissolved organic phosphorus from different sources of Lake Dianchi in summer[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3189-3198.
[16]聂泽宇,梁新强,邢波,等.基于氮磷比解析太湖苕溪水体营养现状及应对策略[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):48-55.Nie Z Y,Liang X Q,Xing B,et al. The current water trophic status in Tiaoxi River of Taihu Lake watershed and corresponding coping strategy based on N/P ratio analysis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):48-55.
[17]刘莲,周小玉,赵良杰,等.氮磷比率对两种蓝藻和两种绿藻生长的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2014,23(4):573-581.Liu L,Zhou X Y,Zhao L J,et al. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus ratios on the growth of cyanobacteria and chlorophyta[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2014,23(4):573-581.
[18] Paerl H W,Whitall D R,王宏.人为因素造成的大气中氮沉降、海洋富营养化以及有害藻类的暴发:是否存在相关性[J]. AMBIO-人类环境杂志,1999,28(4):307-311.Paerl H W,Whitall D R,Wang H. Anthropogenically-derived atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine eutrophication and harmful algal bloom expansion:is there a link?[J]. AMBIOJournal of the Hunman Environment,1999,28(4):307-311.
[19]谢平.浅水湖泊内源磷负荷季节变化的生物驱动机制[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35(S2):11-23.
[20]许海,朱广伟,秦伯强,等.氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(10):1676-1683.Xu H, Zhu G W, Qin B Q, et al. Influence of nitrogenphosphorus ratio on dominance of bloom-forming cyanobacteria(Microcystis aeruginosa)[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(10):1676-1683.
[21]陈中颖,李开明,林文实,等.珠江口大气氮磷干湿沉降通量及其污染特征[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(11):53-57.Chen Z Y,Li K M,Lin W S,et al. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2010,32(11):53-57.
[22]杨龙元,秦伯强,胡维平,等.太湖大气氮、磷营养元素干湿沉降率研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(2):104-110.Yang L Y,Qin B Q,Hu W P,et al. The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in Taihu Lake[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(2):104-110.
[23]赵海超,王圣瑞,焦立新,等. 2010年洱海全湖氮负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(4):389-395.Zhao H C,Wang S R,Jiao L X,et al. Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of nitrogen loading in Erhai Lake in 2010[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(4):389-395.
[24]焦立新,赵海超,王圣瑞,等. 2010年洱海全湖磷负荷时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(5):534-539.Jiao L X,Zhao H C,Wang S R,et al. Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of phosphorus loading in Erhai Lake in 2010[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(5):534-539.
[25]何晓滨,李庆龙,段庆钟,等.云南省施肥及土壤养分变化分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(3):21-26.He X B,Li Q L,Duan Q Z,et al. Variation analyzing on fertilization and soil nutrients in Yunnan Province[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2011,(3):21-26.
[26] Ellis B K,Craft J A,Stanford J A. Long-term atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfate in a large oligotrophic lake[J]. Peer J,2015,3(4):e841.
[27] Rolff C, Elmgren R, Voss M. Deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus on the Baltic Sea:seasonal patterns and nitrogen isotope composition[J]. Biogeosciences,2008,5(6):1657-1667.
[28] He J,Balasubramanian R,Burger D F,et al. Dry and wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in Singapore[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(16):2760-2768.
[29] Markaki Z,Loy¨e-Pilot M D,Violaki K,et al. Variability of atmospheric deposition of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the Mediterranean and possible link to the anomalous seawater N/P ratio[J]. Marine Chemistry,2010,120(1-4):187-194.
[30] Miyazako T,Kamiya H,Godo T,et al. Long-term trends in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the Hii River as influenced by atmospheric deposition from East Asia[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2015,60(2):629-640.
[31]李国栋,胡正义,杨林章,等.太湖典型菜地土壤氮磷向水体径流输出与生态草带拦截控制[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(8):905-910.Li G D,Hu Z Y,Yang L Z,et al. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus losses with surface runoff from typical vegetable field of Taihu Lake region and their control with grass buffer strip[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):905-910.